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Ontology (What are the things that we are dealing with?)Attributes (What are the defining properties or characteristics of each 'thing'?)Epistemology (How do we get information about these things?)Semiology (How do we represent these things in an impact accounting system?)

An agent Agents



  • unique identifier (identity)
  • type (individual or group; if group, what type of group, e.g. organisation, company or movement; auditor)

Agent asserts their identity

Digital signature

Demonstration of control (challenge-response)

An activityActivities


  • unique identifier
  • location
  • start time
  • end time (possibly)
  • agent
  • inputs (e.g. materials and energy; consumables and non-consumables)
  • outputs
  • processes
  • objective (create, reduce, destroy, avoid) (optional / not required in all instances)


A stateStates

  • unique identifier
  • location
  • point in time
  • indicators (metrics)
  • type (actual [measured] or baseline [counterfactual])


A state changeState changes




Someone or something gathers data

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