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R4 represents the relationship between two states of the same environment. This is the relationship that lies at the heart of impact accounting (represented by the rectangle and the bottom of the diagram). Impact accounting is concerned with why and how this state change occurred, i.e., who did what that led to this change in state. Agents submit claims about, and corresponding proofs for, their contributions to these state changes. 

Generic formulation of the accounting process 

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The activity impacts one or more states of an object that is environments that are considered valuable. In our case the planet Earth is the object of concern.  

The impact of the activity is measured in terms of the changes that occurred in the state(s) of the environment(s) because of the activity.

Accounting is the presentation, verification and aggregation of claims about the outcome of the activities and the nature and magnitude of the impact that they had/ve on states that are considered valuable.

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For things we experience directly we do not need any further assurance that they are true. The cred 


 Ontology, epistemology and semiology

Ontology

Ontology (What are the 'things' that the accounting system should know about?   What  What are the defining properties or characteristics of each 'thing'?)

Epistemology (How will the accounting system get information about these things and their attributes?)Semiology (How will each of the things be represented in the accounting system?)

Agents



  • unique identifier (identity)
  • type (individual or group; if group, what type of group, e.g. organisation, company or movement; auditor)
    • Develop or source a schema describing a minimum set of properties by agents type

An agent asserts their identity though digital signatures

Agents provide proofs of their properties through verified credentials 

Other parties can verify agent properties and make claims about their methods and results


Digital signature

Verified credentials 

Validation claim by third party

Activities


  • activity class (e.g. IPCC categories)
  • activity description including objective(s) 
  • location
  • start time
  • end time (possibly)
  • agent
  • input(s) (e.g. materials and energy; consumables and non-consumables)
  • process(es): a process links inputs to products and waste
  • output(s) product + waste

  • objective (experience, create, reduce, destroy, avoid, verify) (optional / not required in all instances)

* An audit is a special type of activity where the input is a claim and the output is an evaluation of that claim.

Ex ante: An agent asserts their intentions to act in a Projet Design Document (PDD) 

Ex post: An agent describe their actions in a Projet Design Document (PDD) 

The activity and its results and impacts are documented  by the agent at intervals in a monitoring report (MR)

  • unique identifier

Consider a token for an activity that contains all the essential elements in column 1. Such a token must have a time limit and proof of life requirements (e.g. minimum process data feed to confirm it is ongoing)

States

  • state definition (How to decide relevance?: Checlklist?)
  • location and temportal extent (either objective or referential)
  • metrics refereing to parameters
  • type (actual [measured] or baseline [counterfactual])

*State as in environmental state (not political state)

Indicators for states

Indicators delivered by agents via PDDs and MRs

  • unique identifier
  • Impact claim per state
Indicators
  • name
  • definition
  • unit of measure
  • rationale
  • calculation
  • credibility

  • unique identifier
Standards
  • name
  • author(s)
  • applicability - type of agent, type of activity, state
  • requirements (e.g. reporting requirements, calculation requirements)
  • version
  • method(s)
  • precision
  • accuracy / std error
  • emission factors (defaults)

  • unique identifier

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