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This document is a compilation of blockchain docu= ments (I find interesting) pertaining m= ostly to health care but also to:
Electronic Health Records (and Interoperability), Health Systems, or= Health Advocacy
Clinical Trials
Security, Encryption, Software Engineering
Identity Management
Legal or Regulatory considerations
Business and Community management
The citations are nearly exclusively comprised of the following referenc= e types:
Journal articles (traditional and electronic)
Books and Book Sections (traditional, electronic, = edited)
Conference Papers
Conference Proceedings
Government Documents, such as Bills, Hearings, Reports, Regulations, and Statutes
Theses
Some Magazine Articles, (Company) Reports, or Unpu=
blished Work were also included in this listing if they contributed un=
ique perspective=E2=80=94even if not peer reviewed.
Reference Format
Bibliographic references follow the standards summarized in the National=
Library of Medicine=E2=80=99s (NLM) International Committee of Medical Jou=
rnal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, a=
nd Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. Sample references can=
be found at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html, and de=
tailed guidance found in the NLM=E2=80=
=99s Citing Medicine, 2nd edition (=
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/.
=
p>
Disclaimers
Citation information was downloaded from the publisher whenev= er possible, but it was necessary to use discretion to determine the correc= t =E2=80=9CReference Type=E2=80=9D and to manually augment several details = or correct inaccuracies. It is not feasible to identify all of the publishe= r=E2=80=99s inaccuracies.
Journal Abbreviations were manually obtained from PubMed or <= u>http://www.journalabbr.com/ and other internet sources.
=For Conference Papers and Conference Proceedings, it w= as also necessary to manually look up the conference location, dates, and p= ublisher=E2=80=94requiring up to 30-45 minutes of searching per Conference = article. Different websites provides slightly different information and I u= sed discretion to add as much information as I could find; however, it is n= ot feasible to obtain all information.
The Abstract was copied and pasted from the Abstract section = of the article whenever available; otherwise, the first few paragraphs were= provided. I corrected obvious publisher spelling errors whenever identifie= d, but I did not modify unconventional capitalizations, punctuations, or sp= ellings.
Website locations are considered part of the formal citation = for electronic articles and books. For other types of articles, I created a= separate listing as a courtesy so the reader can find the article.
Nature of website location: I provided the web location of th= e publisher=E2=80=99s page so the reader can easily find the citation infor= mation and the link to download. When access to the article was limited by = subscription, I searched to see if Open Access versions were also = available on the internet. When more than one access method was available, = I provided both methods of access.
Website locations found in the citation: Because ICMJE conven=
tion allows optional additional permission access notes such as =E2=80=9C
Contact Information
For questions or corrections, please contact me: Wendy Charles: wendy.ch=
arles [@] msn.com.
Abdulghani HA, Nijdam NA, Collen A, Konstantas D. A study on security an=
d privacy guidelines, countermeasures, threats: IoT data at rest perspectiv=
e. Symmetry. 2019;11(6). Epub 2019 Jun 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/6/774=
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) makes our lives much easier, more va=
luable, and less stressful due to the development of many applications arou=
nd us including smart cities, smart cars, and smart grids, offering endless=
services and solutions. Protecting IoT data of such applications at rest e=
ither on the objects or in the cloud is an indispensable requirement for ac=
hieving a symmetry in the handling and protection of the IoT, as we do with=
data created by persons and applications. This is because unauthorised acc=
ess to such data may lead to harmful consequences such as linkage attacks, =
loss of privacy, and data manipulation. Such undesired implications may jeo=
pardise the existence of IoT applications if protection measures are not ta=
ken, and they stem from two main factors. One is that IoT objects have limi=
ted capabilities in terms of memory capacity, battery life, and computation=
al power that hamper the direct implementation of conventional Internet sec=
urity solutions without some modifications (e.g., traditional symmetric alg=
orithms). Another factor is the absence of widely accepted IoT security and=
privacy guidelines for IoT data at rest and their appropriate countermeasu=
res, which would help IoT stakeholders (e.g., developers, manufacturers) to=
develop secure IoT systems and therefore enhance IoT security and privacy =
by design. Toward this end, we first briefly describe the main IoT security=
goals and identify IoT stakeholders. Moreover, we briefly discuss the most=
well-known data protection frameworks (e.g., General Data Protection Regul=
ation (GDPR), Health Insurance Portability (HIPAA)). Second, we highlight p=
otential attacks and threats against data at rest and show their violated s=
ecurity goals (e.g., confidentiality and integrity). Third, we review a lis=
t of protection measures by which our proposed guidelines can be accomplish=
ed. Fourth, we propose a framework of security and privacy guidelines for I=
oT data at rest that can be utilised to enhance IoT security and privacy by=
design and establish a symmetry with the protection of user-created data. =
Our framework also presents the link between the suggested guidelines, miti=
gation techniques, and attacks. Moreover, we state those IoT stakeholders (=
e.g., manufacturers, developers) who will benefit most from these guideline=
s. Finally, we suggest several open issues requiring further investigation =
in the future, and we also discuss the limitations of our suggested framewo=
rk.
______________________________________________________
Abelseth B. Blockchain tracking and cannabis regulation: developing a permi=
ssioned blockchain network to track Canada's cannabis supply chain. Dalhous=
ie J Interdiscip Manag [Internet]. 2018; 14. Available from: https://ojs.library.dal.ca/djim/article/view/7869
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Achieving government=E2=80=99s goals for cannabis regulation requ=
ires legal cannabis to be a cheaper, more attractive consumer alternative c=
ompared to the illegal market. This goal may be undermined by the costs and=
disadvantages of traditional regulatory management.
A Canada wide, real-time blockchain tracking system appears to be a viable =
technical solution architecture.
A permissioned blockchain network could be tested alongside traditional tra=
cking. This investment, if proven effective, could reduce regulatory costs =
for government and red tape for business, helping to achieve Governments=E2=
=80=99 objectives to:
1) Enhance public safety by ensuring quality and monitoring product sales <=
br>
2) Undermine illegal markets to reduce crime and prevent product diversion<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Agbo CC, Mahmoud HQ, Eklund MJ. Blockchain technology in healthcare: a syst=
ematic review. Healthcare. 2019;7(2):56. Epub 2019 Apr 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/7/2/56
Abstract: Since blockchain was introduced through Bitcoin, research has bee=
n ongoing to extend its applications to non-financial use cases. Healthcare=
is one industry in which blockchain is expected to have significant impact=
s. Research in this area is relatively new but growing rapidly; so, health =
informatics researchers and practitioners are always struggling to keep pac=
e with research progress in this area. This paper reports on a systematic r=
eview of the ongoing research in the application of blockchain technology i=
n healthcare. The research methodology is based on the Preferred Reporting =
Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and a sy=
stematic mapping study process, in which a well-designed search protocol is=
used to search four scientific databases, to identify, extract and analyze=
all relevant publications. The review shows that a number of studies have =
proposed different use cases for the application of blockchain in healthcar=
e; however, there is a lack of adequate prototype implementations and studi=
es to characterize the effectiveness of these proposed use cases. The revie=
w further highlights the state-of-the-art in the development of blockchain =
applications for healthcare, their limitations and the areas for future res=
earch. To this end, therefore, there is still the need for more research to=
better understand, characterize and evaluate the utility of blockchain in =
healthcare.
______________________________________________________
Ahmad SS, Khan S, Kamal MA. What is blockchain technology and its significa=
nce in the current healthcare system? A brief Insight. Curr Pharm Des. 2019=
. Epub 2019 Jun 20.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.eurekaselect.com/172892/art=
icle Subscription required to view
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The promising eventual fate of blockchain in healthca=
re has a lot more extensive horizon. The blockchain is a novel structure th=
at gives another design to storage and trade of data among different member=
s of a particular network. In case of a hospital, blockchain takes into con=
sideration for the creation of better treatment structure by the expert doc=
tor in order to arrange the meeting based on a symptom of patients througho=
ut the world by the electronic system. The blockchain technology is crucial=
for biomedical and human services applications as social insurance has tur=
ned out to be a standout amongst the most essential rising application area=
s of the blockchain distributed ledger technology. RESULT: By and large, bl=
ockchain is treated as a conveyed record to store social insurance related =
information for allocation, trading, dissecting, footage, and affirming pur=
poses among accomplices. The advantage of blockchain databases versus tradi=
tional dispersed databases is that they are decentralized, permanent and pe=
rfected with advanced digital payment frameworks and hash chain occasion st=
ructure. The blockchain code is unlocked resource and can be utilized, alte=
red and customized by its clients. CONCLUSION: Now a day, blockchain is exp=
ected to be almost universally adopted across medical organizations around =
the world. The purpose of this review article is to comprehend the current =
explore subjects, difficulties and future headings in regards to blockchain=
innovation from the specialized perspective in the health care system.
=
______________________________________________________
Ahmed S, Broek NT. Food supply: blockchain could boost food security. Natur=
e. 2017;550(7674):43. Epub 2017 Oct 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/550043e=
Abstract: Blockchain technology is helping to meet sustainability challenge=
s for example in renewable energy and conservation. Food security could als=
o benefit from the technology's transparency, relatively low transaction co=
sts and instantaneous application. Blockchain assignment of unique digital =
identifiers to food products would make them traceable through supply chain=
s, along with their growth conditions, batch numbers and expiry dates. This=
would help to prevent food waste, allow consumers to work out the ecologic=
al footprint of their food, and guide the distribution of surplus food to t=
hose who need it.
This shared and immutable register of foods and transactions would prevent =
fraud and enable source identification of food-borne illness. And as digita=
l technologies are increasingly used to manage farms, blockchain will promo=
te sharing of on-farm data.
______________________________________________________
Ahram T, Sargolzaei A, Sargolzaei S, Daniels J, Amaba B. Blockchain technol=
ogy innovations. In: IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society, ed=
itor. 2017 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON=
); 2017 June 8-10; Santa Clara, CA. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Technology and Eng=
ineering Management Society; 2017. p. 137-41.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/7998367 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Digital world has produced efficiencies, new innovative products,=
and close customer relationships globally by the effective use of mobile, =
IoT (Internet of Things), social media, analytics and cloud technology to g=
enerate models for better decisions. Blockchain is recently introduced and =
revolutionizing the digital world bringing a new perspective to security, r=
esiliency and efficiency of systems. While initially popularized by Bitcoin=
, Blockchain is much more than a foundation for crypto currency. It offers =
a secure way to exchange any kind of good, service, or transaction. Industr=
ial growth increasingly depends on trusted partnerships; but increasing reg=
ulation, cybercrime and fraud are inhibiting expansion. To address these ch=
allenges, Blockchain will enable more agile value chains, faster product in=
novations, closer customer relationships, and quicker integration with the =
IoT and cloud technology. Further Blockchain provides a lower cost of trade=
with a trusted contract monitored without intervention from third parties =
who may not add direct value. It facilitates smart contracts, engagements, =
and agreements with inherent, robust cyber security features. This paper is=
an effort to break the ground for presenting and demonstrating the use of =
Blockchain technology in multiple industrial applications. A healthcare ind=
ustry application, Healthchain, is formalized and developed on the foundati=
on of Blockchain using IBM Blockchain initiative. The concepts are transfer=
able to a wide range of industries as finance, government and manufacturing=
where security, scalability and efficiency must meet.
______________________________________________________
Al Omar A, Rahman MS, Basu A, Kiyomoto S. MediBchain: a blockchain based pr=
ivacy preserving platform for healthcare data. In: Wang G, Atiquzzaman M, Y=
an Z, Choo K-KR, editors. Security, Privacy, and Anonymity in Computation, =
Communication, and Storage; 2017 Dec 12-15; Guangzhou, China. Cham, Switzer=
land: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 534-43.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.researchgate.ne=
t/publication/321674033_MediBchain_A_Blockchain_Based_Privacy_Preserving_Pl=
atform_for_Healthcare_Data Open access; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-72395-2=
_49 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Healthcare data are grabbing the interest of cyber attackers in r=
ecent years. Annihilating consequences of healthcare data could be alleviat=
ed through decentralization. A peer to peer (P2P) network enables the prope=
rty of decentralization, where different parties can store and run computat=
ion while keeping the sensitive health data private. Blockchain technology =
leverages decentralized or distributed process, which ensures the accountab=
ility and integrity of its use. This paper presents a patient centric healt=
hcare data management system by using Blockchain as storage to attain priva=
cy. Pseudonymity is ensured by using the cryptographic functions to protect=
patient=E2=80=99s data.
______________________________________________________
Alcarria R, Bordel B, Robles T, Martin D, Manso-Callejo MA. A blockchain-ba=
sed authorization system for trustworthy resource monitoring and trading in=
smart communities. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(10). Epub 2018 Oct 20.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/10/35=
61
Abstract: Resource consumption in residential areas requires novel contribu=
tions in the field of consumer information management and collaborative mec=
hanisms for the exchange of resources, in order to optimize the overall con=
sumption of the community. We propose an authorization system to facilitate=
access to consumer information and resource trading, based on blockchain t=
echnology. Our proposal is oriented to the Smart communities, an evolution =
of Community Energy Management Systems, in which communities are involved i=
n the monitoring and coordination of resource consumption. The proposed env=
ironment allows a more reliable management of monitoring and authorization =
functions, with secure data access and storage and delegation of controller=
functions among householders. We provide the definition of virtual assets =
for energy and water resource sharing as an auction, which encourages the o=
ptimization of global consumption and saves resources. The proposed solutio=
n is implemented and validated in application scenarios that demonstrate th=
e suitability of the defined consensus mechanism, trustworthiness in the le=
vel of provided security for resource monitoring and delegation and reducti=
on on resource consumption by the resource trading contribution.
______________________________________________________
Alexander A, McGill M, Tarasova A, Ferreira C, Zurkiya D. Scanning the futu=
re of medical imaging. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019;16(4 Pt A):501-7. Epub 2018 D=
ec 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jacr.org/=
article/S1546-1440(18)31282-1/fulltext
Abstract: The medical device industry is undergoing rapid change as innovat=
ion accelerates, new business models emerge, and artificial intelligence an=
d the Internet of Things create disruptive possibilities in health care. On=
the innovation front, global annual patent applications related to medical=
devices have tripled in 10 years, and technology cycle times have halved i=
n just 5 years. Connectivity has exploded-by 2021, the world will have more=
than three times as many smart connected devices as people-and more and mo=
re medical devices and processes contain integrated sensors. In this articl=
e, we report on recent McKinsey (McKinsey & Company, New York, New York=
) work to map start-ups and trends shaping the future of medical imaging. W=
e identify technology clusters with prospects of future growth, look at som=
e of their cutting-edge practices, and consider what the implications may b=
e for our specialty.
______________________________________________________
Alhadhrami A, Alghfeli S, Alghfeli M, Abedlla JA, Shuaib K. Introducing blo=
ckchains for healthcare. In: Al-Qudah Z, editor. 2017 International Confere=
nce on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA); 201=
7 Nov 21-23; Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 20=
17.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8252043 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchains as a technology emerged to facilitate money exchange =
transactions and eliminate the need for a trusted third party to notarize a=
nd verify such transactions as well as protect data security and privacy. N=
ew structures of Blockchains have been designed to accommodate the need for=
this technology in other fields such as e-health, tourism and energy. This=
paper is concerned with the use of Blockchains in managing and sharing ele=
ctronic health and medical records to allow patients, hospitals, clinics, a=
nd other medical stakeholder to share data amongst themselves, and increase=
interoperability. The selection of the Blockchains used architecture depen=
ds on the entities participating in the constructed chain network. Although=
the use of Blockchains may reduce redundancy and provide caregivers with c=
onsistent records about their patients, it still comes with few challenges =
which could infringe patients' privacy, or potentially compromise the whole=
network of stakeholders. In this paper, we investigate different Blockchai=
ns structures, look at existing challenges and provide possible solutions. =
We focus on challenges that may expose patients' privacy and the resiliency=
of Blockchains to possible attacks.
______________________________________________________
Al-Nemrat A, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, IEEE,=
editors. Identity theft on e-government/e-governance digital forensics [ab=
stract]. 2018 International Symposium on Programming and Systems (ISPS); 20=
18 Apr 24-26; Algiers, Algeria. IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8378961 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In the context of the rapid technological progress, the cyber-thr=
eats become a serious challenge that requires immediate and continuous acti=
on. As cybercrime poses a permanent and increasing threat, governments, cor=
porate and individual users of the cyber-space are constantly struggling to=
ensure an acceptable level of security over their assets. Maliciousness on=
the cyber-space spans identity theft, fraud, and system intrusions. This i=
s due to the benefits of cyberspace-low entry barriers, user anonymity, and=
spatial and temporal separation between users, make it a fertile field for=
deception and fraud. Numerous, supervised and unsupervised, techniques hav=
e been proposed and used to identify fraudulent transactions and activities=
that deviate from regular patterns of behaviour. For instance, neural netw=
orks and genetic algorithms were used to detect credit card fraud in a data=
set covering 13 months and 50 million credit card transactions. Unsupervise=
d methods, such as clustering analysis, have been used to identify financia=
l fraud or to filter fake online product reviews and ratings on e-commerce =
websites. Blockchain technology has demonstrated its feasibility and releva=
nce in e-commerce. Its use is now being extended to new areas, related to e=
lectronic government. The technology appears to be the most appropriate in =
areas that require storage and processing of large amounts of protected dat=
a. The question is what can blockchain technology do and not do to fight ma=
licious online activity?
______________________________________________________
Alonso SG, Arambarri J, L=C3=B3pez-Coronado M, de la Torre D=C3=ADez I. Pro=
posing new blockchain challenges in eHealth. J Med Syst. 2019;43(3):64. Epu=
b 2019 Feb 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-019-1195-7 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The blockchain technology has reached a great boom in the health =
sector, due to its importance to overcome interoperability and security cha=
llenges of the EHR and EMR systems in eHealth. The main objective of this w=
ork is to show a review of the existing research works in the literature, r=
eferring to the new blockchain technology applied in ehealth and exposing t=
he possible research lines and trends in which this technology can be focus=
ed. The search for blockchain studies in eHealth field was carried out in t=
he following databases: IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed=
, Web of Science and ResearchGate from 2010 to the present. Different searc=
h criteria were established such as: =E2=80=9CBlockchain=E2=80=9D AND (=E2=
=80=9CeHealth=E2=80=9D OR =E2=80=9CEHR=E2=80=9D OR =E2=80=9Celectronic heal=
th records=E2=80=9D OR =E2=80=9Cmedicine=E2=80=9D) selecting the papers con=
sidered of most interest. A total of 84 publications on blockchain in eHeal=
th were found, of which 18 have been identified as relevant works, 5.56% co=
rrespond to the year 2016, 22.22% to 2017 and 72.22% to 2018. Many of the p=
ublications found show how this technology is being developed and applied i=
n the health sector and the benefits it provides. The new blockchain techno=
logy applied in eHealth identifies new ways to share the distributed view o=
f health data and promotes the advancement of precision medicine, improving=
health and preventing diseases.
______________________________________________________
Angeletti F, Chatzigiannakis I, Vitaletti A. Privacy preserving data manage=
ment in recruiting participants for digital clinical trials. Proceedings of=
the First International Workshop on Human-centered Sensing, Networking, an=
d Systems; 2017; Delft, Netherlands. New York, NY: ACM.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=
=3D3144733 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Our data is now more valuable than ever. The uncontrolled growth =
of internet-centered services has led us to accept many compromises about h=
ow we share it. In the era of Internet of Things, smart devices are collect=
ing personal data continuously. Now, more than ever, we are in need of priv=
acy-preserving applications where users are always in control of their sens=
itive data. Previous work focus on the preservation of privacy on datasets =
possibly collected during clinical trials. In contrast, here we focus on th=
e preservation of privacy during the preliminary recruiting phase of a clin=
ical trial. Our solution, is the first where a) user's data are not stored =
in any public database and remain in the user's private space during the wh=
ole recruiting phase and b) at the same time the Clinical Research Institut=
e is assured that it is acquiring useful and authentic data. We provide a p=
roof-of-concept implementation and study its performance based on a real-wo=
rld evaluation.
______________________________________________________
Angeletti F, Chatzigiannakis I, Vitaletti A. The role of blockchain and IoT=
in recruiting participants for digital clinical trials. In: Begus=CC=8Cic=
=CC=81 D, International Conference on Software Telecommunications and Compu=
ter Networks, IEEE Communications Society, editors. 2017 25th International=
Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM)=
; 2017 Sept 21-23; Split, Croatia. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Communications Soci=
ety; 2017.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8115590 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Our personal data is now more valuable than ever. The uncontrolle=
d growth of internet-centered services has led us to accept many compromise=
s about how we share it. In the era of Internet of Things, personal data is=
collected continuously. Now, more than ever, we are in need of privacy-pre=
serving applications where users always retain control of their personal da=
ta. In this paper, we present a secure way to control the flow of personal =
data in the specific case of the recruitment of participants for clinical t=
rials. We take special care to protect the interests of both parties: the i=
ndividual can keep its data private until an agreement is reached, and the =
Clinical Research Institute can be assured that it is acquiring useful and =
authentic data. We provide a proof-of-concept implementation and study its =
performance based on a real-world evaluation.
______________________________________________________
Angeletti F, Chatzigiannakis I, Vitaletti A. Towards an architecture to gua=
rantee both data privacy and utility in the first phases of digital clinica=
l trials. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(12):4175. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC=
6308650/
Abstract: In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), drug developers can p=
otentially access a wealth of real-world, participant-generated data that e=
nable better insights and streamlined clinical trial processes. Protection =
of confidential data is of primary interest when it comes to health data, a=
s medical condition influences daily, professional, and social life. Curren=
t approaches in digital trials entail that private user data are provisione=
d to the trial investigator that is considered a trusted party. The aim of =
this paper is to present the technical requirements and the research challe=
nges to secure the flow and control of personal data and to protect the int=
erests of all the involved parties during the first phases of a clinical tr=
ial, namely the characterization of the potential patients and their possib=
le recruitment. The proposed architecture will let the individuals keep the=
ir data private during these phases while providing a useful sketch of thei=
r data to the investigator. Proof-of-concept implementations are evaluated =
in terms of performances achieved in real-world environments.
______________________________________________________
Angelis J, Ribeiro da Silva E. Blockchain adoption: A value driver perspect=
ive. Bus Horiz. 2019;62(3):307-14. Epub 2018 Dec 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318302088
Abstract: The ongoing discussion regarding blockchain technologies is focus=
ed primarily on cryptocurrencies, but blockchain features and functionaliti=
es have developed beyond financial instruments. As the technologies provide=
new functionalities, the associated value proposition changes as well. Thi=
s study explores the relationship between blockchain technologies and their=
underlying value drivers. Four identified distinct blockchain stages of in=
creased maturity are analyzed and discussed. This covers the evolutionary t=
echnology types focused on transactions, smart contracts, decentralized app=
lications, and the introduction of artificial intelligence supporting decen=
tralized decision making. In addition, we address management issues around =
appropriate blockchain adoption using a blockchain value driver-focused fra=
mework that gives decision makers actionable questions and recommendations.=
We provide practitioners with a method for assessing suitable blockchain a=
doption that addresses the specific value creation associated with a given =
organizational strategy. For academics, we critically identify and assess t=
he characteristics of the blockchain stages and their strategy implications=
and provide a structured approach conceptualizing blockchain technology ev=
olution.
______________________________________________________
Angraal S, Krumholz HM, Schulz WL. Blockchain technology: applications in h=
ealth care. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(9):1-3. Epub 2017 Sep 16=
.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.=
ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.003800
Abstract: Blockchain technology has gained substantial attention in recent =
years with increased interest in several diverse fields, including the heal=
thcare industry. Blockchain offers a secure, distributed database that can =
operate without a central authority or administrator. Blockchain uses a dis=
tributed, peer-to-peer network to make a continuous, growing list of ordere=
d records called blocks to form a digital ledger. Each transaction, represe=
nted in a cryptographically signed block, is then automatically validated b=
y the network itself. Blockchain has also garnered interest as a platform t=
o improve the authenticity and transparency of healthcare data through many=
use cases, from maintaining permissions in electronic health records (EHR)=
to streamlining claims processing. In this article, we describe the basics=
of blockchain and illustrate current and future applications of this techn=
ology within the healthcare industry.
______________________________________________________
Anjum A, Sporny M, Sill A. Blockchain standards for compliance and trust. I=
EEE Cloud Comput. 2017;4(4):84-90.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8066010
Abstract: Cryptocurrency applications of distributed ledger methods such as=
blockchains are now well established, but their implications for more gene=
ral topics are just beginning to be appreciated. Beyond applications in fin=
ance and banking, new applications are emerging in supply chain management,=
manufacturing, agricultural product tracking, advertising verification, In=
ternet of Things, healthcare, and the pharmaceutical industry, among others=
.
______________________________________________________
Antonucci F, Figorilli S, Costa C, Pallottino F, Raso L, Menesatti P. A rev=
iew on blockchain applications in the agri-food sector. J Sci Food Agric. 2=
019. Epub 2019 Jul 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.w=
iley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.9912 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Food security can benefit from the technology's transparency, rel=
atively low transaction costs and instantaneous applications. A blockchain =
is a distributed database of records in the form of encrypted blocks, or a =
public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed=
and shared among participating parties and can be verified at any time in =
the future. Generally, the robust and decentralized functionality of the bl=
ockchain is used for global financial systems, but it can easily be expande=
d to contracts and operations such as tracking of the global supply chain. =
In the precision agriculture context, Information and Communications Techno=
logy can be further implemented with a blockchain infrastructure to enable =
new farm systems and e-agriculture schemes. The purpose of this review is t=
o show a panorama of the scientific studies (enriched by a terms mapping an=
alysis) on the use of blockchain in the agri-food sector, from both an enti=
rely computational and an applicative point of view. As evidenced by the ne=
twork analysis, the reviewed studies mainly focused on software aspects (e.=
g., the architecture and smart contracts). However, some aspects regarding =
the different blockchain knots (computers always connected to the blockchai=
n network) having the role to store and distribute an updated copy of each =
block in a food supply-chain, result of crucial importance. These technolog=
ies appear very promising and rich of great potential showing a good flexib=
ility for applications in several sectors but still immature and hard to ap=
ply due to their complexity. This article is protected by copyright. All ri=
ghts reserved.
______________________________________________________
Arenas R, Fernandez P. CredenceLedger: a permissioned blockchain for verifi=
able academic credentials. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineerin=
g, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC); 2018 Jun 17-20; Stuttgart, Germany=
. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Technology Engineering and Management Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8436324 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain, the underlying technology that powers cryptocurrencie=
s such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, is gaining so much attention from different=
industry stakeholders, governments and research communities. Its applicati=
on is extending beyond cryptocurrencies and has been exploited in different=
domains such as finance, E-commerce, Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare,=
and governance. Some key attributes of the technology are decentralization=
, immutability, security and transparency. This paper aims to describe how =
permissioned Blockchain can be applied to a specific educational use case -=
decentralized verification of academic credentials. The proposed Blockchai=
n-based solution, named `CredenceLedger', is a system that stores compact d=
ata proofs of digital academic credentials in Blockchain ledger that are ea=
sily verifiable for education stakeholders and interested third party organ=
izations.
______________________________________________________
Arias-Oliva M, Pelegrin-Borondo J, Matias-Clavero G. Variables influencing =
cryptocurrency use: a technology acceptance model in Spain. Front Psychol. =
2019;10:475. Epub 2019 Mar 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.fr=
ontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00475/full
Abstract: The first commercial transaction with the first cryptocurrency in=
2010 marked the start of a revolution in transactions. Blockchain and cryp=
tocurrencies will dramatically transform how we do transactions, just as th=
e Internet revolutionized how we communicate. Currently, more than 2,000 cr=
yptocurrencies are quoted on the market, and many more are being launched i=
n initial coin offerings for use as an exchange method in a specific busine=
ss ecosystem or as rights to assets or liabilities. As an emerging fintech,=
cryptocurrencies open up many opportunities, but they also pose significan=
t challenges and limitations. This paper analyzes the key factors for the s=
uccessful development of a cryptocurrency from a consumer-behavior perspect=
ive. Using a technology acceptance theoretical framework, we test a model a=
ble to explain almost 85% of the intention to use cryptocurrencies. Surpris=
ingly, risk was not a significant factor. This could be because most of the=
respondents considered operating with cryptocurrencies to be risky; the la=
ck of variability in their responses to the questions about perceived risk =
would explain this lack of explanatory power. However, willingness to manag=
e cryptocurrency risk could be a precondition for adoption. The performance=
expectancy for a given cryptocurrency was the most important factor for it=
s success. The research was conducted in Spain with college-educated adults=
with basic knowledge of the Internet.
______________________________________________________
Aspnes J, Jackson C, Krishnamurthy A. Exposing computationally-challenged b=
yzantine imposters. 2005 Jul 26. Report No.: TR-1332.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: http://www.collinjackson.c=
om/research/papers/iptps.pdf
Abstract: Internet protocols permit a single machine to masquerade as many,=
allowing an adversary to appear to control more nodes than it actually doe=
s. The possibility of such Sybil attacks has been taken to mean that distri=
buted algorithms that tolerate only a fixed fraction of faulty nodes are no=
t useful in peer-to-peer systems unless identities can be verified external=
ly. The present work argues against this assumption by presenting practical=
algorithms for the distributed computing problem of Byzantine agreement th=
at defend against Sybil attacks by using moderately hard puzzles as a prici=
ng scheme for identities. Though our algorithms do not prevent Sybil attack=
s entirely, they solve Byzantine agreement (and some useful variants) when =
the limited fraction of nodes that can fail is replaced by a limited fracti=
on of the total computational power. These results suggest that Byzantine a=
greement and similar tools from the distributed computing literature are li=
kely to help solve the problem of adversarial behavior by components of pee=
r-to-peer systems.
______________________________________________________
Augot D, Chabanne H, Cl=C3=A9mot O, George W. Transforming face-to-face ide=
ntity proofing into anonymous digital identity using the bitcoin blockchain=
. In. 2017 15th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST); 201=
7 Aug 28-30; Calgary, AB, Canada. IEEE; 2017. p. 25-34.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.02951 Open access=
; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/do=
cument/8476875 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The most fundamental purpose of blockchain technology is to enabl=
e persistent, consistent, distributed storage of information. Increasingly =
common are authentication systems that leverage this property to allow user=
s to carry their personal data on a device while a hash of this data is sig=
ned by a trusted authority and then put on a blockchain to be compared agai=
nst. For instance, in 2015, MIT introduced a schema for the publication of =
their academic certificates based on this principle. In this work, we propo=
se a way for users to obtain assured identities based on face-to-face proof=
ing that can then be validated against a record on a blockchain. Moreover, =
in order to provide anonymity, instead of storing a hash, we make use of a =
scheme of Brands to store a commitment against which one can perform zero-k=
nowledge proofs of identity. We also enforce the confidentiality of the und=
erlying data by letting users control a secret of their own. We show how ou=
r schema can be implemented on Bitcoin's blockchain and how to save bandwid=
th by grouping commitments using Merkle trees to minimize the number of Bit=
coin transactions that need to be sent. Finally, we describe a system in wh=
ich users can gain access to services thanks to the identity records of our=
proposal.
______________________________________________________
Axfoundation, SKL Kommentus, Swedish county councils and regions, Martin &a=
mp; Servera, Kairos Future. Blockchain use cases for food traceability and =
control: a study to identify the potential benefits from using blockchain t=
echnology for food traceability and control. Sweden: 2017 Nov 30.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: http://axfoundation.se/wp-content/upl=
oads/2017/12/Blockchain-use-cases-for-food-tracking-and-control-dig-l%C3%A4=
tt.pdf
Abstract: Food and food production is one of the largest industries in the =
world. It is also the most fragmented industry with production scattered al=
l over the world. The food supply chain also becomes more global over time.=
Keeping control of the supply chain of food is therefore a costly and diff=
icult task. The dependence on trust in third party operations, ethics in pr=
oduction, transportation, to name a few areas, is evident. Stamps and docum=
entation, IT-systems, certificates, food origin, mixing of food, the use of=
chemicals etc. are areas where fraud or ignorance can create problems on a=
large scale. At worst, it can cause health problems, even deaths.
While existing IT-solutions have mitigated some of these challenges there i=
s still a lot of uncertainty. Integration costs remain high, there is still=
a lot of undetected fraud, and transparency levels are insufficient to com=
ply with the current and future demands of consumers and other stakeholders=
. A new area of technology, the blockchain, can potentially solve many of t=
he remaining problems for food transparency and control.
______________________________________________________
Azaria A, Ekblaw A, Vieira T, Lippman A. MedRec: using blockchain for medic=
al data access and permission management. In: Awan I, Younas M, IEEE Comput=
er Society Technical Committee on the Internet, editors. 2016 2nd Internati=
onal Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD); 2016 Aug 22-24; Vienna, Austria=
. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society; 2016. p. 25-30.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://dpnm.postech.ac.kr/cs490u/MedR=
ec.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.=
ieee.org/abstract/document/7573685 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Years of heavy regulation and bureaucratic inefficiency have slow=
ed innovation for electronic medical records (EMRs). We now face a critical=
need for such innovation, as personalization and data science prompt patie=
nts to engage in the details of their healthcare and restore agency over th=
eir medical data. In this paper, we propose MedRec: a novel, decentralized =
record management system to handle EMRs, using blockchain technology. Our s=
ystem gives patients a comprehensive, immutable log and easy access to thei=
r medical information across providers and treatment sites. Leveraging uniq=
ue blockchain properties, MedRec manages authentication, confidentiality, a=
ccountability and data sharing- crucial considerations when handling sensit=
ive information. A modular design integrates with providers' existing, loca=
l data storage solutions, facilitating interoperability and making our syst=
em convenient and adaptable. We incentivize medical stakeholders (researche=
rs, public health authorities, etc.) to participate in the network as block=
chain miners;. This provides them with access to aggregate, anonymized data=
as mining rewards, in return for sustaining and securing the network via P=
roof of Work. MedRec thus enables the emergence of data economics, supplyin=
g big data to empower researchers while engaging patients and providers in =
the choice to release metadata. The purpose of this short paper is to expos=
e, prior to field tests, a working prototype through which we analyze and d=
iscuss our approach.
______________________________________________________
Baars DS. Towards self-sovereign identity using blockchain technology [Mast=
er's Thesis]: University of Twente; 2016.
Reference Type: Thesis
Available from: https://essay.utwente.nl/71274/
Abstract: With more than three billion internet users, each with multiple d=
igital identities, the management of these identities is very important. Su=
rveys show that people often use the identity management systems they don't=
want to use. They don't have full control over their infor- mation, have n=
o way to know what is shared with other parties and are dependent on truste=
d parties when logging in to websites. Blockchain technology is used as bas=
is for a secure and transparent distributed ledger for the Bitcoin cryptocu=
rrency. Its decentralized, pub- lic and immutable properties solve the doub=
le spending problem and allow every participant of the network to read the =
transaction history, help in the validation process and pay and receive Bit=
coin. Cryptographically complex math ensures that everyone can do trans- ac=
tions with everyone without the need for a trusted third party. Next to nan=
cial transactions, this also holds for other claims. Entities can put claim=
s on a decentralized ledger by digitally signing it, which allows any other=
entity to verify that these claims are made by that speci c entity. This a=
llows authorities like governments to make claims about indi- viduals, whic=
h can be combined with other claims to create a very strong claim about som=
eone. Because both the claimant and the claimee can be veri ed, this allows=
entities like mortgage lenders to outsource their Customer Due Diligence (=
CDD) processes. In this research we will explore the possibility of self-so=
vereign identity, where you are in control of your digital identity. We sta=
rted with a desk research on currently available identity man- agement solu=
tions. We concluded that in most systems, the end-user is not able to store=
their own data. Currently only one decentralized system is available, but =
has not gained wide adoption yet. A case study has been performed on a solu=
tion which allows the ex- change of KYC attributes, resulting from thorough=
Customer Due Dili- gence (CDD) as is often performed when opening a bank a=
ccount. These attributes can be used by other entities, like insurance comp=
anies and mortgage lenders to make their on-boarding process easier for cus=
tomers, since they don't need to supply copies of the same documentation al=
l over again. Also, the companies themselves could outsource their Customer=
Due Diligence (CDD) this way to lower costs and make fewer errors. Al- tho=
ugh the idea is very interesting, the studied solution did not meet the exp=
ectations. At the time the company behind the solution was very small and t=
he process to improve very complex. The solution was also propri- etary, cr=
eating dependence on the vendor, which heightens the adoption barrier. Beca=
use of the lessons learned from the case study, the results of the literatu=
re research and the desk research, we designed an architecture for a Decent=
ralized Identity Management System (DIMS) using the concept of claim-based =
identity and blockchain technology. To lower adoption barriers and create a=
self-sustaining ecosystem, it will be developed on a public blockchain and=
source code will be made open-source. The solution will be privacy-friendl=
y by using privacy-enhancing techniques and storing only claims about one's=
identity. We also provide a solution to allow retrieval of more sensitive =
data, and made it as modular as possible to make integration within existin=
g IT architecture easier. The Decentralized Identity Management System (DIM=
S) can be use- ful in a wide range of use cases, like proving your age when=
buying liquor at the supermarket or applying for a health insurance where =
you get a student discount if you can show your are enrolled at a universit=
y. This shows that our work resulted in a solid foundation for self-soverei=
gn identity using blockchain technology.
______________________________________________________
Back A, Corallo M, Dashjr L, Friedenbach M, Maxwell G, Miller A, et al. Ena=
bling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains. Blockstream, 2014 Oct =
22. Report No.: 5650e43.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf=
Abstract: Since the introduction of Bitcoin[Nak09] in 2009, and the multipl=
e computer science and electronic cash innovations it brought, there has be=
en great interest in the potential of decentralised cryptocurrencies. At th=
e same time, implementation changes to the consensus critical parts of Bitc=
oin must necessarily be handled very conservatively. As a result, Bitcoin h=
as greater dif=EF=AC=81culty than other Internet protocols in adapting to n=
ew demands and accommodating new innovation. We propose a new technology, p=
egged sidechains, which enables bitcoins and other ledger assets to be tran=
sferred between multiple blockchains. This gives users access to new and in=
novative cryptocurrency systems using the assets they already own. By reusi=
ng Bitcoin=E2=80=99s currency, these systems can more easily interoperate w=
ith each other and with Bitcoin, avoiding the liquidity shortages and marke=
t =EF=AC=82uctuations associated with new currencies. Since sidechains are =
separate systems, technical and economic innovation is not hindered. Despit=
e bidirectional transferability between Bitcoin and pegged sidechains, they=
are isolated: in the case of a cryptographic break (or malicious design) i=
n a sidechain, the damage is entirely con=EF=AC=81ned to the sidechain itse=
lf. This paper lays out pegged sidechains, their implementation requirement=
s, and the work needed to fully bene=EF=AC=81t from the future of interconn=
ected blockchains.
______________________________________________________
Badr S, Gomaa I, Abd-Elrahman E. Multi-tier blockchain rramework for IoT-EH=
Rs Systems. In: Shakshuki E, Yasar A, editors. The 9th International Confer=
ence on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks; Leuven, Belgium=
. Oxford, UK: Elsevier B.V.; 2018. p. 159-66.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187705091831812X
Abstract: Recently, Blockchain is considered as one of the main powerful te=
chniques in security and privacy domains. It is considered as the promised =
security concept for replacing the current third parities trusting solution=
s. This could be achieved by mixing some cryptography techniques, consensus=
algorithms alongside with some peer-to-peer communication protocols. In th=
is paper, to meet the requirement of distributed structure in the eHealth R=
ecords (EHRs) system, we propose a novel protocol to achieve a perfect priv=
acy preserving for the patient namely Pseudonym Based Encryption with Diffe=
rent Authorities (PBE-DA) by applying the concept of Blockchain on the heal=
thcare communication entities in an e-health platform. Therefore, PBE-DA wi=
ll be used to help the patient anonymously to access, check or update his s=
ensitive data on EHRs system. Moreover, we analyzed not only the public blo=
ckchain tier between the different EHRs cloud provider but also another Blo=
ckchain tier between the patient sensors (IoT devices used to do some patie=
nt measurements) and the patient system as a gateway for the whole healthca=
re platform.
______________________________________________________
Bahga A, Madisetti VK. Blockchain platform for industrial Internet of Thing=
s. J Softw Eng Appl. 2016;9(10):533-46. Epub 2016 Oct 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
cirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=3D71596
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) are being adopted for industrial and man=
ufacturing applica-tions such as manufacturing automation, remote machine d=
iagnostics, prognostic health management of industrial machines and supply =
chain management. Cloud-Based Manufacturing is a recent on-demand model of =
manufacturing that is leve-raging IoT technologies. While Cloud-Based Manuf=
acturing enables on-demand access to manufacturing resources, a trusted int=
ermediary is required for transactions between the users who wish to avail =
manufacturing services. We present a decentra-lized, peer-to-peer platform =
called BPIIoT for Industrial Internet of Things based on the Block chain te=
chnology. With the use of Blockchain technology, the BPIIoT plat-form enabl=
es peers in a decentralized, trustless, peer-to-peer network to interact wi=
th each other without the need for a trusted intermediary.
______________________________________________________
Balakrishnan YV. Redefining regulatory information management with blockcha=
in. Tata Consultancy Services, 2018 Mar 23. Report No.: M I 03 I 18.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/tcs/pdf=
/Industries/life-sciences-and-healthcare/solution-brochure/Redefining-RIM.p=
df
Abstract: With more consumers demanding a greater say in how their health i=
s managed, life sciences and healthcare companies are increasingly adopting=
a patient-centric business model. In response to this paradigm shift, ente=
rprises will need to reimagine how they receive regulatory approval for new=
products while meeting local and global regulatory requirements and gain a=
ccess to information that can be shared rapidly with the patients and care =
givers. Regulatory affairs (RA) is one of the most critical areas within th=
e life sciences domain and is the gateway for acquiring product approvals. =
Regulatory process are subject to changes and adoption due to the ever chan=
ging updates to regulation as well as the new and emerging regulations. Thi=
s causes several challenges =E2=80=93 traceability and global visibility of=
the process, are the submissions being done as per the current or the earl=
ier regulations, are we current on the latest labelling requirements, and a=
re the products being shipped to that country in conformance with the submi=
ssion made there in?
Equally important is that the entire organization and external consumers (s=
uch as clinical research organization (CRO), institutional review board (IR=
B), patients, and contract manufacturing organization (CMO) in the ecosyste=
m have the most relevant and current data or information sets are the regul=
atory data like CMC coming from the several stakeholders consistent? This b=
ecomes a complicated affair when a globally distributed network of affiliat=
es are responsible for managing a significant volume of critical product in=
formation.
______________________________________________________
Balis C, Tagopoulos I, Dimola K. Moving towards a blockchain-based healthca=
re information system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2019;262:168-71. Epub 20=
19 Jul 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/51706 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: One of the major problems that a national health system face is t=
he lack of a unified clinical data management. In Greece, the critical and =
sensitive medical data generated during a patient lifetime are fragmented i=
n one or more hospitals and healthcare services are not characterized by a =
'continuity' factor. There is not the appropriate technological and adminis=
trative infrastructure for a unified patient medical history, prescriptions=
, laboratory tests or therapeutic plan. Technological, administrative and e=
conomic factors have led to this situation. We propose the integration and =
implementation of a blockchain network as a complementary technology to the=
existing information systems, so reliable and effective information manage=
ment could be provided by a healthcare organization or the national healthc=
are system. Blockchain technology could be implemented as a bridge that can=
provide information systems interoperability within a hospital or between =
different hospitals.
______________________________________________________
Banga R, Juneja M. Clinical trials on blockchain. In. PhUSE EU Connect; 201=
8 Nov 4-7; Frankfurt, Germany. Kent, United Kingdom: PhUSE; 2018.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.lexjansen.com/phuse/=
2018/tt/TT11.pdf
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how blockchain tech=
nology can be used to optimize the clinical trial workflow. We will demonst=
rate how pharmaceutical companies and other clinical trial participants (su=
ch as CROs, regulatory agencies) can collect and store subjects' data and a=
nalysis results in a secure, distributed manner and introduce a sample use =
case and technical architecture used for implementation of a blockchain bas=
ed Clinical Trial Management Solution. We will demonstrate this concept usi=
ng Hyperledger Fabric, an open source enterprise blockchain hosted by the L=
inux Foundation.
______________________________________________________
Bariviera AF, Zunino L, Rosso OA. An analysis of high-frequency cryptocurre=
ncies prices dynamics using permutation-information-theory quantifiers. Cha=
os. 2018;28(7):075511. Epub 2018 Jul 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.=
1063/1.5027153
Abstract: This paper discusses the dynamics of intraday prices of 12 crypto=
currencies during the past months' boom and bust. The importance of this st=
udy lies in the extended coverage of the cryptoworld, accounting for more t=
han 90% of the total daily turnover. By using the complexity-entropy causal=
ity plane, we could discriminate three different dynamics in the data set. =
Whereas most of the cryptocurrencies follow a similar pattern, there are tw=
o currencies (ETC and ETH) that exhibit a more persistent stochastic dynami=
cs, and two other currencies (DASH and XEM) whose behavior is closer to a r=
andom walk. Consequently, similar financial assets, using blockchain techno=
logy, are differentiated by market participants.
______________________________________________________
Bass J. The truth about blockchain and its application to health care. Heal=
thc Financ Manage. 2019 Feb 1.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://www.hfma.org/Content.aspx?id=
=3D63125 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The potential for blockchain to transform health care is very muc=
h a future prospect in 2019. But there are ways the technology can be appli=
ed today that can begin to pave the way to such a future.
Over the past few years, the healthcare industry has seen a rise in underst=
anding of the timestamped, distributed-register technology blockchain and h=
ow it might, over time, affect the complex relationship between commerce an=
d care. Healthcare leaders are beginning to have a realistic grasp of block=
chain=E2=80=99s potential and how it might transform the industry.
______________________________________________________
Batubara FR, Ubacht J, Janssen M, Zuiderwijk A, Hinnant CC, editors. Challe=
nges of blockchain technology adoption for e-government: a systematic liter=
ature review. 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Re=
search: Governance in the Data Age; 2018 May 30 - Jun 1; Delft, Netherlands=
. New York, NY: Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jolien_Uba=
cht/publication/325497149_Blockchain_applications_in_government/links/5ba4b=
ffa92851ca9ed1a80db/Blockchain-applications-in-government.pdf Open acce=
ss; https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3D3209317=
Subscription required to view
Abstract: In this paper, we present the applications of blockchain technolo=
gy in healthcare. Furthermore, we evaluate the choice and deployment of Blo=
ckchain technology in such applications, review the advantages and disadvan=
tages of such an approach. We review the Estonian system, which is the firs=
t blockchain-based health system at the national level, in detail and discu=
ss its ramifications to Turkey. This paper is one of the first papers in th=
is domain and, to the best of authors' knowledge, the first in Turkish.
=
______________________________________________________
Baynham-Herd Z. Technology: enlist blockchain to boost conservation. Nature=
. 2017;548(7669):523. Epub 2017 Aug 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/548523c=
Abstract: Blockchain technology stands to improve governance of the environ=
ment and of renewable energy. It could also facilitate peer-to-peer fundrai=
sing donations to transform nature conservation, which is drastically under=
funded.
Cryptocurrency transactions are instant and transparent. They do not requir=
e bank accounts and international exchange fees are small. Donations can be=
sent directly to individuals or projects worldwide, rather than being coll=
ected, pooled and distributed by organizations. This encourages donors beca=
use the blockchain tracks the impact of donations.
By removing funding barriers, anyone can do conservation work =E2=80=94 fro=
m restoring urban ecology to preventing conflicts between humans and wildli=
fe. With a greater number and variety of conservationists and natural space=
s, such small participatory efforts will be amplified through social networ=
ks.
Peer-to-peer conservation will not solve issues such as the ivory trade, co=
uld enable fraudulent or counterproductive projects, and may result in a bi=
as towards flagship species. Yet it can still make an important contributio=
n.
______________________________________________________
Beckstrom K. Utilizing blockchain to improve clinical trials. In: Metcalf D=
, Bass J, Hooper M, Cahana A, Dhillon V, editors. Blockchain in healthcare:=
innovations that empower patients, connect professionals and improve care.=
1st ed. Orlando, FL: Merging Traffic; 2019. p. 109-21.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://www.crcpress.com/Blockchain-in-Healthcare-Innovations-that-Em=
power-Patients-Connect-Professionals/Dhillon-Bass-Hooper-Metcalf-Cahana/p/b=
ook/9780367031084 Purchase required.
Abstract: The pharmaceutical industry is in the midst of transformation as =
a result of confounding demands to accelerate time to market, increase pati=
ent centricity and reduce the development and validation costs for new drug=
s. This chapter explores how the mistrust that exists between clinical tria=
l stakeholders can affect this transformation and identifies areas where di=
stributed ledger technology, aka blockchain, could help. We present how pha=
rmaceutical and other industry consortiums such as PhUSE and IEEE, as well =
as individual companies, are advancing the concept of blockchain from thoug=
ht exercises and white papers to pilots, prototypes and beyond. In conclusi=
on, we review our lessons learned from early stage blockchain projects, ide=
ntify where blockchain can provide the most value and provide a roadmap for=
standard clinical trial use.
______________________________________________________
Bell L, Buchanan WJ, Cameron J, Lo O. Applications of blockchain within hea=
lthcare. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 May 29 [cited 2018 Oct 2=
3]; 1(8):[7 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view=
/8
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: There are several areas of healthcare and well-being that could b=
e enhanced using blockchain technologies. These include device tracking, cl=
inical trials, pharmaceutical tracing, and health insurance. Within device =
tracking, hospitals can trace their asset within a blockchain infrastructur=
e, including through the complete lifecycle of a device. The information ga=
thered can then be used to improve patient safety and provide after-market =
analysis to improve efficiency savings. This paper outlines recent work wit=
hin the areas of pharmaceutical traceability, data sharing, clinical trials=
, and device tracking.
______________________________________________________
Bellini V, Petroni A, Palumbo G, Bignami E. Data quality and blockchain tec=
hnology. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2019;(in press). Epub 2019 Jan 8.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352556818305368 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: [FIRST FEW PARAGRAPHS] Dear Editor, We recently read with great i=
nterest a paper published in your journal entitled =E2=80=9CBig data and ta=
rgeted machine learning in action to assist medical decision in the ICU=E2=
=80=9D by Pirracchio et al. It is an extremely precise analysis of the most=
recent developments in the fields of big data, technology, and statistics.=
These innovations can lead to increasingly tailored health treatment; real=
-time processing of data might also allow their application in time-depende=
nt medical specialisations, such as in the case of perioperative medicine a=
nd intensive care.
______________________________________________________
Benchoufi M, Porcher R, Ravaud P. Blockchain protocols in clinical trials: =
transparency and traceability of consent. F1000Res. 2018;6:66. Epub 2018 Fe=
b 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC5676196/
Abstract: Clinical trial consent for protocols and their revisions should b=
e transparent for patients and traceable for stakeholders. Our goal is to i=
mplement a process allowing for collection of patients' informed consent, w=
hich is bound to protocol revisions, storing and tracking the consent in a =
secure, unfalsifiable and publicly verifiable way, and enabling the sharing=
of this information in real time. For that, we build a consent workflow us=
ing a trending technology called Blockchain. This is a distributed technolo=
gy that brings a built-in layer of transparency and traceability. From a mo=
re general and prospective point of view, we believe Blockchain technology =
brings a paradigmatical shift to the entire clinical research field. We des=
igned a Proof-of-Concept protocol consisting of time-stamping each step of =
the patient's consent collection using Blockchain, thus archiving and histo=
ricising the consent through cryptographic validation in a securely unfalsi=
fiable and transparent way. For each protocol revision, consent was sought =
again. We obtained a single document, in an open format, that accounted for=
the whole consent collection process: a time-stamped consent status regard=
ing each version of the protocol. This document cannot be corrupted and can=
be checked on any dedicated public website. It should be considered a robu=
st proof of data. However, in a live clinical trial, the authentication sys=
tem should be strengthened to remove the need for third parties, here trial=
stakeholders, and give participative control to the peer users. In the fut=
ure, the complex data flow of a clinical trial could be tracked by using Bl=
ockchain, which core functionality, named Smart Contract, could help preven=
t clinical trial events not occurring in the correct chronological order, f=
or example including patients before they consented or analysing case repor=
t form data before freezing the database. Globally, Blockchain could help w=
ith reliability, security, transparency and could be a consistent step towa=
rd reproducibility.
______________________________________________________
Benchoufi M, Ravaud P. Blockchain technology for improving clinical researc=
h quality. Trials. 2017;18:335. Epub 2017 Jul 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/=
pmc/articles/PMC5517794/
Abstract: Reproducibility, data sharing, personal data privacy concerns and=
patient enrolment in clinical trials are huge medical challenges for conte=
mporary clinical research. A new technology, Blockchain, may be a key to ad=
dressing these challenges and should draw the attention of the whole clinic=
al research community. Blockchain brings the Internet to its definitive dec=
entralisation goal. The core principle of Blockchain is that any service re=
lying on trusted third parties can be built in a transparent, decentralised=
, secure =E2=80=9Ctrustless=E2=80=9D manner at the top of the Blockchain (i=
n fact, there is trust, but it is hardcoded in the Blockchain protocol via =
a complex cryptographic algorithm). Therefore, users have a high degree of =
control over and autonomy and trust of the data and its integrity. Blockcha=
in allows for reaching a substantial level of historicity and inviolability=
of data for the whole document flow in a clinical trial. Hence, it ensures=
traceability, prevents a posteriori reconstruction and allows for securely=
automating the clinical trial through what are called Smart Contracts. At =
the same time, the technology ensures fine-grained control of the data, its=
security and its shareable parameters, for a single patient or group of pa=
tients or clinical trial stakeholders. In this commentary article, we explo=
re the core functionalities of Blockchain applied to clinical trials and we=
illustrate concretely its general principle in the context of consent to a=
trial protocol. Trying to figure out the potential impact of Blockchain im=
plementations in the setting of clinical trials will shed new light on how =
modern clinical trial methods could evolve and benefit from Blockchain tech=
nologies in order to tackle the aforementioned challenges.
______________________________________________________
Bennett B. Blockchain HIE overview: a framework for healthcare interoperabi=
lity. Telehealth Med Today. 2017;2(3).
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://=
telehealthandmedicinetoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/14
Abstract: Data stored in a blockchain is immutable and available for access=
by separate parties. The excellent potential residing in this technology i=
ncludes security, verification, and expanded data management for healthcare=
records, making it ideal for a new interoperability standard. As it stands=
today, public blockchain technology (i.e. Bitcoin) is a secure P2P (peer-t=
o-peer) ledger system that uses public key encryption to protect informatio=
n. Once entries are created on the chain, they are immutable, making blockc=
hain ideal for storing permanent records. Because of this, authorized membe=
rs of a network are confident of their data's authenticity within the encry=
pted chains. The shared ledger structure provides an immutable audit trail =
for every transaction. In healthcare, organizations can create authenticate=
d records and entries without needing a central authority. Each link in the=
chain verifies the next, traceable back to what=E2=80=99s called the Genes=
is block, a.k.a. the first block in the chain ever created.
______________________________________________________
Bennett B. Using telehealth as a model for blockchain HIT adoption. Telehea=
lth Med Today. 2017;2(4):1-4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://=
telehealthandmedicinetoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/25
Abstract: Telemedicine and blockchain technology share a core philosophy of=
empowering the individual. Blockchain solutions that focus on empowering p=
atients and enhancing the workflows for the providers who treat them contin=
ue to make big headlines, as does enterprise investment and adoption of tel=
ehealth. Both models focus on direct-to-consumer health services, with a pe=
rsonalized care experience designed from the ground up to save time and mon=
ey for everyone involved. The typical binding factor between the telehealth=
and HIT (health information technology) blockchain adoption is a patient c=
entric, value-based care model. Therefore, it is as no coincidence that val=
ue-based care is at the center of the fastest growing (and operational) par=
t of HIT blockchain adoption. For this reason, telehealth can demonstrate a=
doption synergies than most other lines of business in healthcare cannot.
______________________________________________________
Bennett K, Decker C. Certified blockchain business foundations: official ex=
am study guide [Internet]: Blockchain Training Alliance, Inc. 2019; cited 2=
019 Jan 22]. 50 p. Available from: Not available online
Reference Type: Electronic Book
Abstract: None
______________________________________________________
Benniche S. Using blockchain technology to recycle cancer drugs. Lancet Onc=
ol. 2019;In press. Epub 2019 May 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204519302918 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: [FIRST FEW PARAGRAPHS] Two startup organisations that are committ=
ed to recycling expensive cancer drugs for re-use have been chosen by the U=
S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to form part of a consortium for a dru=
g supply chain pilot project.
Following the enaction of the Drug Quality and Security Act in 2013, the FD=
A announced plans to launch a pilot programme intending to develop technolo=
gies for identifying and tracing prescription drugs, to enhance the safety =
and security of the drug supply chain.
RemediChain and Good Shepherd Pharmacy (both in Memphis, TN, USA) take unus=
ed cancer drugs and give them to patients who otherwise cannot afford them.=
The unused drugs are donated by cancer clinics and individuals no longer i=
n need of them and are given to suitable patients in need across the USA.
______________________________________________________
Bernardi F, Lima V, Pellison F, de Azevedo Marques PM, Rijo R, Galliez RM, =
et al. Blockchain based network for tuberculosis: a data sharing initiative=
in Brazil. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2019;262:264-7. Epub 2019 Jul 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchgate.ne=
t/publication/334273400_Blockchain_Based_Network_for_Tuberculosis_A_Data_Sh=
aring_Initiative_in_Brazil Open access: http://eb=
ooks.iospress.nl/publication/51731 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Data sharing, information exchange, knowledge acquisition and hea=
lth intelligence are the basis of an efficient and effective evidence-based=
decision-making tool. A decentralized blockchain architecture is a flexibl=
e solution that can be adapted to institutional and managerial culture of o=
rganizations and services. Blockchain can play a fundamental role in enabli=
ng data sharing within a network and, to achieve that, this work defines th=
e high-level resources necessary to apply this technology to Tuberculosis r=
elated issues. Thus, relying in open-source tools and in a collaborative de=
velopment approach, we present a proposal of a blockchain based network, th=
e TB Network, to underpin an initiative of sharing of Tuberculosis scientif=
ic, operational and epidemiologic data between several stakeholders across =
Brazilian cities.
______________________________________________________
Blackford WJ. Hashing it out: blockchain as a solution for Medicare imprope=
r payments. Belmont Law Rev. 2018;5(10):219-52. Epub 2019 Feb 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://repository.belmont=
.edu/lawreview/vol5/iss1/10/
Abstract: Part I highlights the inadequacies and inefficiencies of our Medi=
care payment system, focusing on the initiatives currently in place and the=
susceptibilities that persist. Part II offers a broad overview of the deve=
lopment, importance, features, and collateral technologies surrounding bloc=
kchain. Part III posits that Congress and HHS, through its various subsidia=
ry agencies, should work in tandem with private stakeholders to create and/=
or implement a blockchain-based infrastructure to facilitate federal health=
care payments and support future growth of quality-based initiatives. This =
Note concludes with a recommendation for future agency research focusing on=
the viability and cost efficiency of a blockchain solution.
______________________________________________________
Blemus S. Law and blockchain: a legal perspective on current regulatory tre=
nds worldwide. RTDF [Internet]. 2017 Dec 11 [cited 2019 Feb 28]; (4-2017):[=
15 p.]. Available from: https://pap=
ers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3D3080639
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: This paper expounds the latest main regulatory projects and indus=
try-wide consultations in the United States (US), in the European Union (EU=
) and in the main economic countries where distributed ledgers (thereafter,=
=E2=80=9CBlockchain=E2=80=9D) regulations have been discussed, proposed an=
d/or adopted.
In just a few years, the Blockchain has become a major topic for public dec=
ision-makers worldwide. As this disruptive and decentralized technology has=
emerged as a key business issue for start-ups and market participants, the=
central banks and financial regulators have changed, most notably in the U=
S and in the EU, from an initial strong hostility to a more cautious and ma=
rket-friendly position.
The paper extensively covers and compares the current regulatory trends in =
selected relevant countries on the various applications enabled or issues r=
aised by the Blockchain technology (Bitcoin/virtual currencies/crypto-token=
s, smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organization (=E2=80=9CDAO=E2=
=80=9D), initial coin offerings/=E2=80=9CICO=E2=80=9D=E2=80=A6).
Three main regulatory items should be distinguished and will be analyzed se=
parately thereafter:
(I) the virtual currencies regulation,
(II) the ICO (and crypto tokens) regulation, and
(III) the legal validity of Blockchain technology and smart contracts.
<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Boucher P, Nascimento S, Kritikos M. How blockchain technology could change=
our lives [Internet]. Brussels, Belgium: European Parliamentary Research S=
ervice. 2017 [updated 2017 Feb; cited 2018 Oct 23]. 24 p. Available from: <=
a href=3D"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/581948/EPR=
S_IDA(2017)581948_EN.pdf" class=3D"external-link" rel=3D"nofollow">http://w=
ww.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/581948/EPRS_IDA(2017)581948_=
EN.pdf
Reference Type: Electronic Book
Abstract: Blockchains are a remarkably transparent and decentralised way of=
recording lists of transactions. Their best-known use is for digital curre=
ncies such as Bitcoin, which announced blockchain technology to the world w=
ith a headline-grabbing 1000% increase in value in the course of a single m=
onth in 2013. This bubble quickly burst, but steady growth since 2015 means=
Bitcoins are currently valued higher than ever before.
There are many different ways of using blockchains to create new currencies=
. Hundreds of such currencies have been created with different features and=
aims. The way blockchain-based currency transactions create fast, cheap an=
d secure public records means that they also can be used for many non-finan=
cial tasks, such as casting votes in elections or proving that a document e=
xisted at a specific time. Blockchains are particularly well suited to situ=
ations where it is necessary to know ownership histories. For example, they=
could help manage supply chains better, to offer certainty that diamonds a=
re ethically sourced, that clothes are not made in sweatshops and that cham=
pagne comes from Champagne. They could help finally resolve the problem of =
music and video piracy, while enabling digital media to be legitimately bou=
ght, sold, inherited and given away second-hand like books, vinyl and video=
tapes. They also present opportunities in all kinds of public services suc=
h as health and welfare payments and, at the frontier of blockchain develop=
ment, are self-executing contracts paving the way for companies that run th=
emselves without human intervention.
Blockchains shift some control over daily interactions with technology away=
from central elites, redistributing it among users. In doing so, they make=
systems more transparent and, perhaps, more democratic. That said, this wi=
ll not probably not result in a revolution. Indeed, the governments and ind=
ustry giants investing heavily in blockchain research and development are n=
ot trying to make themselves obsolete, but to enhance their services. There=
are also some wider issues to consider. For example, blockchain's transpar=
ency is fine for matters of public record such as land registries, but what=
about bank balances and other sensitive data? It is possible (albeit only =
sometimes and with substantial effort), to identify the individuals associa=
ted with transactions. This could compromise their privacy and anonymity. W=
hile some blockchains do offer full anonymity, some sensitive information s=
imply should not be distributed in this way. Nevertheless, although blockch=
ains are not the solution for every problem and even if they will not revol=
utionise every aspect of our lives, they could have a substantial impact in=
many areas and it is necessary to be prepared for the challenges and oppor=
tunities they present.
This report provides an accessible entry point for those in the European Pa=
rliament and beyond who are interested in learning more about blockchain de=
velopment and its potential impacts. In doing so, the aim is to stimulate r=
eflection and discussion of this complicated, controversial and fast-moving=
technology. The report is non-sequential, so readers are invited to choose=
the sections that interest them and read them in any order. The section im=
mediately below presents an introduction to how blockchain technology works=
. The subsequent eight sections each present two-page briefings about how i=
t could be deployed in various application areas, its potential impacts, an=
d its implications for European policy. Finally, a concluding section prese=
nts some overall remarks and potential responses to blockchain development.=
______________________________________________________
Brogan J, Baskaran I, Ramachandran N. Authenticating health activity data u=
sing distributed ledger technologies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2018;16:2=
57-66. Epub 2018 Jul 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037018300345
Abstract: The on-demand digital healthcare ecosystem is on the near horizon=
. It has the potential to extract a wealth of information from =E2=80=9Cbig=
data=E2=80=9D collected at the population level, to enhance preventive and=
precision medicine at the patient level. This may improve efficiency and q=
uality while decreasing cost of healthcare delivered by professionals. Howe=
ver, there are still security and privacy issues that need to be addressed =
before algorithms, data, and models can be mobilized safely at scale. In th=
is paper we discuss how distributed ledger technologies can play a key role=
in advancing electronic health, by ensuring authenticity and integrity of =
data generated by wearable and embedded devices. We demonstrate how the Mas=
ked Authenticated Messaging extension module of the IOTA protocol can be us=
ed to securely share, store, and retrieve encrypted activity data using a t=
amper-proof distributed ledger.
______________________________________________________
Burchert C, Decker C, Wattenhofer R. Scalable funding of Bitcoin micropayme=
nt channel networks. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(8):180089. Epub 2018 Aug 29.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.180089
Abstract: The Bitcoin network has scalability problems. To increase its tra=
nsaction rate and speed, micropayment channel networks have been proposed; =
however, these require to lock funds into specific channels. Moreover, the =
available space in the blockchain does not allow scaling to a worldwide pay=
ment system. We propose a new layer that sits in between the blockchain and=
the payment channels. The new layer addresses the scalability problem by e=
nabling trustless off-blockchain channel funding. It consists of shared acc=
ounts of groups of nodes that flexibly create one-to-one channels for the p=
ayment network. The new system allows rapid changes of the allocation of fu=
nds to channels and reduces the cost of opening new channels. Instead of on=
e blockchain transaction per channel, each user only needs one transaction =
to enter a group of nodes-within the group the user can create arbitrarily =
many channels. For a group of 20 users with 100 intra-group channels, the c=
ost of the blockchain transactions is reduced by 90% compared to 100 regula=
r micropayment channels opened on the blockchain. This can be increased fur=
ther to 96% if Bitcoin introduces Schnorr signatures with signature aggrega=
tion.
______________________________________________________
Cai W, Du X, Xu J. A personalized QoS prediction method for web services vi=
a blockchain-based matrix factorization. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(12). Epub=
2019 Jun 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/12/27=
49
Abstract: Personalized quality of service (QoS) prediction plays an importa=
nt role in helping users build high-quality service-oriented systems. To ob=
tain accurate prediction results, many approaches have been investigated in=
recent years. However, these approaches do not fully address untrustworthy=
QoS values submitted by unreliable users, leading to inaccurate prediction=
s. To address this issue, inspired by blockchain with distributed ledger te=
chnology, distributed consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, etc., we=
propose a personalized QoS prediction method for web services that we call=
blockchain-based matrix factorization (BMF). We develop a user verificatio=
n approach based on homomorphic hash, and use the Byzantine agreement to re=
move unreliable users. Then, matrix factorization is employed to improve th=
e accuracy of predictions and we evaluate the proposed BMF on a real-world =
web services dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method si=
gnificantly outperforms existing approaches, making it much more effective =
than traditional techniques.
______________________________________________________
Cai Y, Zhu D. Fraud detections for online businesses: a perspective from bl=
ockchain technology. Financ Innov. 2016;2(20):1-10. Epub 2016 Dec 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1186/s40854-016-0039-4
Abstract: Background: The reputation system has been designed as a=
n effective mechanism to reduce risks associated with online shopping for c=
ustomers. However, it is vulnerable to rating fraud. Some raters may inject=
unfairly high or low ratings to the system so as to promote their own prod=
ucts or demote their competitors.
Method: This study explores =
the rating fraud by differentiating the subjective fraud from objective fra=
ud. Then it discusses the effectiveness of blockchain technology in objecti=
ve fraud and its limitation in subjective fraud, especially the rating frau=
d. Lastly, it systematically analyzes the robustness of blockchain-based re=
putation systems in each type of rating fraud.
Results: The de=
tection of fraudulent raters is not easy since they can behave strategicall=
y to camouflage themselves. We explore the potential strengths and limitati=
ons of blockchain-based reputation systems under two attack goals: ballot-s=
tuffing and bad-mouthing, and various attack models including constant atta=
ck, camouflage attack, whitewashing attack and sybil attack. Blockchain-bas=
ed reputation systems are more robust against bad-mouthing than ballot-stuf=
fing fraud.
Conclusions: Blockchain technology provides new op=
portunities for redesigning the reputation system. Blockchain systems are v=
ery effective in preventing objective information fraud, such as loan appli=
cation fraud, where fraudulent information is fact-based. However, their ef=
fectiveness is limited in subjective information fraud, such as rating frau=
d, where the ground-truth is not easily validated.
______________________________________________________
Cao S, Zhang G, Liu P, Zhang X, Neri F. Cloud-assisted secure eHealth syste=
ms for tamper-proofing EHR via blockchain. Inf Sci (Ny). 2019;485:427-40. E=
pub 2019 Feb 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025519301471 Subscription req=
uired to view.
Abstract: The wide deployment of cloud-assisted electronic health (eHealth)=
systems has already shown great benefits in managing electronic health rec=
ords (EHRs) for both medical institutions and patients. However, it also ca=
uses critical security concerns. Since once a medical institution generates=
and outsources the patients=E2=80=99 EHRs to cloud servers, patients would=
not physically own their EHRs but the medical institution can access the E=
HRs as needed for diagnosing, it makes the EHRs integrity protection a form=
idable task, especially in the case that a medical malpractice occurs, wher=
e the medical institution may collude with the cloud server to tamper with =
the outsourced EHRs to hide the medical malpractice. Traditional cryptograp=
hic primitives for the purpose of data integrity protection cannot be direc=
tly adopted because they cannot ensure the security in the case of collusio=
n between the cloud server and medical institution. In this paper, a secure=
cloud-assisted eHealth system is proposed to protect outsourced EHRs from =
illegal modification by using the blockchain technology (blockchain-based c=
urrencies, e.g., Ethereum). The key idea is that the EHRs only can be outso=
urced by authenticated participants and each operation on outsourcing EHRs =
is integrated into the public blockchain as a transaction. Since the blockc=
hain-based currencies provide a tamper-proofing way to conduct transactions=
without a central authority, the EHRs cannot be modified after the corresp=
onding transaction is recorded into the blockchain. Therefore, given outsou=
rced EHRs, any participant can check their integrity by checking the corres=
ponding transaction. Security analysis and performance evaluation demonstra=
te that the proposed system can provide a strong security guarantee with a =
high efficiency.
______________________________________________________
Carter G, White D, Nalla A, Shahriar H, Sneha S. Integrating blockchain for=
data sharing and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications. 2017 IEE=
E 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio=
Communications (PIMRC); 2017 Oct 8-13; Montreal, QC, Canada. Piscataway, N=
J: IEEE eXpress Conference Publishing; 2017.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8292361 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Enabled by mobile and wearable technology, personal health data d=
elivers immense and increasing value for healthcare, benefiting both care p=
roviders and medical research. The secure and convenient sharing of persona=
l health data is crucial to the improvement of the interaction and collabor=
ation of the healthcare industry. Faced with the potential privacy issues a=
nd vulnerabilities existing in current personal health data storage and sha=
ring systems, as well as the concept of self-sovereign data ownership, we p=
ropose an innovative user-centric health data sharing solution by utilizing=
a decentralized and permissioned blockchain to protect privacy using chann=
el formation scheme and enhance the identity management using the membershi=
p service supported by the blockchain. A mobile application is deployed to =
collect health data from personal wearable devices, manual input, and medic=
al devices, and synchronize data to the cloud for data sharing with healthc=
are providers and health insurance companies. To preserve the integrity of =
health data, within each record, a proof of integrity and validation is per=
manently retrievable from cloud database and is anchored to the blockchain =
network. Moreover, for scalable and performance considerations, we adopt a =
tree-based data processing and batching method to handle large data sets of=
personal health data collected and uploaded by the mobile platform.
______________________________________________________
Carter G, White D, Nalla A, Shahriar H, Sneha S. Toward application of bloc=
kchain for improved health records management and patient care. Blockchain =
Healthc Today [Internet]. 2019 Jun 17 [cited 2019 Jul 8]; 2(37):[12 p.]. Av=
ailable from: https://blo=
ckchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/37
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Technological advancements have proven to be indispensable for im=
proving patient care, yet they continue to present a host of problems. One =
of the most pressing concerns is how to improve quality of care while contr=
olling costs. Beyond clinical care, one plausible solution is to share pati=
ent information freely and efficiently. Hospitals and clinics may share dat=
a internally, but external information sharing remains an issue. Despite th=
e digitization of medical records, there remains a lack of adequate computi=
ng infrastructure or unwillingness to share data among providers. Care qual=
ity often suffers as a result. Implementing a type of peer-to-peer distribu=
ted digital technology, known as a blockchain, to record and transmit trans=
actional data could be a solution to these concerns. Originally, blockchain=
was developed to record cryptocurrency transactions. However, as blockchai=
n technologies have matured and adopted across dissimilar industries, the f=
easibility of possible applications of blockchain technology in healthcare =
is getting more attention. This article explores possible opportunities of =
adoption of blockchain technology to improve patient data security, privacy=
, and care while outlining the challenges that practitioners may encounter.=
______________________________________________________
Casado-Vara R, Prieto J, De la Prieta F, Corchado JM. How blockchain improv=
es the supply chain: case study alimentary supply chain. In: Shakshuki E, Y=
asar A, editors. 15th International Conference on Mobile Systems and Pervas=
ive Computing (MobiSPC 2018) / The 13th International Conference on Future =
Networks and Communications (FNC-2018) / Affiliated Workshops; 2018 Aug 13-=
15; Gran Canaria, Spain. Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 2018. p. 393-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187705091831158X
Abstract: Current supply chain is a linear economy model that directly or i=
ndirectly fulfills supply needs. But this model has some disadvantages, suc=
h as the relationships between the members of the supply chain or the lack =
of information for the consumer about the origin of the products. In this p=
aper we propose a new model of supply chain via blockchain. This new model =
enables the concept of circular economy and eliminates many of the disadvan=
tages of the current supply chain. In order to coordinate all the transacti=
ons that take place in the supply chain a multi-agent system is created for=
this paper.
______________________________________________________
Casino F, Dasaklis TK, Patsakis C. A systematic literature review of blockc=
hain-based applications: current status, classification and open issues. Te=
lemat Informatics. 2019;36:55-81.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736585318306324
Abstract: This work provides a systematic literature review of blockchain-b=
ased applications across multiple domains. The aim is to investigate the cu=
rrent state of blockchain technology and its applications and to highlight =
how specific characteristics of this disruptive technology can revolutionis=
e =E2=80=9Cbusiness-as-usual=E2=80=9D practices. To this end, the theoretic=
al underpinnings of numerous research papers published in high ranked scien=
tific journals during the last decade, along with several reports from grey=
literature as a means of streamlining our assessment and capturing the con=
tinuously expanding blockchain domain, are included in this review. Based o=
n a structured, systematic review and thematic content analysis of the disc=
overed literature, we present a comprehensive classification of blockchain-=
enabled applications across diverse sectors such as supply chain, business,=
healthcare, IoT, privacy, and data management, and we establish key themes=
, trends and emerging areas for research. We also point to the shortcomings=
identified in the relevant literature, particularly limitations the blockc=
hain technology presents and how these limitations spawn across different s=
ectors and industries. Building on these findings, we identify various rese=
arch gaps and future exploratory directions that are anticipated to be of s=
ignificant value both for academics and practitioners.
______________________________________________________
Chamber of Digital Commerce. "Smart contracts" legal primer. Washington, DC=
: 2018 Jan.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://digitalchamber.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Smar=
t-Contracts-Legal-Primer-02.01.2018.pdf
Abstract: The term =E2=80=9Csmart contract=E2=80=9D has entered the public =
consciousness following the rise to mainstream awareness of virtual currenc=
ies and blockchain technology. However, this term is frequently misundersto=
od and used incorrectly, creating unnecessary and potentially harmful confu=
sion surrounding the application of U.S. law to smart contracts, and prompt=
ing states to attempt to clarify their position through legislation. The pu=
rpose of this document is to provide a plain language explanation of smart =
contracts and how they fit within existing law, demonstrating that further =
state legislation is unnecessary to support the growth of this industry.
______________________________________________________
Chamber of Digital Commerce, Smart Contracts Alliance, Earls J, Smith M, Sm=
ith R. Smart contracts: is the law ready? Washington, DC: 2018 Aug.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://lowellmilkeninstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/u=
ploads/2018/08/Smart-Contracts-Whitepaper.pdf
Abstract: [FIRST TWO PARAGRAPHS] Smart contracts have come a long way in a =
short time. They will help to realize the many possibilities of distributed=
ledger technology (DLT). Certainty of outcome, automation of performance, =
and efficiencies in the streamlining of processes are reasons enough for sm=
art contracts to be fundamental to the uptake of DLT. Their potential is no=
w being actively considered and developed in sectors as diverse as Financia=
l Services, Life Sciences and Healthcare, Technology and Telecoms, Transpor=
t, Energy, Infrastructure, Mining and Commodities. In Financial Services, f=
or example, no one will be surprised to see smart contracts being used in a=
reas such as securities clearing and settlement, collateral management, der=
ivatives contracts, securities asset servicing, international money transfe=
rs, and perhaps even syndicated lending.
For many sectors it is the ability of smart contracts to be transformative =
in relation to existing business processes that is compelling. For others i=
t is the potential of smart contracts to reduce execution risk (by making t=
ransfer of the relevant asset or instrument in question near to inevitable =
by virtue of automatic performance). As Chapter 3 of this white paper discu=
sses, that may only achieve factual (that is, de facto) transfer. It may st=
ill be necessary, therefore, to apply established legal concepts and princi=
ples in order to determine whether transfer has been achieved at law (de ju=
re).
______________________________________________________
Chang MC, Hau YS, Park JC, Lee JM. The application of blockchain technology=
in stroke rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;98(7):e74. Epub 2018=
Dec 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ajpmr/Citation/2019/0=
7000/The_Application_of_Blockchain_Technology_in_Stroke.17.aspx Subscri=
ption required to view.
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] Blockchain has turned the conventional wisdom a=
bout data storage and management on its head. Instead of keeping transactio=
n data in a centralized server, blockchain distributes the data to all user=
s in the network and jointly manages them via a peer-to-peer network, there=
by ensuring the safety, reliability, integrity, and transparency of data. W=
hereas all data are stored in a central server and only the central authori=
ty owns the data in a traditional centralized network, a decentralized netw=
ork powered by blockchain distributes ledgers that contain all the data acr=
oss all users' personal computers.1 Blockchain is hack-proof: hackers may a=
ttempt to alter or manipulate information contained in a blockchain network=
, but their attempts are futile when information is scattered across multip=
le individuals at once. Therefore, information is highly reliable and easy =
to track because it cannot be deleted or lost, and all transactions are tra=
nsparent to everyone. Blockchain streamlines transaction processes and redu=
ces time, saves costs for contract arbitration, and creates a new ecosystem=
of open-source service. The technology is expected to have huge social and=
economic ripple effects. Use of blockchain technology was originally confi=
ned to the financial sector but has now forayed into various nonfinancial i=
ndustries such as logistics, distribution, energy, public service, and, in =
particular, health care, arousing much interest among healthcare profession=
als on its potential.2 Currently, medical data are stored in electronic med=
ical record systems and are owned by hospitals, which hampers information-s=
haring between hospitals. Patients who visit other hospitals often have to =
retake the same medical tests and doctors often fail fully understand the p=
atient's condition. In contrast, medical data that are distributed across a=
blockchain network are owned by patients rather than medical institutions.=
Blockchain technology, once implemented in medical data management, will g=
ive control over medical data back to patients themselves, allowing them to=
easily submit their digitalized medical records directly to the clinic of =
their choice. This not only eliminates the need for repeated examinations b=
ut also enables medical institutions to identify their patients quickly and=
easily using the information provided by the patients themselves. Medical =
practitioners can just focus on planning further examinations and the cours=
e of treatment.
______________________________________________________
Chattu KV, Nanda A, Chattu KS, Kadri MS, Knight WA. The emerging role of bl=
ockchain technology applications in routine disease surveillance systems to=
strengthen global health security. Big Data Cogn Comput. 2019;3(2). Epub 2=
019 May 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/2/25
Abstract: Blockchain technology has an enormous scope to revamp the healthc=
are system in many ways as it improves the quality of healthcare by data sh=
aring among all the participants, selective privacy and ensuring data safet=
y. This paper explores the basics of blockchain, its applications, quality =
of experience and advantages in disease surveillance over the other widely =
used real-time and machine learning techniques. The other real-time surveil=
lance systems lack scalability, security, interoperability, thus making blo=
ckchain as a choice for surveillance. Blockchain offers the capability of e=
nhancing global health security and also can ensure the anonymity of patien=
t data thereby aiding in healthcare research. The recent epidemics of re-em=
erging infections such as Ebola and Zika have raised many concerns regardin=
g health security which resulted in strengthening the surveillance systems.=
We also discuss how blockchains can help in identifying the threats early =
and reporting them to health authorities for taking early preventive measur=
es. Since the Global Health Security Agenda addresses global public health =
threats (both infectious and NCDs); strengthen the workforce and the system=
s; detect and respond rapidly and effectively to the disease threats; and e=
levate global health security as a priority. The blockchain has enormous po=
tential to disrupt many current practices in traditional disease surveillan=
ce and health care research.
______________________________________________________
Cheifet B. Where is genomics going next? Genome Biol. 2019;20(1):17. Epub 2=
019 Jan 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https:=
//genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1626-2
Abstract: We polled the Editorial Board of Genome Biology to ask where they=
see genomics going in the next few years. Here are some of their responses=
.
______________________________________________________
Chen H, Huang X. Will blockchain technology transform healthcare and biomed=
ical sciences? EC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;6(11):910-1. Epub 2018 Oct 29.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC6711478/
Abstract: With the rise of technology, modern healthcare and biomedical sci=
ences have largely shifted their content to cyberspace. This raises the cha=
llenges of accessibility and security of such data, and the solution may li=
e in a recent technology called blockchain. Blockchain is a public transact=
ion ledger that offers two unique capabilities, immutability and decentrali=
zation of data, that make it stand out as an unparalleled technology in the=
spheres of healthcare and biomedicine.
______________________________________________________
Chen L, Lee WK, Chang CC, Choo KWR, Zhang N. Blockchain based searchable en=
cryption for electronic health record sharing. Futur Gener Comput Syst. 201=
9;95:420-9. Epub 2019 Jan 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X18314134 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Data leakage in electronic health records (EHRs) could result in =
the compromise of patient privacy (e.g. medical conditions). Generally most=
data in EHRs remain unchanged once they are uploaded to the system; thus, =
blockchain can be potentially used to facilitate the sharing of such data. =
Different participating medical organizations and individuals (e.g. medical=
practitioners, hospitals, medical labs and insurance companies) can then a=
ccess EHRs stored on the blockchain with a higher level of confidence. In t=
his paper, a blockchain based searchable encryption scheme for EHRs is prop=
osed. The index for EHRs is constructed through complex logic expressions a=
nd stored in the blockchain, so that a data user can utilize the expression=
s to search the index. As only the index is migrated to the blockchain to f=
acilitate propagation, the data owners have full control over who can see t=
heir EHRs data. The use of blockchain technology ensures the integrity, ant=
i-tampering, and traceability of EHRs=E2=80=99 index. Finally, the performa=
nce of the proposed scheme is evaluated from two aspects, namely in terms o=
f the overhead for extracting the document IDs from EHRs and the overhead a=
ssociated with conducting transactions on smart contract in Ethereum.
______________________________________________________
Chen Y, Ding S, Xu Z, Zheng H, Yang S. Blockchain-based medical records sec=
ure storage and medical service framework. J Med Syst. 2018;43(1):5. Epub 2=
018 Nov 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.spring=
er.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10916-018-1121-4 Subscription required to vie=
w.
Abstract: Accurate and complete medical data are one valuable asset for pat=
ients. Privacy protection and the secure storage of medical data are crucia=
l issues during medical services. Secure storage and making full use of per=
sonal medical records has always been a concern for the general population.=
The emergence of blockchain technology brings a new idea to solve this pro=
blem. As a hash chain with the characteristics of decentralization, verifia=
bility and immutability, blockchain technology can be used to securely stor=
e personal medical data. In this paper, we design a storage scheme to manag=
e personal medical data based on blockchain and cloud storage. Furthermore,=
a service framework for sharing medical records is described. In addition,=
the characteristics of the medical blockchain are presented and analyzed t=
hrough a comparison with traditional systems. The proposed storage and shar=
ing scheme does not depend on any third-party and no single party has absol=
ute power to affect the processing.
______________________________________________________
Chernyshev M, Zeadally S, Baig Z. Healthcare data breaches: implications fo=
r digital forensic readiness. J Med Syst. 2018;43(1):7. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-1123-2 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: While the healthcare industry is undergoing disruptive digital tr=
ansformation, data breaches involving health information are not usually th=
e result of integration of new technologies. Based on published industry re=
ports, fundamental security safeguards are still considered to be lacking w=
ith many documented data breaches occurring as the result of device and equ=
ipment theft, human error, hacking, ransomware attacks and misuse. Health i=
nformation is considered to be one of the most attractive targets for cyber=
criminals due to its inherent sensitivity, but digital investigations of in=
cidents involving health information are often constrained by the lack of t=
he necessary infrastructure forensic readiness. Following the analysis of h=
ealthcare data breach causes and threats, we describe the associated digita=
l forensic readiness challenges in the context of the most significant inci=
dent causes. With specific focus on privilege misuse, we present a conceptu=
al architecture for forensic audit logging to assist with capture of the re=
levant digital artefacts in support of possible future digital investigatio=
ns.
______________________________________________________
Chia V, Hartel P, Hum Q, Ma S, Piliouras G, Reijsbergen D, et al. Rethinkin=
g blockchain security: position paper. arXiv [Internet]. 2018 Jun 12 [cited=
2019 Feb 1]; 1806.04358:[8 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.o=
rg/abs/1806.04358
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Blockchain technology has become almost as famous for incidents i=
nvolving security breaches as for its innovative potential. We shed light o=
n the prevalence and nature of these incidents through a database structure=
d using the STIX format. Apart from OPSEC-related incidents, we find that t=
he nature of many incidents is specific to blockchain technology. Two categ=
ories stand out: smart contracts, and techno- economic protocol incentives.=
For smart contracts, we propose to use recent advances in software testing=
to find flaws before deployment. For protocols, we propose the PRESTO fram=
ework that allows us to compare different protocols within a five-dimension=
al framework.
______________________________________________________
Chisolm DJ, Brook DL, Applegate MS, Kelleher KJ. Social determinants of hea=
lth priorities of state Medicaid programs. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):=
167. Epub 2019 Mar 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: htt=
ps://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-3977-5<=
/a>
Abstract: Growing understanding of the influence of social determinants of =
health (SDH) on healthcare costs and outcomes for low income populations is=
leading State Medicaid agencies to consider incorporating SDH into their p=
rogram design. This paper explores states=E2=80=99 current approaches to SD=
H.
______________________________________________________
Choudhury O, Fairoza N, Sylla I, Das A. A blockchain framework for managing=
and monitoring data in multi-site clinical trials. arXiv. 2019;1902.03975.=
Epub 2019 Feb 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03975
Abstract: The cost of conducting multi-site clinical trials has significant=
ly increased over time, with site monitoring, data management, and amendmen=
ts being key drivers. Clinical trial data management approaches typically r=
ely on a central database, and require manual efforts to encode and maintai=
n data capture and reporting requirements. To reduce the administrative bur=
den, time, and effort of ensuring data integrity and privacy in multi-site =
trials, we propose a novel data management framework based on permissioned =
blockchain technology. We demonstrate how our framework, which uses smart c=
ontracts and private channels, enables confidential data communication, pro=
tocol enforcement, and and an automated audit trail. We compare this framew=
ork with the traditional data management approach and evaluate its effectiv=
eness in satisfying the major requirements of multi-site clinical trials. W=
e show that our framework ensures enforcement of IRB-related regulatory req=
uirements across multiple sites and stakeholders.
______________________________________________________
Choudhury O, Sarker H, Rudolph N, Foreman M, Fay N, Dhuliawala M, et al. En=
forcing human subject regulations using blockchain and smart contracts. Blo=
ckchain Healthc Today. 2018;1(10):14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://b=
lockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/10
Abstract: Recent changes to the Common Rule, which govern Institutional Rev=
iew Boards (IRB), require implementing new policies to strengthen research =
protocols involving human subjects. A major challenge in implementing such =
policies is an inability to automatically and consistently meet these ethic=
al rules while securing sensitive information collected during the study. I=
n this paper, we propose a novel framework, based on blockchain technology,=
to enforce IRB regulations on data collection. We demonstrate how to desig=
n smart contracts and a ledger to meet the requirements of an IRB protocol,=
including subject recruitment, informed consent management, secondary data=
sharing, monitoring risks, and generating automated assessments for contin=
uous review. Furthermore, we show how we can employ the immutable transacti=
on log in the blockchain to embed security in research activities by detect=
ing malicious activities and robustly tracking subject involvement. We eval=
uate our approach by assessing its ability to enforce IRB guidelines in dif=
ferent types of human subjects studies, including a genomic study, a drug t=
rial, and a wearable sensor monitoring study.
______________________________________________________
Cichosz SL, Stausholm MN, Kronborg T, Vestergaard P, Hejlesen O. How to use=
blockchain for diabetes health care data and access management: an operati=
onal concept. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019;13(2):248-53. Epub 2018 Jul 26.<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.sa=
gepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1932296818790281 Subscription required to vie=
w.
Abstract: Introduction: Patients with diabetes often generate larg=
e amounts of data specifically related to the disease and to their general =
health. Cross-institutional sharing of patient health care data is complex,=
and as a consequence, data are not always available to the health care pro=
vider treating the patient. Accommodating this challenge could lead to bett=
er clinical effectiveness and improve clinical research. This work aims to =
present an approach for a blockchain-based platform for sharing health care=
data. The approach considers privacy concerns, data sharing, and patients =
as the center for governing their own data.
Methods: The conce=
pt of this blockchain-based platform consists of using the NEM multi-signat=
ure blockchain contracts for access control of data management and the shar=
ing and encryption of data to allow privacy and control of health care data=
. The architecture is built around cryptography, tokens, and multi-signatur=
e contracts. The multi-signature contract enables several entities to admin=
istrate the activity of an account and control the assets of one account. M=
ulti-signature generates a contract that assigns the rights and powers of a=
certain account to other accounts; this contract can be edited to allow or=
remove entities.
Discussion: Using blockchain could lead to i=
mprovements in diabetes data management. In the coming years, this technolo=
gy should be implemented in existing small-scale diabetes health care syste=
m to explore its real-world benefits and challenges.
Conclusion: This new approach could potentially lead to more efficient sharing of da=
ta between institutions and utilization of new types of data and research p=
ossibilities.
______________________________________________________
Cirillo D, Valencia A. Big data analytics for personalized medicine. Curr O=
pin Biotechnol. 2019;58:161-7. Epub 2019 Apr 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166918301903
Abstract: Big Data are radically changing biomedical research. The unpreced=
ented advances in automated collection of large-scale molecular and clinica=
l data pose major challenges to data analysis and interpretation, calling f=
or the development of new computational approaches. The creation of powerfu=
l systems for the effective use of biomedical Big Data in Personalized Medi=
cine (a.k.a. Precision Medicine) will require significant scientific and te=
chnical developments, including infrastructure, engineering, project and fi=
nancial management. We review here how the evolution of data-driven methods=
offers the possibility to address many of these problems, guiding the form=
ulation of hypotheses on systems functioning and the generation of mechanis=
tic models, and facilitating the design of clinical procedures in Personali=
zed Medicine.
______________________________________________________
Cisneros JLB. Public health surveillance using decentralized technologies. =
Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 Mar 23 [cited 2018 Oct 23]; 1(17)=
:[14 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/17
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: This article describes how blockchain technologies can be used in=
the context of Public Health Surveillance through decentralized sharing of=
genomic data. A brief analysis of why blockchain technologies are needed i=
n public health is presented together with a distinction between public and=
private blockchains. Finally, a proposal for a network of blockchains, usi=
ng the Cosmos framework, together with decentralized storage systems like I=
PFS and BigchainDB, is included to address the issues of interoperability i=
n the health sector.
______________________________________________________
Clauson KA, Breeden EA, Davidson C, Mackey TK. Leveraging blockchain techno=
logy to enhance supply chain management in healthcare. Blockchain Healthc T=
oday [Internet]. 2018 Mar 23 [cited 2018 Oct 23]; 1(20):[12 p.]. Available =
from: https://blockchainh=
ealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/20
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Background: Effective supply chain management is a chall=
enge in every sector, but in healthcare there is added complexity and risk =
as a compromised supply chain in healthcare can directly impact patient saf=
ety and health outcomes. One potential solution for improving security, int=
egrity, data provenance, and functionality of the health supply chain is bl=
ockchain technology.
Objectives: Provide an overview of the opp=
ortunities and challenges associated with blockchain adoption and deploymen=
t for the health supply chain, with a focus on the pharmaceutical supply, m=
edical device and supplies, Internet of Healthy Things (IoHT), and public h=
ealth sectors.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted of th=
e academic literature, grey literature, and industry publications, in addit=
ion to identifying and characterizing select stakeholders engaged in explor=
ing blockchain solutions for the health supply chain.
Results: =
Critical challenges in protecting the integrity of the health supply chain =
appear well suited for adoption of blockchain technology. Use cases are eme=
rging, including using blockchain to combat counterfeit medicines, securing=
medical devices, optimizing functionality of IoHT, and improving the publi=
c health supply chain. Despite these clear opportunities, most blockchain i=
nitiatives remain in proof-of-concept or pilot phase.
Conclusion:=
em> Blockchain technology has the unrealized promise to help improve the he=
alth supply chain, but further study, evaluation and alignment with policy =
mechanisms is needed.
______________________________________________________
Cocco L, Marchesi M. Modeling and simulation of the economics of mining in =
the Bitcoin market. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164603. Epub 2016 Oct 21.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https=
://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=3D10.1371/journal.pone.0164603<=
br>
Abstract: In January 3, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto gave rise to the "Bitcoin Bl=
ockchain", creating the first block of the chain hashing on his computer's =
central processing unit (CPU). Since then, the hash calculations to mine Bi=
tcoin have been getting more and more complex, and consequently the mining =
hardware evolved to adapt to this increasing difficulty. Three generations =
of mining hardware have followed the CPU's generation. They are GPU's, FPGA=
's and ASIC's generations. This work presents an agent-based artificial mar=
ket model of the Bitcoin mining process and of the Bitcoin transactions. Th=
e goal of this work is to model the economy of the mining process, starting=
from GPU's generation, the first with economic significance. The model rep=
roduces some "stylized facts" found in real-time price series and some core=
aspects of the mining business. In particular, the computational experimen=
ts performed can reproduce the unit root property, the fat tail phenomenon =
and the volatility clustering of Bitcoin price series. In addition, under p=
roper assumptions, they can reproduce the generation of Bitcoins, the hashi=
ng capability, the power consumption, and the mining hardware and electrica=
l energy expenditures of the Bitcoin network.
______________________________________________________
Coelho FC. Optimizing disease surveillance by reporting on the blockchain. =
bioRxiv [Internet]. 2018 Nov 25 [cited 2018 Feb 19]. Available from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278473v2
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Disease surveillance, especially for infectious diseases, is a co=
mplex and inefficient process. Here we propose an optimized, blockchain-bas=
ed monitoring and reporting system which can achieve all the desired featur=
es of an ideal surveillance system while maintaining costs down and being t=
ransparent and robust. We describe the technical specifications of such a s=
ystem and discuss possibilities for its implementation. Together with a tok=
en based incentive system, it is possible to rewards data quality as well a=
s build a marketplace for data analysis which will help finance the surveil=
lance system. Finally, the impact of the adoption of distributed ledger tec=
hnology for disease surveillance is discussed.
______________________________________________________
Coelho FC, Brandao A. Decentralising scientific publishing: can the blockch=
ain improve science communication? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2019;114:e190257.=
Epub 2019 Aug 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo=
.php?script=3Dsci_arttext&pid=3DS0074-02762019000100851&lng=3Den&am=
p;nrm=3Diso&tlng=3Den
Abstract: We present a decentralised solution for managing scientific commu=
nication, based on distributed ledger technologies, also called blockchains=
. The proposed system aims to solve incentive problems displayed by traditi=
onal systems in scientific communication and publication. A minimal working=
model is presented, defining roles, processes, and expected results from t=
he novel system. The proposed solution is viable, given the current status =
of blockchain technology, and should lead to a rethinking of current practi=
ces and their consequences for scientific communication.
______________________________________________________
Col=C3=B3n KA. Creating a patient-centered, global, decentralized health sy=
stem. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 Sep 14 [cited 2018 Nov 2]; =
1(30):[18 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/=
30
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Over the past decade, there have been many innovations in new pay=
ment and care delivery models and technology, from telemedicine to artifici=
al intelligence (AI) to blockchain. These innovations, however, must be use=
d in tandem to drive real change. We review each of these innovations and p=
ropose a model for how they can be combined to be greater than the sum of t=
heir parts. In doing so, we can create a global, decentralized health syste=
m that truly puts patient care at the center, while supporting and further =
enabling the clinicians who make this care possible, to deliver higher qual=
ity care at a fraction of the cost.
______________________________________________________
Conard S. Best practices in digital health literacy. Int J Cardiol. 2019;In=
press. Epub 2019 Jun 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(=
19)31652-3/fulltext Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The connection between health literacy and health outcomes includ=
es access and utilization of healthcare services, patient/provider interact=
ion and self-care. Digital approaches can be designed to simplify or expand=
on a concept, test for understanding, and do not have a time constraint. N=
ew technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, virt=
ual and augmented reality, and blockchain can move the role of technology b=
eyond data collection to a more integrated system. Rather than being a pass=
ive participant, digital solutions provide the opportunity for the individu=
al to be an active participant in their health. These solutions can be deli=
vered in a way that builds or enhances the individual's belief that the pla=
n will be successful and more confidence that they can stick with it. Digit=
al solutions allow for the delivery of multi-media education, such as video=
s, voice, and print, at different reading levels, in multiple languages, us=
ing formal and informal teaching methods. By giving the patient a greater v=
oice and empowering them to be active participants in their care, they can =
develop their decision making and shared decision making skills. The first =
step in our health literacy instructional model is to address the emotional=
state of the person. Once the emotional state has been addressed, and an e=
ngagement strategy has been deployed the final phase is the delivery of an =
educational solution. While a clear definition of health literacy and an in=
structional model are important, further research must be done to continual=
ly determine more effective ways to incorporate health technology in the pr=
ocess of improving health outcomes.
______________________________________________________
Conte de Leon D, Stalick AQ, Jillepalli AA, Haney MA, Sheldon FT. Blockchai=
n: properties and misconceptions. Asia Pacific J Innov Entrep. 2017;11(3):2=
86-300. Epub 2017 Dec 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.eme=
raldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/APJIE-12-2017-034
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this article is to clarify curre=
nt and widespread misconceptions about the properties of blockchain technol=
ogies and to describe challenges and avenues for correct and trustworthy de=
sign and implementation of distributed ledger system (DLS) or Technology (D=
LT).
Design/methodology/approach: The authors contrast the pro=
perties of a blockchain with desired, however emergent, properties of a DLS=
, which is a complex and distributed system. They point out and justify, wi=
th facts and analysis, current misconceptions about the blockchain and DLSs=
. They describe challenges that these systems will need to address and poss=
ible solution avenues for achieving trustworthiness.
Findings:=
Many of the statements that have appeared on the internet, news and academ=
ic articles, such as immutable ledger and exact copies, may be misleading. =
These are desired emergent properties of a complex system, not assured prop=
erties. It is well-known within the distributed systems and critical softwa=
re community that it is extremely hard to prove that a complex system corre=
ctly and completely implements emergent properties. Further research and de=
velopment for trustworthy DLS design and implementation is needed, both pra=
ctical and theoretical.
Research limitations/implications: Thi=
s is the first known published attempt at describing current misconceptions=
about blockchain technologies. Further collaborative work, discussions, po=
tential solutions, evaluations, resulting publications and verified referen=
ce implementations are needed to ensure DLTs are safe, secure, and trustwor=
thy.
Practical implications: Interdisciplinary teams with memb=
ers from academia, business and industry, and from disciplines such as busi=
ness, entrepreneurship, theoretical and practical computer science, cyberse=
curity, finance, mathematics and statistics, must be formed. Such teams mus=
t collaborate with the objective of developing strategies and techniques fo=
r ensuring the correctness and security of future DLSs in which our society=
may become dependent.
Originality value: The value and origin=
ality of this article is twofold: the disproving, through fact collection a=
nd systematic analysis, of current misconceptions about the properties of t=
he blockchain and DLSs, and the discussion of challenges to achieving adequ=
ate trustworthiness along with the proposal of general avenues for possible=
solutions.
______________________________________________________
Crosby M, Nachiappan, Pattanayak P, Verma S, Kalyanaraman V. Blockchain tec=
hnology: beyond bitcoin. Appl Innov Rev. 2016;2(June):6-10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https:/=
/j2-capital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIR-2016-Blockchain.pdf
<=
br>
Abstract: A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records, or=
public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been execute=
d and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public le=
dger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participants in the syst=
em. Once entered, information can never be erased. The blockchain contains =
a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. Bitc=
oin, the decentralized peer-to-peer digital currency, is the most popular e=
xample that uses blockchain technology. The digital currency bitcoin itself=
is highly controversial but the underlying blockchain technology has worke=
d flawlessly and found wide range of applications in both financial and non=
-financial world.
The main hypothesis is that the blockchain establishes a system of creating=
a distributed consensus in the digital online world. This allows participa=
ting entities to know for certain that a digital event happened by creating=
an irrefutable record in a public ledger. It opens the door for developing=
a democratic open and scalable digital economy from a centralized one. The=
re are tremendous opportunities in this disruptive technology, and the revo=
lution in this space has just begun.
This white paper describes blockchain technology and some compelling specif=
ic applications in both financial and non-financial sector. We then look at=
the challenges ahead and business opportunities in this fundamental techno=
logy that is all set to revolutionize our digital world.
______________________________________________________
Culver K. Blockchain technologies: a whitepaper discussing how the claims p=
rocess can be improved. ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Resea=
rch Workshop; 2016 Sep 26-27; Gaithersburg, MD. National Institute of Stand=
ards Technology; 2016.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/3-47-whitepaperblockcha=
inforclaims_v10.pdf
Abstract: The healthcare industry suffers from an inability to clearly comm=
unicate costs in a timely and easy-to-understand format. This problem is a =
symptom of interoperability issues and complex agreements between providers=
, patients, health plans/payers and government regulators. These agreements=
are encoded in legal language with the intent of being defensible in court=
. However, the focus on legal enforceability, instead of understandability,=
creates problems resulting in hundreds of billions of dollars spent annual=
ly to administer an inefficient, outdated and complex process for adjudicat=
ing and paying health plan claims. The process results in errors and often =
leaves the patient unclear on how much they need to pay. If these agreement=
s were instead translated into computer code (smart contracts) leveraging B=
lockchain technologies, the claim process would not only be interoperable, =
but also drive standardization, research and innovation. Transparency and t=
rust can be injected into the process when both the logic and the data driv=
ing these decisions is stored permanently and made available to all stakeho=
lders through a peer-topeer distributed database like blockchain. The resul=
t will be a paradigm shift toward interoperability and transparency, enhanc=
ing the speed and accuracy of cost reporting to patients. This paper discus=
ses how smart contracts, blockchain and other technologies can be combined =
into a platform that enables drastic improvements to the healthcare experie=
nce for all stakeholders.
______________________________________________________
Culver K. Blockchain technologies: the view from a healthcare incumbent. In=
: Metcalf D, Bass J, Hooper M, Cahana A, Dhillon V, editors. Blockchain in =
healthcare: innovations that empower patients, connect professionals and im=
prove care. 1st ed. Orlando, FL: Merging Traffic; 2019. p. 123-40.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://www.crcpress.com/Blockchain-in-Healthcare-Innovations-that-Em=
power-Patients-Connect-Professionals/Dhillon-Bass-Hooper-Metcalf-Cahana/p/b=
ook/9780367031084 Purchase required.
Abstract: Only a few years ago, Blockchain was little more than a backgroun=
d detail in the Bitcoin narrative, and certainly not on the healthcare tech=
nology agenda. However, that has changed quickly, revealing ample opportuni=
ty for innovation across industries. This chapter will look at the emergenc=
e of Blockchain, share why it's important for firms to pay attention to dis=
ruptive technologies and discuss how firms might approach capitalizing on t=
he Blockchain opportunity in the healthcare space.
______________________________________________________
Cunningham J, Ainsworth J. Enabling patient control of personal electronic =
health records through distributed ledger technology. In: Gundlapalli AV, J=
aulent MC, Zhao D, editors. MedInfo 2017: Precision healthcare through info=
rmatics; 2017 Aug 21-25; Hangzhou, China. Clifton, VA: IOS Press; 2017. p. =
45-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/48102
Abstract: The rise of distributed ledger technology, initiated and exemplif=
ied by the Bitcoin blockchain, is having an increasing impact on informatio=
n technology environments in which there is an emphasis on trust and securi=
ty. Management of electronic health records, where both conformation to leg=
islative regulations and maintenance of public trust are paramount, is an a=
rea where the impact of these new technologies may be particularly benefici=
al. We present a system that enables fine-grained personalized control of t=
hird-party access to patients' electronic health records, allowing individu=
als to specify when and how their records are accessed for research purpose=
s. The use of the smart contract based Ethereum blockchain technology to im=
plement this system allows it to operate in a verifiably secure, trustless,=
and openly auditable environment, features crucial to health information s=
ystems moving forward.
______________________________________________________
Curbera F, Dias D, Simonyan V, Yoon W, Casella A. Blockchain: an enabler fo=
r healthcare and life sciences transformation. IBM J Res Dev. 2019:1-. Epub=
2019 Apr 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8700241
Abstract: Major trends in the healthcare and life sciences industries (HCLS=
) include the collection of large amounts of longitudinal patient data, maj=
or policy shifts including patient's rights to access and control their dat=
a, a move from fee-for-service to value-based contracting, strict regulator=
y and privacy requirements. Blockchain, as a distributed transactional syst=
em of record, can provide underpinnings to support these trends and enable =
transformative opportunities in HCLS, by providing immutable data on a shar=
ed ledger, secure and authenticated transactions, and smart contracts that =
can represent rules that are executed with secure transactions. We describe=
HCLS use cases that can leverage these facets of blockchain, including: pa=
tient consent and health data exchange, outcome-based contracts, next-gener=
ation clinical trials, supply chain traceability, and payments and claims t=
ransactions. We then describe a blockchain based architecture and platform =
for enabling these use cases. Finally, we outline a realization of this arc=
hitecture in a case study and outline further research topics in this domai=
n.
______________________________________________________
Curran K. E-voting on the blockchain. J Br Blockchain Assoc. 2018;1(2). Epu=
b 2018 Sep 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jb=
ba.scholasticahq.com/article/4451-e-voting-on-the-blockchain
Abstract: Building a secure electronic voting system is a difficult task. T=
he US Pentagon dropped their proposed online voting system which would have=
given overseas military personnel the opportunity to vote in the elections=
in 2005, citing the inability to ensure the legitimacy of votes as the rea=
son. There is however a new cry in the wild to deploy a voting blockchain. =
The blockchain serves as a public ledger of transactions which cannot be re=
versed. The all-important consensus of transaction (i.e. legitimate votes) =
is achieved through 'miners' agreeing to validate new records being added. =
Whenever a new insertion is to be made e.g. votes, then a new transaction r=
ecord is created by a voter adding details of their cast vote to the blockc=
hain. Should it be deemed a valid transaction then the new vote is added to=
the end of the blockchain and remains there forever. What is neat about th=
is solution is the fact that no centralized authority is needed to approve =
the votes but rather a majority consensus. Here everyone agrees on the fina=
l tally as they can count the votes themselves & because of the blockch=
ain audit trail, anyone can verify that no votes were tampered with and no =
illegitimate votes were inserted. This paper discusses the application of b=
lockchain to voting.
______________________________________________________
Cyran MA. Blockchain as a foundation for sharing healthcare data. Blockchai=
n Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 Mar 23 [cited 2018 Oct 23]; 1(13):[6 p.]. =
Available from: https://b=
lockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/13
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Blockchain technology has the potential to transform healthcare d=
elivery by facilitating data sharing between providers and electronic healt=
h record (EHR) systems. However, significant roadblocks stand in the way of=
widespread implementation of this technology across the healthcare industr=
y. Our blockchain-based data-sharing solution addresses two of the most cri=
tical challenges associated with using blockchain for health data sharing: =
protecting sensitive health information and deploying and installing blockc=
hain software across diverse hospital environments. Since transparency is a=
fundamental feature of blockchain, we enabled user- and group-based secret=
sharing by adding purpose-built software that leverages a collection of we=
ll-established cryptographic algorithms. To streamline deployment, we built=
a containerized solution that guarantees portability, simplifies installat=
ion, and reduces overhead maintenance costs associated with administration.=
To ensure ease of implementation in a hospital system, we designed our blo=
ckchain solution using a distributed microservices architecture that allows=
us to encapsulate core functions of our system into isolated services that=
can be scaled independently based on the requirements of a particular hosp=
ital system deployment. As part of this architecture, we built core compone=
nts for securely handling cryptographic secrets, interacting with blockchai=
n nodes, facilitating large file sharing, enabling secondary-index based lo=
okups, and integrating external business logic that governs how users inter=
act with Smart Contracts. The innovative design of our blockchain solution,=
which addresses critical data security, deployment, and installation chall=
enges, provides the healthcare community with a unique approach that has th=
e power to connect providers while protecting sensitive data.
______________________________________________________
da Concei=C3=A7=C3=A3o AF, da Silva FSC, Rocha V, Locoro A, Barguil JM. Ele=
ctronic health records using blockchain technology. arXiv [Internet]. 2018 =
Apr 26 [cited 2018 Oct 23]; 1804.10078:[15 p.]. Available from: =
https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.10078
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Data privacy refers to ensuring that users keep control over acce=
ss to information, whereas data accessibility refers to ensuring that infor=
mation access is unconstrained. Conflicts between privacy and accessibility=
of data are natural to occur, and healthcare is a domain in which they are=
particularly relevant.
In the present article, we discuss how blockchain technology, and smart con=
tracts, could help in some typical scenarios related to data access, data m=
anagement and data interoperability for the specific healthcare domain. We =
then propose the implementation of a large-scale information architecture t=
o access Electronic Health Records (EHRs) based on Smart Contracts as infor=
mation mediators. Our main contribution is the framing of data privacy and =
accessibility issues in healthcare and the proposal of an integrated blockc=
hain based architecture.
______________________________________________________
Dagher GG, Mohler J, Milojkovic M, Marella PB. Privacy-preserving framework=
for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using=
blockchain technology. Sustain Cities Soc. 2018;39:283-97. Epub 2018 Feb 1=
7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://kddlab.zjgsu.edu.cn:7200/research/blockchain/huyiyang-refer=
ence/Ancile%20Privacy-preserving%20framework%20for%20access%20control%20and=
%20interoperability.pdf Open access; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S22106707173106=
85 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Despite an increased focus on the security of electronic health r=
ecords and an effort by large cities around the globe to pursue smart city =
infrastructure, the private information of patients is subject to data brea=
ches on a regular basis. Previous efforts to combat this have resulted in d=
ata being mostly inaccessible to patients. Existing record management syste=
ms struggle with balancing data privacy and the need for patients and provi=
ders to regularly interact with data. Blockchain technology is an emerging =
technology that enables data sharing in a decentralized and transactional f=
ashion. Blockchain technology can be leveraged in the healthcare domain to =
achieve the delicate balance between privacy and accessibility of electroni=
c health records. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based framework fo=
r secure, interoperable, and efficient access to medical records by patient=
s, providers, and third parties, while preserving the privacy of patients=
=E2=80=99 sensitive information. Our framework, named Ancile, utilizes smar=
t contracts in an Ethereum-based blockchain for heightened access control a=
nd obfuscation of data, and employs advanced cryptographic techniques for f=
urther security. The goals of this paper are to analyze how Ancile would in=
teract with the different needs of patients, providers, and third parties, =
and to understand how the framework could address longstanding privacy and =
security concerns in the healthcare industry.
______________________________________________________
Dai H, Young HP, Durant TJS, Gong G, Kang M, Krumholz HM, et al. TrialChain=
: a blockchain-based platform to validate data integrity in large, biomedic=
al research studies. arXiv [Internet]. 2018 Jul 10 [cited 2019 Feb 22]; 180=
7.03662:[7 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03662=
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: The governance of data used for biomedical research and clinical =
trials is an important requirement for generating accurate results. To impr=
ove the visibility of data quality and analysis, we developed TrialChain, a=
blockchain-based platform that can be used to validate data integrity from=
large, biomedical research studies. We implemented a private blockchain us=
ing the MultiChain platform and integrated it with a data science platform =
deployed within a large research center. An administrative web application =
was built with Python to manage the platform, which was built with a micros=
ervice architecture using Docker. The TrialChain platform was integrated du=
ring data acquisition into our existing data science platform. Using NiFi, =
data were hashed and logged within the local blockchain infrastructure. To =
provide public validation, the local blockchain state was periodically sync=
hronized to the public Ethereum network. The use of a combined private/publ=
ic blockchain platform allows for both public validation of results while m=
aintaining additional security and lower cost for blockchain transactions. =
Original data and modifications due to downstream analysis can be logged wi=
thin TrialChain and data assets or results can be rapidly validated when ne=
eded using API calls to the platform. The TrialChain platform provides a da=
ta governance solution to audit the acquisition and analysis of biomedical =
research data. The platform provides cryptographic assurance of data authen=
ticity and can also be used to document data analysis.
______________________________________________________
Damianides M. Sarbanes-Oxley and IT governance: new guidance on IT control =
and compliance. Inf Syst Manag. 2005;22(1):77-85. Epub 2006 Dec 21.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.infosectoday.com/SOX/Da=
mianides.pdf Open access; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1201/=
1078/44912.22.1.20051201/85741.9?journalCode=3Duism20 Subscription requ=
ired to view.
Abstract: Since the passage of the Sarbanes=E2=80=93Oxley Act, IS professio=
nals are facing even greater challenges to meet raised expectations to prov=
ide accurate, visible, and timely information while ensuring their company=
=E2=80=99s information assets are secure. This article presents an IT gover=
nance framework for responding to these challenges.
______________________________________________________
Daniel J, Sargolzaei A, Abdelghani M, Sargolzaei S, Amaba B. Blockchain tec=
hnology, cognitive computing, and healthcare innovations. J Adv Inf Technol=
. 2017;8(3):194-8. Epub 2017 Aug 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=3Dcontent&c=3Dindex&a=
mp;a=3Dshow&catid=3D180&id=3D1013
Abstract: Exponential growth of the impact of information technology innova=
tion is an indispensable part of today=E2=80=99s industry. Blockchain techn=
ology has identified itself as an efficiency booster and service optimizati=
on for financial industries. Yet non-financial venues have gained little be=
nefit from this new major horizon, Blockchain technology. It offers a secur=
e way to exchange any kind of good, service, or transaction. Industrial gro=
wth increasingly depends on trusted partnerships; but increasing regulation=
, cybercrime and fraud are inhibiting expansion. Blockchain enables more ag=
ile value chains, faster product innovations, closer customer relationships=
, and faster integration with the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud techno=
logy. Now with Cloud and Blockchain technologies providing high computing p=
ower and network capabilities, cognitive systems are available tools to dee=
pen the relationship between humans and the world. Many problems that have =
been with our society for a long time can be solved. Cognitive systems are =
the tools to accomplish that ambitious goal. This study is continuing our e=
ffort on surveying the applicability of Blockchain technology innovation in=
non-finance (non-bitcoin). The study concluded with discussing opportuniti=
es and challenges of the application of two intra-horizons of Blockchain te=
chnology, Cognitive Computing and Healthcare.
______________________________________________________
Dasaklis TK, Casino F, Patsakis C. Blockchain meets smart health: towards n=
ext generation healthcare services. 2018 9th International Conference on In=
formation, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA); 2018 Jul 23-25; Z=
ankynthos, Greece. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8633601 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain technology is rapidly gaining traction in healthcare i=
ndustry as one of the most exciting technological developments. In particul=
ar, blockchain technology presents numerous opportunities for healthcare in=
dustry such as reduced transaction costs, increased transparency for regula=
tory reporting, efficient healthcare data management and healthcare records=
universality. In the context of smart health, blockchain may provide disti=
nct benefits, particularly from a context-aware perspective where efficient=
and personalised solutions may be provided to citizens and the society in =
general. In this article, we portray the symbiotic relationship between blo=
ckchain and smart health. Among others, we identify and analyse three indiv=
idual streams of possible synergies. In addition, we discuss several challe=
nges for actually implementing blockchain-based applications in the healthc=
are industry along with several opportunities for future research direction=
s.
______________________________________________________
Dasgupta D, Shrein JM, Gupta KD. A survey of blockchain from security persp=
ective. J Bank Financ Technol. 2019:1-17. Epub 2019 Jan 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.research=
gate.net/profile/Kishor_Datta_Gupta/publication/330125746_A_survey_of_block=
chain_from_security_perspective/links/5c341d00a6fdccd6b59af4a5/A-survey-of-=
blockchain-from-security-perspective.pdf Open access; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42786-018-=
00002-6 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The report starts with an overview of the blockchain security sys=
tem and then highlights the specific security threats and summarizes them. =
We review with some comments and possible research direction. This survey, =
we examines the security issues of blockchain model related technologies an=
d their applications. The blockchain is considered a still growing like the=
internet in 1990. It has the potential to disrupt so many technology areas=
in the future. But as a new underdeveloped field, it is suffering many set=
backs mostly resulting from the security area. Its security concerns coming=
not only from distributed/decentralized computing issue or Cryptography al=
gorithm issue, from some unexpected field too. Here, in this paper, we trie=
d to classify the security concerns for the blockchain based on our survey =
from recent research papers. We also tried to show which way blockchain dev=
elopment trends are going.
______________________________________________________
De Filippi P, Hassan S. Blockchain technology as a regulatory technology: f=
rom code is law to law is code. First Monday [Internet]. 2016 Dec 15 [cited=
2018 Oct 23]; 21(12):[23 p.]. Available from: https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7113/56=
57
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: "Code is law" refers to the idea that, with the advent of digital=
technology, code has progressively established itself as the predominant w=
ay to regulate the behavior of Internet users. Yet, while computer code can=
enforce rules more efficiently than legal code, it also comes with a serie=
s of limitations, mostly because it is difficult to transpose the ambiguity=
and flexibility of legal rules into a formalized language which can be int=
erpreted by a machine. With the advent of blockchain technology and associa=
ted smart contracts, code is assuming an even stronger role in regulating p=
eople's interactions over the Internet, as many contractual transactions ge=
t transposed into smart contract code. In this paper, we describe the shift=
from the traditional notion of "code is law" (i.e. code having the effect =
of law) to the new conception of "law is code" (i.e. law being defined as c=
ode).
______________________________________________________
Deb DR, Sinha AK, Singh BP, Logashanmugam D. Secured decentralized archivin=
g healthcare data using blockchain with IoT. Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Tech=
nol. 2019;5(1):135-7. Epub 2019 Jan 24.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ijariit.com/manuscript/secured-dec=
entralized-archiving-healthcare-data-using-blockchain-with-iot/
Abstract: Blockchain technology has unprotected its immense adaptability in=
hot off the press years as a departure from the norm of super convenience =
store sectors. In which sought ways in incorporating its abilities directed=
toward their operations. While so far most of the focus has been on the fi=
nancial service industry, several projects in other service-related areas s=
uch as healthcare start showing innumerable change. Numerous starting point=
s for Blockchain technology in the healthcare industry are the focus of thi=
s paper. With examples for a person in the street healthcare powers that be=
, user-oriented medical scan and abused substance counterfeiting in the pha=
rmaceutical section, this tells aims to repeat possible influences, goals a=
nd potentials installed to this on a tear technology.
______________________________________________________
Demarinis S. US health care companies exploring blockchain technologies. Ex=
plore (NY). 2018;14(6):400-1. Epub 2018 Oct 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550830718304208 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Managing information has been troublesome for the sprawling US he=
alth care industry. Every doctor, medical office, hospital, pharmacy, thera=
pist and insurance company needs different pieces of data to properly care =
for patients. Electronic health records are scattered across multiple syste=
ms which are unable to communicate with each other. Furthermore, records ar=
e not always up-to-date, and some remain in paper form in filing cabinets.<=
br>
There might be a way, however, toward a health care system where patients h=
ave accurate and updated records that are secure against tampering or snoop=
ing, with data that can be shared quickly and easily with any provider who =
needs it: blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Derhab A, Guerroumi M, Gumaei A, Maglaras L, Ferrag MA, Mukherjee M, et al.=
Blockchain and random subspace learning-based IDS for SDN-enabled industri=
al IoT security. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(14). Epub 2019 Jul 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/31=
19
Abstract: The industrial control systems are facing an increasing number of=
sophisticated cyber attacks that can have very dangerous consequences on h=
umans and their environments. In order to deal with these issues, novel tec=
hnologies and approaches should be adopted. In this paper, we focus on the =
security of commands in industrial IoT against forged commands and misrouti=
ng of commands. To this end, we propose a security architecture that integr=
ates the Blockchain and the Software-defined network (SDN) technologies. Th=
e proposed security architecture is composed of: (a) an intrusion detection=
system, namely RSL-KNN, which combines the Random Subspace Learning (RSL) =
and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) to defend against the forged commands, which t=
arget the industrial control process, and (b) a Blockchain-based Integrity =
Checking System (BICS), which can prevent the misrouting attack, which tamp=
ers with the OpenFlow rules of the SDN-enabled industrial IoT systems. We t=
est the proposed security solution on an Industrial Control System Cyber at=
tack Dataset and on an experimental platform combining software-defined net=
working and blockchain technologies. The evaluation results demonstrate the=
effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed security solution.
______________________________________________________
Deshpande A, Stewart K, Lepetit L, Gunashekar S. Distributed ledger technol=
ogies/blockchain: challenges, opportunities, and prospects for standards. B=
ritish Standards Institution, 2017 May. Report No.: 201706.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.bsigroup.com/LocalFiles/zh-tw/InfoSec=
-newsletter/No201706/download/BSI_Blockchain_DLT_Web.pdf; and https://www.ra=
nd.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2200/RR2223/RAND_RR2223.pdf=
Abstract: RAND Europe was commissioned by the British Standards Institution=
(BSI) in January 2017 to carry out a rapid scoping study to examine the po=
tential role of standards in supporting Distributed Ledger Technologies (DL=
T)/Blockchain. The current document, intended for dissemination to interest=
ed parties, aims to serve as an overview of the study, which was conducted =
over a 6-week period. A more comprehensive report, with more detailed resul=
ts of the analysis and findings and complete descriptions of the methods, w=
as also submitted to the BSI.
DLT/Blockchain refers to a type of database which is spread over multiple l=
ocations (i.e. a distributed database) and which can be used like a digital=
ledger to record and manage transactions. Although the technology is at a =
relatively early stage of adoption and significant challenges remain, it is=
becoming apparent that DLT/ Blockchain holds the potential for major oppor=
tunities across several sectors. Furthermore, standardization efforts relat=
ed to DLT/Blockchain have recently gathered momentum with the setting up of=
the International Organization for Standardization (shortened to ISO) tech=
nical committee on Blockchain and electronic DLT.
In this report, we present an overview of the current landscape of DLT/Bloc=
kchain developments and closely examine the issues that are central to the =
development of DLT/Blockchain. We articulate a set of areas for further con=
sideration by DLT/Blockchain stakeholders regarding the potential role of s=
tandardization. Rather than providing a definitive list of topics, the aim =
of the study is to provoke further discussion across the DLT/ Blockchain co=
mmunity about the potential role of standards in supporting the development=
and adoption of the technology. We carried out the research using a mixed =
methods approach involving a focused review of the literature, in-depth int=
erviews with stakeholders from public and private organizations, and an int=
ernal workshop. Although the study is primarily intended to inform the BSI=
=E2=80=99s approach towards developing a standards strategy in relation to =
DLT/Blockchain, it is also likely to be of relevance to stakeholders in the=
DLT/Blockchain community, including policymakers, industry, other standard=
s organizations (national and international), and academia.
______________________________________________________
Destefanis G, Marchesi M, Ortu M, Tonelli R, Bracciali A, Hierons R. Smart =
contracts vulnerabilities: a call for blockchain software engineering? In: =
Tonelli R, Ducasse S, Fenu G, Bracciali A, editors. 2018 International Work=
shop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE); 2018 Mar 20; Cam=
pobasso, Italy. IEEE Computer Society; 2018. p. 19-25.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/27135/1/smart-contracts-vuln=
erabilities-3.pdf Open access; https://=
ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8327567 Subscription required to =
view.
Abstract: Smart Contracts have gained tremendous popularity in the past few=
years, to the point that billions of US Dollars are currently exchanged ev=
ery day through such technology. However, since the release of the Frontier=
network of Ethereum in 2015, there have been many cases in which the execu=
tion of Smart Contracts managing Ether coins has led to problems or conflic=
ts. Compared to traditional Software Engineering, a discipline of Smart Con=
tract and Blockchain programming, with standardized best practices that can=
help solve the mentioned problems and conflicts, is not yet sufficiently d=
eveloped. Furthermore, Smart Contracts rely on a non-standard software life=
-cycle, according to which, for instance, delivered applications can hardly=
be updated or bugs resolved by releasing a new version of the software. In=
this paper we advocate the need for a discipline of Blockchain Software En=
gineering, addressing the issues posed by smart contract programming and ot=
her applications running on blockchains. We analyse a case of study where a=
bug discovered in a Smart Contract library, and perhaps "unsafe" programmi=
ng, allowed an attack on Parity, a wallet application, causing the freezing=
of about 500K Ethers (about 150M USD, in November 2017). In this study we =
analyze the source code of Parity and the library, and discuss how recognis=
ed best practices could mitigate, if adopted and adapted, such detrimental =
software misbehavior. We also reflect on the specificity of Smart Contract =
software development, which makes some of the existing approaches insuffici=
ent, and call for the definition of a specific Blockchain Software Engineer=
ing.
______________________________________________________
Dey T, Jaiswal S, Sunderkrishnan S, Katre N. HealthSense: a medical use cas=
e of Internet of Things and blockchain. In. 2017 International Conference o=
n Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS); 2017 Dec 7-8; Palladam, India. P=
iscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2017. p. 486-91.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8389459 Subscription required to view
Abstract: Blockchain and Internet of things are the most promising and upco=
ming technologies. Blockchain is a distributed, peer to peer database formi=
ng a chain between multiple blocks of data. The internet of things works on=
a similar paradigm where multiple devices are connected to the internet fo=
rming a network of networks. Combined together they offer solutions for var=
ious problems, especially in the field of healthcare where quick reporting =
of data or results is of utmost importance. Recent studies have proven that=
delays in providing healthcare are directly linked to patient confidence a=
nd chances of recovery. An unreliable storage of health records has only ag=
gravated the problem. Our paper aims to provide a solution for these issues=
by proposing a Blockchain-Internet of things model where a bio-sensor meas=
ures and collects real time data with respect to a patient's medical status=
and stores it in the blockchain. In this way quick reporting and tamper pr=
oof storage of data occurs. By deploying a smart contract the final hospita=
l bill can be calculated along with insurance coverage. This would negate t=
he need of third party providers and create a transparent system. Our paper=
also proposes the use of Inter planetary file system to store discharged p=
atients records thus reducing the load on the actual blockchain. Overall th=
is will surely benefit patients and doctors alike by creating a safe and tr=
ansparent environment along with quick response to a patient's need.
______________________________________________________
Dhagarra D, Goswami M, Sarma PRS, Choudhury A. Big Data and blockchain supp=
orted conceptual model for enhanced healthcare coverage: The Indian context=
. Bus Process Manag J [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 17]; In press. Avail=
able from: https://www.emera=
ldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/BPMJ-06-2018-0164 Subscription requir=
ed to view.
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Purpose: Significant advances have been made in the fiel=
d of healthcare service delivery across the world; however, health coverage=
particular for the poor and disadvantaged still remains a distant dream in=
developing world. In large developing countries like India, disparities in=
access to healthcare are pervasive. Despite recent progress in ensuring im=
proved access to health care in past decade or so, disparities across gende=
r, geography and socioeconomic status continue to persist. Fragmented and s=
cattered health records and lack of integration are some of the primary cau=
ses leading to uneven healthcare service delivery. The devised framework is=
intended to address these challenges. The paper aims to discuss these issu=
es. Design/methodology/approach: In view of such challenges, in th=
is research a Big Data and blockchain anchored integrative healthcare frame=
work is proposed focusing upon providing timely and appropriate healthcare =
services to every citizen of the country. The framework uses unique identif=
ication number (UID) system as formalized and implemented by the Government=
of India for identification of the patients, their specific case histories=
and so forth.
Findings: The key characteristic of our propose=
d framework is that it provides easy access to secure, immutable and compre=
hensive medical records of patients across all treatment centers within the=
country. The model also ensures security and privacy of the medical record=
s based upon the incorporation of biometric authentication by the patients =
for access of their records to healthcare providers.
Originality/va=
lue: A key component of our evolved framework is the Big Data analytic=
s-based framework that seeks to provide structured health data to concerned=
stakeholders in healthcare services. The model entails all pertinent stake=
holders starting from patients to healthcare service providers.
______________________________________________________
Dhillon V. Designing decentralized ledger technology for electronic health =
records. Telehealth Med Today. 2018;1(2):1-13. Epub 2018 May 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://=
telehealthandmedicinetoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/77
Abstract: A proposal to implement distributed ledger technology for electro=
nic health records is outlined here. The rationale for integration of distr=
ibuted ledgers in the healthcare domain is introduced, followed by a discus=
sion of the features enabled by the use of a blockchain. An open source imp=
lementation of a distributed ledger is then presented. The article conclude=
s with an examination of opportunities and challenges ahead in deploying bl=
ockchains for digital health.
______________________________________________________
Di Francesco Maesa D, Mori P, Ricci L. A blockchain based approach for the =
definition of auditable access control systems. Comput Secur. 2019;84:93-11=
9. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404818309398 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: This work proposes to exploit blockchain technology to define Acc=
ess Control systems that guarantee the auditability of access control polic=
ies evaluation. The key idea of our proposal is to codify attribute-based A=
ccess Control policies as smart contracts and deploy them on a blockchain, =
hence transforming the policy evaluation process into a completely distribu=
ted smart contract execution. Not only the policies, but also the attribute=
s required for their evaluation are managed by smart contracts deployed on =
the blockchain. The auditability property derives from the immutability and=
transparency properties of blockchain technology. This paper not only pres=
ents the proposed Access Control system in general, but also its applicatio=
n to the innovative reference scenario where the resources to be protected =
are themselves smart contracts. To prove the feasibility of our approach, w=
e present a reference implementation exploiting XACML policies and Solidity=
written smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain. Finally, we e=
valuate the system performances through a set of experimental results, and =
we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of our proposal.
______________________________________________________
Dimitrov DV. Blockchain applications for healthcare data management. Health=
c Inform Res. 2019;25(1):51-6. Epub 2019 Jan 31.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC6372466/
Abstract: Objectives: This pilot study aimed to provide an overvie=
w of the potential for blockchain technology in the healthcare system. The =
review covers technological topics from storing medical records in blockcha=
ins through patient personal data ownership and mobile apps for patient out=
reach.
Methods: We performed a preliminary survey to fill the =
gap that exists between purely technically focused manuscripts about blockc=
hains, on the one hand, and the literature that is mostly concerned with ma=
rketing discussions about their expected economic impact on the other hand.=
Results: The findings show that new digital platforms based o=
n blockchains are emerging to enabling fast, simple, and seamless interacti=
on between data providers, including patients themselves.
Conclusio=
ns: We provide a conceptual understanding of the technical foundations=
of the potential for blockchain technology in healthcare, which is necessa=
ry to understand specific blockchain applications, evaluate business cases =
such as blockchain startups, or follow the discussion about its expected ec=
onomic impacts.
______________________________________________________
Disparte D. Blockchain could make the insurance industry much more transpar=
ent. Harv Bus Rev [Internet]. 2017 Jul 12 [cited 2017 Jul 27]:[about 7 p.].=
Available from: https://hbr.org/2017/07/blockchain-could-make-the-insurance-indu=
stry-much-more-transparent
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: While Edward Lloyd is largely credited with commercializing the i=
nsurance industry, with the creation of his namesake firm, Lloyd=E2=80=99s,=
over 330 years ago, the original concept of spreading risk (or =E2=80=9Cmu=
tualizing=E2=80=9D) goes back even further. Hundreds of years before Lloyd=
=E2=80=99s was formed, Chinese merchants would spread their valuable cargo =
across multiple vessels, with each one carrying an equal share of another m=
erchant=E2=80=99s goods. In this manner, no single loss would be catastroph=
ic. This spread of risk, of course, also prevented a merchant from abscondi=
ng with his ship=E2=80=99s goods and never reuniting with the other traders=
; he=E2=80=99d have too much to lose. In effect, they all had skin in the g=
ame, which remains one of the most elusive elements of modern finance. Both=
then and in 1686, when Lloyd=E2=80=99s was born in a London coffee house, =
the global insurance industry was a business of utmost good faith, as it re=
mains today.
Thus a trust and efficiency engine like blockchain technology has the poten=
tial to drive radical change in the insurance industry while improving tran=
sparency and outcomes across the entire value chain. Intermediaries or =E2=
=80=9Ctrust brokers=E2=80=9D do not have to be written out of the equation =
=E2=80=94 or disintermediated =E2=80=94 as many blockchain enthusiasts argu=
e. Rather, they can become early adopters of the technology. Admittedly, th=
is shift will be hardest on the established monoliths in the industry, for =
it will require uncomfortable transparency and price corrections in their b=
usiness models. This will be toughest on the portions of the industry that =
are the least differentiated, where consumers often decide based on price: =
auto, life, and homeowner=E2=80=99s insurance. However, even these commodit=
y offerings can find ways to innovate and survive.
______________________________________________________
Dorri A, Kanhere SS, Jurdak R. Blockchain in internet of things: challenges=
and solutions. arXiv [Internet]. 2016 Aug 18 [cited 2018 Oct 23]; 1608.051=
87:[13 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.05187=
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing exponential growth i=
n research and industry, but it still suffers from privacy and security vul=
nerabilities. Conventional security and privacy approaches tend to be inapp=
licable for IoT, mainly due to its decentralized topology and the resource-=
constraints of the majority of its devices. BlockChain (BC) that underpin t=
he cryptocurrency Bitcoin have been recently used to provide security and p=
rivacy in peer-to-peer networks with similar topologies to IoT. However, BC=
s are computationally expensive and involve high bandwidth overhead and del=
ays, which are not suitable for IoT devices. This position paper proposes a=
new secure, private, and lightweight architecture for IoT, based on BC tec=
hnology that eliminates the overhead of BC while maintaining most of its se=
curity and privacy benefits. The described method is investigated on a smar=
t home application as a representative case study for broader IoT applicati=
ons. The proposed architecture is hierarchical, and consists of smart homes=
, an overlay network and cloud storages coordinating data transactions with=
BC to provide privacy and security. Our design uses different types of BC=
=E2=80=99s depending on where in the network hierarchy a transaction occurs=
, and uses distributed trust methods to ensure a decentralized topology. Qu=
alitative evaluation of the architecture under common threat models highlig=
hts its effectiveness in providing security and privacy for IoT application=
s.
______________________________________________________
Drosatos G, Kaldoudi E. Blockchain applications in the biomedical domain: a=
scoping review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2019;17:229-40. Epub 2019 Feb =
8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S200103701830285X
Abstract: Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger technology introduc=
ed as the enabling mechanism to support cryptocurrencies. Blockchain soluti=
ons are currently being proposed to address diverse problems in different d=
omains. This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature t=
o map the current research area of blockchain applications in the biomedica=
l domain. The goal is to identify biomedical problems treated with blockcha=
in technology, the level of maturity of respective approaches, types of bio=
medical data considered, blockchain features and functionalities exploited =
and blockchain technology frameworks used. The study follows the PRISMA-ScR=
methodology. Literature search was conducted on August 2018 and the system=
atic selection process identified 47 research articles for detailed study. =
Our findings show that the field is still in its infancy, with the majority=
of studies in the conceptual or architectural design phase; only one study=
reports real world demonstration and evaluation. Research is greatly focus=
ed on integration, integrity and access control of health records and relat=
ed patient data. However, other diverse and interesting applications are em=
erging, addressing medical research, clinical trials, medicines supply chai=
n, and medical insurance.
______________________________________________________
Du Y, Liu J, Guan Z, Feng H. A medical information service platform based o=
n distributed cloud and blockchain. 2018 3rd IEEE International Conference =
on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud); 2018 Sep 21-23; New York, NY. Los Alamitos, CA=
: IEEE Computer Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8513712 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Usually, medical information including physical examination resul=
ts and treatment of patients is stored in the hospital's centralized databa=
se. Although sophisticated access control strategy is adopted, it is still =
high-risk to expose patients' privacy in complex network environment. Moreo=
ver, a practical service platform is missed to share this kind of informati=
on under patients' authentication. To solve these problem, we elaborate an =
efficient and secure medical information service platform based on distribu=
ted cloud and blockchain technology, simultaneously guarantee security and =
confidentiality by hierarchical identity-based broadcast encryption system.=
Within our proposed framework, medical data are stored on distributed clou=
d after encryption. An incentive mechanism is designed to encourage custome=
rs and miners to maintain the platform. It shows that our platform is safe =
and effective in practice.
______________________________________________________
Dubovitskaya A, Xu Z, Ryu S, Schumacher M, Wang F. Secure and trustable ele=
ctronic medical records sharing using blockchain. In. AMIA Annual Symposium=
Proceedings; Nov 4-8; Washington, DC. American Medical Informatics Associa=
tion; 2017. p. 650-9.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC5977675/
Abstract: Electronic medical records (EMRs) are critical, highly sensitive =
private information in healthcare, and need to be frequently shared among p=
eers. Blockchain provides a shared, immutable and transparent history of al=
l the transactions to build applications with trust, accountability and tra=
nsparency. This provides a unique opportunity to develop a secure and trust=
able EMR data management and sharing system using blockchain. In this paper=
, we present our perspectives on blockchain based healthcare data managemen=
t, in particular, for EMR data sharing between healthcare providers and for=
research studies. We propose a framework on managing and sharing EMR data =
for cancer patient care. In collaboration with Stony Brook University Hospi=
tal, we implemented our framework in a prototype that ensures privacy, secu=
rity, availability, and fine-grained access control over EMR data. The prop=
osed work can significantly reduce the turnaround time for EMR sharing, imp=
rove decision making for medical care, and reduce the overall cost.
______________________________________________________
Dujak D, Sajter D. Blockchain applications in supply chain. In: Kawa A, Mar=
yniak A, editors. SMART Supply Network. ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Int=
ernational Publishing AG; 2019. p. 21-46.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://www.academia.ed=
u/38066777/Blockchain_applications Open access; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91=
668-2_2 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain is a technological concept which evolves from the firs=
t cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, and disrupts constantly enlarging areas of econo=
my. The concept of blockchain is developing, and while the future of Bitcoi=
n remains unclear (as it is for the most elements of the economy) it is evi=
dent that the blockchain holds enormous potential for large-scale improveme=
nts. However, being a technology that could decrease significance many of t=
oday=E2=80=99s large global corporations, institutions and power structures=
which have keen interest in preserving established hierarchies, its potent=
ial could well remain unexploited. This paper aims to introduce and present=
the concept of blockchain and its current applications in logistics and su=
pply networks. Blockchain technology promises overpowering trust issues and=
allowing trustless, secure and authenticated system of logistics and suppl=
y chain information exchange in supply networks. The new implementations wi=
thin supply chain are shifting from blockchain to a wider notion of distrib=
uted ledger technologies. Paper presents description and rationale behind c=
urrent and possible future applications of blockchain in logistics and supp=
ly chain.
______________________________________________________
Dunphy P, Garratt L, Petitcolas F. Decentralizing digital identity: open ch=
allenges for distributed ledgers. In: Piessens F, Fahl S, editors. 2018 IEE=
E European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW); 2018=
Apr 23-27; London, United Kingdom. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018. p. 75-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.dunph.com/SB2018.pdf Open access=
; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/do=
cument/8406563 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has been proposed as a new wa=
y to incorporate decentralization into a wide range of digital infrastructu=
res. Applications of DLT to digital identity are increasing in prevalence, =
with a recent survey reporting that 55% of DLT technologies in development =
track digital identity. However, while proofs of concept, open source softw=
are, and new ideas are readily available, it is still unclear the extent to=
which DLT can play a role to underpin new forms of digital identity. In th=
is position paper, we situate this fast-moving application domain into the =
broader challenges faced in digital identity, with the aim to highlight the=
socio-technical nature of the challenge at hand, and to propose directions=
for future research.
______________________________________________________
Dunphy P, Petitcolas FAP. A first look at identity management schemes on th=
e blockchain. IEEE Secur Priv. 2018;16(4):20-9. Epub 2018 Aug 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03294 Open access=
; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/do=
cument/8425607/ Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The emergence of distributed ledger technology (DLT) based on a b=
lockchain data structure has given rise to new approaches to identity manag=
ement that aim to upend dominant approaches to providing and consuming digi=
tal identities. These new approaches to identity management (IdM) propose t=
o enhance de-centralization, transparency, and user control in transactions=
that involve identity information; however, given the historical challenge=
to design IdM, can these new DLT-based schemes deliver on their lofty goal=
s? We introduce the emerging landscape of DLT-based IdM and evaluate three =
representative proposals-uPort, ShoCard, and Sovrin-using the analytic lens=
of a seminal framework that characterizes the nature of successful IdM sch=
emes.
______________________________________________________
Dwivedi DA, Srivastava G, Dhar S, Singh R. A decentralized privacy-preservi=
ng healthcare blockchain for IoT. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(2):326. Epub 201=
9 Jan 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/326=
Abstract: Medical care has become one of the most indispensable parts of hu=
man lives, leading to a dramatic increase in medical big data. To streamlin=
e the diagnosis and treatment process, healthcare professionals are now ado=
pting Internet of Things (IoT)-based wearable technology. Recent years have=
witnessed billions of sensors, devices, and vehicles being connected throu=
gh the Internet. One such technology=E2=80=94remote patient monitoring=E2=
=80=94is common nowadays for the treatment and care of patients. However, t=
hese technologies also pose grave privacy risks and security concerns about=
the data transfer and the logging of data transactions. These security and=
privacy problems of medical data could result from a delay in treatment pr=
ogress, even endangering the patient=E2=80=99s life. We propose the use of =
a blockchain to provide secure management and analysis of healthcare big da=
ta. However, blockchains are computationally expensive, demand high bandwid=
th and extra computational power, and are therefore not completely suitable=
for most resource-constrained IoT devices meant for smart cities. In this =
work, we try to resolve the above-mentioned issues of using blockchain with=
IoT devices. We propose a novel framework of modified blockchain models su=
itable for IoT devices that rely on their distributed nature and other addi=
tional privacy and security properties of the network. These additional pri=
vacy and security properties in our model are based on advanced cryptograph=
ic primitives. The solutions given here make IoT application data and trans=
actions more secure and anonymous over a blockchain-based network.
______________________________________________________
Dyson SF. Blockchain investigations - beyond the 'money'. J Br Blockchain A=
ssoc. 2019;2(2):1-9. Epub 2019 Aug 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/10027-blockchain-investigatio=
ns-beyond-the-money
Abstract: Cryptocurrency investigations have centeredalmost entirely around=
the transfer of value =E2=80=9Cmoney=E2=80=9D or a cryptocurrency asset. T=
he use of cryptocurrency for illicit purposes, especially Bitcoin, is well =
documented both in academic writing, media reporting and even film document=
aries. The infamous SilkRoad marketplacein addition to the millions of doll=
ars spent within dark markets on drugs, guns and assassinations have grabbe=
d the headlines. This paper looks at how blockchain is creating new areas o=
f investigation that areyet to be explored in detail.This scenario-based re=
search examines the hosting of stolen data (P.I.I) personal identifiable in=
formation on a distributed blockchain host where the data is also accessibl=
e. The platform used is based on Ethereum infrastructure but demonstrates j=
ust one available platform that poses the paradigm. The paper examines the =
considerations through the lens of an incident responder /cyber investigato=
r, forensics examiner and data controller. The scenario highlights distinct=
differences in considerations from a traditional response compared to deal=
ing with the immutable and unstoppable distributed technology. The paper co=
ncludes that more is needed to be done to understand digital forensics in t=
he blockchain era and the need to develop beyond track and trace in the cry=
ptocurrency investigative toolbox. The discussion also brings forth how dat=
a retention and GDPR requires consideration when applying it blockchain sys=
tems.
______________________________________________________
Efanov D, Roschin P. The all-pervasiveness of the blockchain technology. In=
: Samsonovich AV, Klimov VV, editors. 8th Annual International Conference o=
n Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures; 2018 Aug 1-6; Moscow, Russ=
ia. Procedia Computer Science; 2018. p. 116-21.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918300206
Abstract: Conceptually, the blockchain is a distributed database containing=
records of transactions that are shared among participating members. Each =
transaction is confirmed by the consensus of a majority of the members, mak=
ing fraudulent transactions unable to pass collective confirmation. Once a =
record is created and accepted by the blockchain, it can never be altered o=
r disappear. Nowadays the blockchain technology is considered as the most s=
ignificant invention after the Internet. If the latter connects people to r=
ealize on-line business processes, the former could decide the trust proble=
m by peer-to-peer networking and public-key cryptography. The purpose of th=
is paper is to consider on distinct use cases at the all-pervasive impact o=
f the blockchain technology and look at this as an inalienable part of our =
daily life.
______________________________________________________
Ekblaw A, Azaria A, Halamka JD, Lippman A. A case study for blockchain in h=
ealthcare: =E2=80=9CMedRec=E2=80=9D prototype for electronic health records=
and medical research data. OBD 2016 2nd International Conference on Open a=
nd Big Data; 2016 Aug 22-24; Vienna, Austria. Future Generation Computer Sy=
stems, Elsevier.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: ht=
tps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/56e6/5b469cad2f3ebd560b3a10e7346780f4ab0a.pd=
f
Abstract: A long-standing focus on compliance has traditionally constrained=
development of fundamental design changes for Electronic Health Records (E=
HRs). We now face a critical need for such innovation, as personalization a=
nd data science prompt patients to engage in the details of their healthcar=
e and restore agency over their medical data. In this paper, we propose Med=
Rec: a novel, decentralized record management system to handle EHRs, using =
blockchain technology. Our system gives patients a comprehensive, immutable=
log and easy access to their medical information across providers and trea=
tment sites. Leveraging unique blockchain properties, MedRec manages authen=
tication, confidentiality, accountability and data sharing=E2=80=94crucial =
considerations when handling sensitive information. A modular design integr=
ates with providers' existing, local data storage solutions, facilitating i=
nteroperability and making our system convenient and adaptable. We incentiv=
ize medical stakeholders (researchers, public health authorities, etc.) to =
participate in the network as blockchain =E2=80=9Cminers=E2=80=9D. This pro=
vides them with access to aggregate, anonymized data as mining rewards, in =
return for sustaining and securing the network via Proof of Work. MedRec th=
us enables the emergence of data economics, supplying big data to empower r=
esearchers while engaging patients and providers in the choice to release m=
etadata. The purpose of this paper is to expose, in preparation for field t=
ests, a working prototype through which we analyze and discuss our approach=
and the potential for blockchain in health IT and research.
______________________________________________________
Ek=C4=ADn A, =C3=9Cnay D. [Blockchain applications in healthcare] Sa=C4=9Fl=
=C4=B1kta Blok Zinciri Uygulamalar=C4=B1. 2018 26th Signal Processing and C=
ommunications Applications Conference (SIU); 2018 May 2-5; Izmir, Turkey. P=
iscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8404275 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In this paper, we present the applications of blockchain technolo=
gy in healthcare. Furthermore, we evaluate the choice and deployment of Blo=
ckchain technology in such applications, review the advantages and disadvan=
tages of such an approach. We review the Estonian system, which is the firs=
t blockchain-based health system at the national level, in detail and discu=
ss its ramifications to Turkey. This paper is one of the first papers in th=
is domain and, to the best of authors' knowledge, the first in Turkish.
=
______________________________________________________
ElBahrawy A, Alessandretti L, Kandler A, Pastor-Satorras R, Baronchelli A. =
Evolutionary dynamics of the cryptocurrency market. R Soc Open Sci. 2017;4(=
11):170623. Epub 2017 Nov 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.170623
Abstract: The cryptocurrency market surpassed the barrier of $100 billion m=
arket capitalization in June 2017, after months of steady growth. Despite i=
ts increasing relevance in the financial world, a comprehensive analysis of=
the whole system is still lacking, as most studies have focused exclusivel=
y on the behaviour of one (Bitcoin) or few cryptocurrencies. Here, we consi=
der the history of the entire market and analyse the behaviour of 1469 cryp=
tocurrencies introduced between April 2013 and May 2017. We reveal that, wh=
ile new cryptocurrencies appear and disappear continuously and their market=
capitalization is increasing (super-)exponentially, several statistical pr=
operties of the market have been stable for years. These include the number=
of active cryptocurrencies, market share distribution and the turnover of =
cryptocurrencies. Adopting an ecological perspective, we show that the so-c=
alled neutral model of evolution is able to reproduce a number of key empir=
ical observations, despite its simplicity and the assumption of no selectiv=
e advantage of one cryptocurrency over another. Our results shed light on t=
he properties of the cryptocurrency market and establish a first formal lin=
k between ecological modelling and the study of this growing system. We ant=
icipate they will spark further research in this direction.
______________________________________________________
Elisa N, Yang L, Chao F, Cao Y. A framework of blockchain-based secure and =
privacy-preserving E-government system. Wirel Networks. 2018. Epub 2018 Dec=
3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s11276-018-1883-0
Abstract: Electronic government (e-government) uses information and communi=
cation technologies to deliver public services to individuals and organisat=
ions effectively, efficiently and transparently. E-government is one of the=
most complex systems which needs to be distributed, secured and privacy-pr=
eserved, and the failure of these can be very costly both economically and =
socially. Most of the existing e-government systems such as websites and el=
ectronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralized at duplicated s=
ervers and databases.A centralized management and validation system may suf=
fer from a single point of failure and make the system a target to cyber at=
tacks such as malware, denial of service attacks (DoS), and distributed den=
ial of service attacks (DDoS). The blockchain technology enables the implem=
entation of highly secure and privacy-preserving decentralized systems wher=
e transactions are not under the control of any third party organizations. =
Using the blockchain technology, exiting data and new data are stored in a =
sealed compartment of blocks (i.e., ledger) distributed across the network =
in a verifiable and immutable way. Information security and privacy are enh=
anced by the blockchain technology in which data are encrypted and distribu=
ted across the entire network. This paper proposes a framework of a decentr=
alized e-government peer-to-peer (p2p) system using the blockchain technolo=
gy, which can ensure both information security and privacy while simultaneo=
usly increasing the trust of the public sectors. In addition, a prototype o=
f the proposed system is presented, with the support of a theoretical and q=
ualitative analysis of the security and privacy implications of such system=
.
______________________________________________________
Elmisery AM, Fu H. Privacy preserving distributed learning clustering of he=
alth care data using cryptography protocols. 2010 IEEE 34th Annual Computer=
Software and Applications Conference Workshops; 2010 Jul 19-23; Seoul, Sou=
th Korea. 2010.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/5615770
Abstract: Data mining is the process of knowledge discovery in databases (c=
entralized or distributed); it consists of different tasks associated with =
them different algorithms. Nowadays the scenario of one centralized databas=
e that maintains all the data is difficult to achieve due to different reas=
ons including physical, geographical restrictions and size of the data itse=
lf. One approach to solve this problem is distributed databases where diffe=
rent parities have horizontal or vertical partitions of the data. The data =
is normally maintained by more than one organization, each of which aims at=
keeping its information stored in the databases private, thus, privacy-pre=
serving techniques and protocols are designed to perform data mining on dis=
tributed data when privacy is highly concerned. Cluster analysis is a frequ=
ently used data mining task which aims at decomposing or partitioning a usu=
ally multivariate data set into groups such that the data objects in one gr=
oup are the most similar to each other. It has an important role in differe=
nt fields such as bio-informatics, marketing, machine learning, climate and=
healthcare. In this paper we introduce a novel clustering algorithm that w=
as designed with the goal of enabling a privacy preserving version of it, a=
long with sub-protocols for secure computations, to handle the clustering o=
f vertically partitioned data among different healthcare data providers.
______________________________________________________
Engel A. Could blockchain technology add value to surgical outcomes researc=
h? Colorectal Dis. 2018;20(5):369-70. Epub 2018 May 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.=
wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/codi.14066 Subscription required to view.
=
Abstract: Medline started in 1971 with 22 users who had access to 236 index=
ed journals and almost 150 000 indexed papers on which some 70 000 searches=
were performed. By 2016, celebrating Medline's 45th anniversary, these num=
bers had grown exponentially to a staggering 601 million users having acces=
s to over 22 million papers published in 5618 Journals on which some 2.8 bi=
llion PubMed searches were performed 1. Annual growth is well over 800 000 =
papers and this is testimony to a medical research industry that has grown =
beyond recognition and perhaps human measure in just the life span of a sur=
gical career. If we assume a normal distribution of mean scientific quality=
of all papers available on PubMed than well over 500 000 papers (approxima=
tely 2.5%) are characterised by over 2 standard deviations difference to th=
e left side of the mean scientific quality. With increasing scientific outp=
ut we have seen proportional growth of papers aggregating and analysing dat=
a in systematic reviews and metanalyses but also of papers analysing basic =
flaws and biases of the medical research industry. Poor quality medical res=
earch has been a perennial issue and perhaps it is time to accept that less=
is more.
______________________________________________________
Engelhardt MA. Hitching healthcare to the chain: an introduction to blockch=
ain technology in the healthcare sector. Technol Innov Manag Rev. 2017;7(10=
):22-34.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://timreview.ca/article/1111
Abstract: Health services must balance patient care with information privac=
y, access, and completeness. The massive scale of the healthcare industry a=
lso amplifies the importance of cost control. The promise of blockchain tec=
hnology in health services, combined with application layers built atop it,=
is to be a mechanism that provides utmost privacy while ensuring that appr=
opriate users can easily add to and access a permanent record of informatio=
n. Blockchains, also called distributed ledgers, enable a combination of co=
st reduction and increased accessibility to information by connecting stake=
holders directly without requirements for third-party brokers, potentially =
giving better results at lower costs. New ventures are looking to apply blo=
ckchain technology to solve real-world problems, including efforts to track=
public health, centralize research data, monitor and fulfill prescriptions=
, lower administrative overheads, and organize patient data from an increas=
ing number of inputs. Here, concrete examples of the application of blockch=
ain technology in the health sector are described, touching on near-term pr=
omise and challenges.
______________________________________________________
Esmaeilzadeh P, Mirzaei T. The potential of blockchain technology for healt=
h Information exchange: experimental study from patients' perspectives. J M=
ed Internet Res. 2019;21(6):e14184. Epub 2019 Jun 20.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/6/e14184/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nowadays, a number of mechanisms and tools are being =
used by health care organizations and physicians to electronically exchange=
the personal health information of patients. The main objectives of differ=
ent methods of health information exchange (HIE) are to reduce health care =
costs, minimize medical errors, and improve the coordination of interorgani=
zational information exchange across health care entities. The main challen=
ges associated with the common HIE systems are privacy concerns, security r=
isks, low visibility of system transparency, and lack of patient control. B=
lockchain technology is likely to disrupt the current information exchange =
models utilized in the health care industry. OBJECTIVE: Little is known abo=
ut patients' perceptions and attitudes toward the implementation of blockch=
ain-enabled HIE networks, and it is still not clear if patients (as one of =
the main HIE stakeholders) are likely to opt in to the applications of this=
technology in HIE initiatives. Thus, this study aimed at exploring the cor=
e value of blockchain technology in the health care industry from health ca=
re consumers' views. METHODS: To recognize the potential applications of bl=
ockchain technology in health care practices, we designed 16 information ex=
change scenarios for controlled Web-based experiments. Overall, 2013 respon=
dents participated in 16 Web-based experiments. Each experiment described a=
n information exchange condition characterized by 4 exchange mechanisms (ie=
, direct, lookup, patient-centered, and blockchain), 2 types of health info=
rmation (ie, sensitive vs nonsensitive), and 2 types of privacy policy (wea=
k vs strong). RESULTS: The findings show that there are significant differe=
nces in patients' perceptions of various exchange mechanisms with regard to=
patient privacy concern, trust in competency and integrity, opt-in intenti=
on, and willingness to share information. Interestingly, participants hold =
a favorable attitude toward the implementation of blockchain-based exchange=
mechanisms for privacy protection, coordination, and information exchange =
purposes. This study proposed the potentials and limitations of a blockchai=
n-based attempt in the HIE context. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this resear=
ch should be of interest to both academics and practitioners. The findings =
propose potential limitations of a blockchain-based HIE that should be addr=
essed by health care organizations to exchange personal health information =
in a secure and private manner. This study can contribute to the research i=
n the blockchain area and enrich the literature on the use of blockchain in=
HIE efforts. Practitioners can also identify how to leverage the benefit o=
f blockchain to promote HIE initiatives nationwide.
______________________________________________________
Esposito C, De Santis A, Tortora G, Chang H, Choo KR. Blockchain: a panacea=
for healthcare cloud-based data security and privacy? IEEE Cloud Comput. 2=
018;5(1):31-7. Epub 2018 Mar 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: ht=
tps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f8f/4ff1377ebf0a084c44dbf6926af03dd2cdd8.pd=
f Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee=
.org/abstract/document/8327543/ Subscription required to view.
Abstract: One particular trend observed in healthcare is the progressive sh=
ift of data and services to the cloud, partly due to convenience (e.g. avai=
lability of complete patient medical history in real-time) and savings (e.g=
. economics of healthcare data management). There are, however, limitations=
to using conventional cryptographic primitives and access control models t=
o address security and privacy concerns in an increasingly cloud-based envi=
ronment. In this paper, we study the potential to use the Blockchain techno=
logy to protect healthcare data hosted within the cloud. We also describe t=
he practical challenges of such a proposition and further research that is =
required.
______________________________________________________
Fabiano N. Internet of things and blockchain: legal issues and privacy. The=
challenge for a privacy standard. In: Wu Y, Min G, Georgalas N, IEEE Inter=
national Conference on Internet of Things, editors. 2017 IEEE International=
Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Co=
mmunications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSC=
om) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData); June 21-23; Exeter, United Kingdom. IE=
EE International Conference on Internet of Things; 2017. p. 727-34.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://fardapaper.ir/mohavaha/uploads/2018/08/Fardapaper-Internet-of-Th=
ings-and-Blockchain-legal-issues-and-privacy.-The-challenge-for-a-privacy-s=
tandard.pdf Open access; https://ieeexp=
lore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8276831 Subscription required to view.<=
br>
Abstract: The IoT is innovative and important phenomenon prone to several s=
ervices and applications, but it should consider the legal issues related t=
o the data protection law. However, should be taken into account the legal =
issues related to the data protection and privacy law. Technological soluti=
ons are welcome, but it is necessary, before developing applications, to co=
nsider the risks which we cannot dismiss. Personal data is a value. In this=
context is fundamental to evaluate the legal issues and prevent them, adop=
ting in each project the privacy by design approach. Regarding the privacy =
and security risks, there are some issues with potential consequences for d=
ata security and liability. The IoT system allows us to transfer data on th=
e Internet, including personal data. In this context, it is important to co=
nsider the new European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - already=
in force from 24 May 2016 - that will be applicable on 25 May 2018. The GD=
PR introduces Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), data breach notific=
ation and very hard administrative fines in respect of infringements of the=
Regulation. A correct law analysis allows evaluating risks preventing the =
wrong use of personal data. The IoT ecosystem is evolving quickly, developi=
ng several applications in different sectors. The main topics for the last =
time are Big Data and the blockchain. People are paying attention to the la=
test one because of its potential concrete use for services and application=
s, increasing the security measures to guarantee a secure system. However, =
it is equally important to analyse the legal issues related to them. Everyo=
ne has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her. =
In this context, we cannot dismiss to guarantee an adequate protection of p=
ersonal data designing any application. The contribution describes the main=
legal issues related to privacy and data protection especially regarding t=
he blockchain, focusing on the Privacy by Design approach, a- cording to th=
e GDPR. Furthermore, I resolutely believe that is possible to develop a wor=
ldwide privacy standard framework that organisations can use for their data=
protection activities.
______________________________________________________
Fagherazzi G, Ravaud P. Digital diabetes: perspectives for diabetes prevent=
ion, management and research. Diabetes Metab. 2018;In Press. Epub 2018 Sep =
19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S126236361830171X Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Digital medicine, digital research and artificial intelligence (A=
I) have the power to transform the field of diabetes with continuous and no=
-burden remote monitoring of patients=E2=80=99 symptoms, physiological data=
, behaviours, and social and environmental contexts through the use of wear=
ables, sensors and smartphone technologies. Moreover, data generated online=
and by digital technologies =E2=80=93=E2=80=89which the authors suggest be=
grouped under the term =E2=80=98digitosome=E2=80=99=E2=80=89=E2=80=93 cons=
titute, through the quantity and variety of information they represent, a p=
owerful potential for identifying new digital markers and patterns of risk =
that, ultimately, when combined with clinical data, can improve diabetes ma=
nagement and quality of life, and also prevent diabetes-related complicatio=
ns. Moving from a world in which patients are characterized by only a few r=
ecent measurements of fasting glucose levels and glycated haemoglobin to a =
world where patients, healthcare professionals and research scientists can =
consider various key parameters at thousands of time points simultaneously =
will profoundly change the way diabetes is prevented, managed and character=
ized in patients living with diabetes, as well as how it is scientifically =
researched. Indeed, the present review looks at how the digitization of dia=
betes can impact all fields of diabetes =E2=80=93=E2=80=89its prevention, m=
anagement, technology and research=E2=80=89=E2=80=93 and how it can complem=
ent, but not replace, what is usually done in traditional clinical settings=
. Such a profound shift is a genuine game changer that should be embraced b=
y all, as it can provide solid research results transferable to patients, i=
mprove general health literacy, and provide tools to facilitate the everyda=
y decision-making process by both healthcare professionals and patients liv=
ing with diabetes.
______________________________________________________
Fan K, Wang S, Ren Y, Li H, Yang Y. MedBlock: efficient and secure medical =
data sharing via blockchain. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):136. Epub 2018 Jun 21.<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0993-7 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: With the development of electronic information technology, electr=
onic medical records (EMRs) have been a common way to store the patients' d=
ata in hospitals. They are stored in different hospitals' databases, even f=
or the same patient. Therefore, it is difficult to construct a summarized E=
MR for one patient from multiple hospital databases due to the security and=
privacy concerns. Meanwhile, current EMRs systems lack a standard data man=
agement and sharing policy, making it difficult for pharmaceutical scientis=
ts to develop precise medicines based on data obtained under different poli=
cies. To solve the above problems, we proposed a blockchain-based informati=
on management system, MedBlock, to handle patients' information. In this sc=
heme, the distributed ledger of MedBlock allows the efficient EMRs access a=
nd EMRs retrieval. The improved consensus mechanism achieves consensus of E=
MRs without large energy consumption and network congestion. In addition, M=
edBlock also exhibits high information security combining the customized ac=
cess control protocols and symmetric cryptography. MedBlock can play an imp=
ortant role in the sensitive medical information sharing.
______________________________________________________
Fawcett JP. Bitcoin regulations and investigations: a proposal for U.S. pol=
icies [Master's Thesis]: Utica College; 2016.
Reference Type: Thesis
Available from: https://infoskirmish.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/BITCOIN-R=
EGULATIONS-AND-INVESTIGATIONS.pdf
Abstract: Bitcoins were conceptualized in 2008, which revolutionized the di=
gital transfers of value within payment systems (Nakamoto, 2008). The adven=
t of digital currencies revealed problems concerning anonymity embedded in =
bitcoins, consequently raising money laundering concerns. Regulators and la=
w enforcement agencies struggle with addressing the money laundering issues=
inherent with bitcoin and digital currencies (Ajello, 2025). In response t=
o these threats, agencies have issued various opinions regarding defining d=
igital currencies within a financial framework. Regulator opinions concerni=
ng the applicability of bitcoins existing as currency, property, a commodit=
y and commodity money contradict each other. Moreover; prosecutorial agenci=
es attempt to fit digital currency exchangers under the regulations pertine=
nt to money service businesses (MSB) (Mandjee, 2015; Sonderegger, 2015). Th=
is project provided an analysis of scholarly material, government publicati=
ons, case law, and current trade information to examine a solution to the p=
roblem of money laundering through digital currency. This project revealed =
a need for a clear definition of bitcoin and digital currency within the co=
ntext of U.S. laws and regulation to assist with investigations concerning =
illicit uses of digital currency. Furthermore, a need exists for new U.S. l=
egislation specific to digital currency, which addresses money laundering a=
nd terrorist finance risks. Research revealed that digital currency regulat=
ions should mirror MSB regulations to curb peer-to-peer digital currency ex=
changes (Kirby, 2014). Additionally, FinCENs purview with financial crimes =
provides a unique position to assist law enforcement with digital currency =
investigations (FinCEN, 2014). A need exists for FinCEN to develop a blockc=
hain analysis tool for law enforcement agencies and to assist with complex =
digital currency investigations (DHS, 2014).
______________________________________________________
Fedorov AK, Kiktenko EO, Lvovsky AI. Quantum computers put blockchain secur=
ity at risk. Nature. 2018;563(7732):465. Epub 2018 Nov 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/articl=
es/d41586-018-07449-z/
Abstract: [FIRST FEW PARAGRAPHS] By 2025, up to 10% of global gross domesti=
c product is likely to be stored on blockchains1. A blockchain is a digital=
tool that uses cryptography techniques to protect information from unautho=
rized changes. It lies at the root of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency2. Blockcha=
in-related products are used everywhere from finance and manufacturing to h=
ealth care, in a market worth more than US$150 billion.
When information is money, data security, transparency and accountability a=
re crucial. A blockchain is a secure digital record, or ledger. It is maint=
ained collectively by users around the globe, rather than by one central ad=
ministration. Decisions such as whether to add an entry (or block) to the l=
edger are based on consensus =E2=80=94 so personal trust doesn=E2=80=99t co=
me into it. Any party inside or outside the network can check the integrity=
of the ledger by making a simple calculation.
But within a decade, quantum computers will be able to break a blockchain=
=E2=80=99s cryptographic codes. Here we highlight how quantum technology ma=
kes blockchains vulnerable =E2=80=94 and how it could render them more secu=
re.
______________________________________________________
Feng Q, He D, Zeadally S, Khan MK, Kumar N. A survey on privacy protection =
in blockchain system. J Netw Comput Appl. 2019;126:45-58. Epub 2018 Nov 13.=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804518303485 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Blockchain, as a decentralized and distributed public ledger tech=
nology in peer-to-peer network, has received considerable attention recentl=
y. It applies a linked block structure to verify and store data, and applie=
s the trusted consensus mechanism to synchronize changes in data, which mak=
es it possible to create a tamper-proof digital platform for storing and sh=
aring data. It is believed that blockchain can be utilized in diverse Inter=
net interactive systems (e.g., Internet of Things, supply chain systems, id=
entity management, and so on). However, there are some privacy challenges t=
hat may hinder the applications of blockchain. The goal of this survey is t=
o provide some insights into the privacy issues associated with blockchain.=
We analyze the privacy threats in blockchain and discuss existing cryptogr=
aphic defense mechanisms, i.e., anonymity and transaction privacy preservat=
ion. Furthermore, we summarize some typical implementations of privacy pres=
ervation mechanisms in blockchain and explore future research challenges th=
at still need to be addressed in order to preserve privacy when blockchain =
is used.
______________________________________________________
Fernandez-Carames TM, Blanco-Novoa O, Froiz-Miguez I, Fraga-Lamas P. Toward=
s an autonomous industry 4.0 warehouse: a UAV and blockchain-based system f=
or inventory and traceability applications in big data-driven supply chain =
management. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(10):2394. Epub 2019 May 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/10/23=
94
Abstract: Industry 4.0 has paved the way for a world where smart factories =
will automate and upgrade many processes through the use of some of the lat=
est emerging technologies. One of such technologies is Unmanned Aerial Vehi=
cles (UAVs), which have evolved a great deal in the last years in terms of =
technology (e.g., control units, sensors, UAV frames) and have significantl=
yr educed their cost. UAVs can help industry in automatable and tedious tas=
ks, like the ones performed on a regular basis for determining the inventor=
y and for preserving item traceability. In such tasks, especially when it c=
omes from untrusted third parties, it is essential to determine whether the=
collected information is valid or true. Likewise, ensuring data trustworth=
iness is a key issue in order to leverage Big Data analytics to supply chai=
n efficiency and effectiveness. In such a case, blockchain, another Industr=
y 4.0 technology that has become very popular in other fields like finance,=
has the potential to provide a higher level of transparency, security, tru=
st and efficiency in the supply chain and enable the use of smart contracts=
. Thus, in this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a UAV-based =
system aimed at automating inventory tasks and keeping the traceability of =
industrial items attached to Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags. To=
confront current shortcomings, such a system is developed under a versatil=
e, modular and scalable architecture aimed to reinforce cyber security and =
decentralization while fostering external audits and big data analytics. Th=
erefore, the system uses a blockchain and a distributed ledger to store cer=
tain inventory data collected by UAVs, validate them, ensure their trustwor=
thiness and make them available to the interested parties. In order to show=
the performance of the proposed system, different tests were performed in =
a real industrial warehouse, concluding that the system is able to obtain t=
he inventory data really fast in comparison to traditional manual tasks, wh=
ile being also able to estimate the position of the items when hovering ove=
r them thanks to their tag's signal strength. In addition, the performance =
of the proposed blockchain-based architecture was evaluated in different sc=
enarios.
______________________________________________________
Fern=C3=A1ndez-Caram=C3=A9s TM, Fraga-Lamas P. A review on the use of block=
chain for the internet of things. IEEE Access. 2018;6:32979-3001. Epub 2018=
May 31.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8370027
Abstract: The paradigm of Internet of Things (IoT) is paving the way for a =
world, where many of our daily objects will be interconnected and will inte=
ract with their environment in order to collect information and automate ce=
rtain tasks. Such a vision requires, among other things, seamless authentic=
ation, data privacy, security, robustness against attacks, easy deployment,=
and self-maintenance. Such features can be brought by blockchain, a techno=
logy born with a cryptocurrency called Bitcoin. In this paper, a thorough r=
eview on how to adapt blockchain to the specific needs of IoT in order to d=
evelop Blockchain-based IoT (BIoT) applications is presented. After describ=
ing the basics of blockchain, the most relevant BIoT applications are descr=
ibed with the objective of emphasizing how blockchain can impact traditiona=
l cloud-centered IoT applications. Then, the current challenges and possibl=
e optimizations are detailed regarding many aspects that affect the design,=
development, and deployment of a BIoT application. Finally, some recommend=
ations are enumerated with the aim of guiding future BIoT researchers and d=
evelopers on some of the issues that will have to be tackled before deployi=
ng the next generation of BIoT applications.
______________________________________________________
Fern=C3=A1ndez-Caram=C3=A9s TM, Froiz-Miguez I, Blanco-Novoa O, Fraga-Lamas=
P. Enabling the internet of mobile crowdsourcing health things: a mobile f=
og computing, blockchain and IoT based continuous glucose monitoring system=
for diabetes mellitus research and care. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(15). Epu=
b 2019 Jul 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/33=
19
Abstract: Diabetes patients suffer from abnormal blood glucose levels, whic=
h can cause diverse health disorders that affect their kidneys, heart and v=
ision. Due to these conditions, diabetes patients have traditionally checke=
d blood glucose levels through Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) tech=
niques, like pricking their fingers multiple times per day. Such techniques=
involve a number of drawbacks that can be solved by using a device called =
Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM), which can measure blood glucose levels co=
ntinuously throughout the day without having to prick the patient when carr=
ying out every measurement. This article details the design and implementat=
ion of a system that enhances commercial CGMs by adding Internet of Things =
(IoT) capabilities to them that allow for monitoring patients remotely and,=
thus, warning them about potentially dangerous situations. The proposed sy=
stem makes use of smartphones to collect blood glucose values from CGMs and=
then sends them either to a remote cloud or to distributed fog computing n=
odes. Moreover, in order to exchange reliable, trustworthy and cybersecure =
data with medical scientists, doctors and caretakers, the system includes t=
he deployment of a decentralized storage system that receives, processes an=
d stores the collected data. Furthermore, in order to motivate users to add=
new data to the system, an incentive system based on a digital cryptocurre=
ncy named GlucoCoin was devised. Such a system makes use of a blockchain th=
at is able to execute smart contracts in order to automate CGM sensor purch=
ases or to reward the users that contribute to the system by providing thei=
r own data. Thanks to all the previously mentioned technologies, the propos=
ed system enables patient data crowdsourcing and the development of novel m=
obile health (mHealth) applications for diagnosing, monitoring, studying an=
d taking public health actions that can help to advance in the control of t=
he disease and raise global awareness on the increasing prevalence of diabe=
tes.
______________________________________________________
Figorilli S, Antonucci F, Costa C, Pallottino F, Raso L, Castiglione M, et =
al. A blockchain implementation prototype for the electronic open source tr=
aceability of wood along the whole supply chain. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(9=
):3133. Epub 2018 Sep 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/313=
3
Abstract: This is the first work to introduce the use of blockchain technol=
ogy for the electronic traceability of wood from standing tree to final use=
r. Infotracing integrates the information related to the product quality wi=
th those related to the traceability [physical and digital documents (Radio=
Frequency IDentification-RFID-architecture)] within an online information =
system whose steps (transactions) can be made safe to evidence of alteratio=
n through the blockchain. This is a decentralized and distributed ledger th=
at keeps records of digital transactions in such a way that makes them acce=
ssible and visible to multiple participants in a network while keeping them=
secure without the need of a centralized certification organism. This work=
implements a blockchain architecture within the wood chain electronic trac=
eability. The infotracing system is based on RFID sensors and open source t=
echnology. The entire forest wood supply chain was simulated from standing =
trees to the final product passing through tree cutting and sawmill process=
. Different kinds of Internet of Things (IoT) open source devices and tags =
were used, and a specific app aiming the forest operations was engineered t=
o collect and store in a centralized database information (e.g., species, d=
ate, position, dendrometric and commercial information).
______________________________________________________
Finck M. Blockchains and data protection in the European Union. Eur Data Pr=
ot Law Rev. 2018;4(1):17-35.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2018/1/6=
Abstract: This article examines data protection on blockchains and other fo=
rms of distributed ledger technology. Whereas the General Data Protection R=
egulation was fashioned for centralised methods of data collection, storage=
and processing, blockchains decentralise each of these processes. We engag=
e with the resulting tensions in the below analysis.
______________________________________________________
Firdaus A, Anuar NB, Razak MFA, Hashem IAT, Bachok S, Sangaiah AK. Root exp=
loit detection and features optimization: mobile device and blockchain base=
d medical data management. J Med Syst. 2018;42(6):112. Epub 2018 May 4.
=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ume=
xpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00006193_161638_73389.pdf Open access;=
https://link.springer.com/article/10=
.1007/s10916-018-0966-x Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The increasing demand for Android mobile devices and blockchain h=
as motivated malware creators to develop mobile malware to compromise the b=
lockchain. Although the blockchain is secure, attackers have managed to gai=
n access into the blockchain as legal users, thereby comprising important a=
nd crucial information. Examples of mobile malware include root exploit, bo=
tnets, and Trojans and root exploit is one of the most dangerous malware. I=
t compromises the operating system kernel in order to gain root privileges =
which are then used by attackers to bypass the security mechanisms, to gain=
complete control of the operating system, to install other possible types =
of malware to the devices, and finally, to steal victims' private keys link=
ed to the blockchain. For the purpose of maximizing the security of the blo=
ckchain-based medical data management (BMDM), it is crucial to investigate =
the novel features and approaches contained in root exploit malware. This s=
tudy proposes to use the bio-inspired method of practical swarm optimizatio=
n (PSO) which automatically select the exclusive features that contain the =
novel android debug bridge (ADB). This study also adopts boosting (adaboost=
, realadaboost, logitboost, and multiboost) to enhance the machine learning=
prediction that detects unknown root exploit, and scrutinized three catego=
ries of features including (1) system command, (2) directory path and (3) c=
ode-based. The evaluation gathered from this study suggests a marked accura=
cy value of 93% with Logitboost in the simulation. Logitboost also helped t=
o predicted all the root exploit samples in our developed system, the root =
exploit detection system (RODS).
______________________________________________________
Florea BC. Blockchain and internet of things data provider for smart applic=
ations. In: Stojanovic=CC=81 R, Jo=CC=81z=CC=81wiak L, Juris=CC=8Cic=CC=81 =
D, Lutovac B, editors. 2018 7th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Comput=
ing (MECO); 2018 Jun 10-14; Budva, Montenegro. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018.<=
br>
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://fardapaper.ir/m=
ohavaha/uploads/2018/08/Fardapaper-Blockchain-and-Internet-of-Things-Data-P=
rovider-for-Smart-Applications.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8406041 Subscrip=
tion required to view.
Abstract: This paper describes the use of blockchain technology as a data p=
rovider in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Blockchain is a novel tec=
hnology, which has gained a lot of attention in the last years, mainly due =
to its use as a backbone for cryptocurrencies. The main purpose of blockcha=
in technology is to provide anonymous transactions between participants, ov=
er a peer-to-peer network, using a decentralized distributed ledger. The go=
al of this novel approach is to eliminate any 3<sup>rd</sup> pa=
rty validation and replace the trust of a central authority for transaction=
validation with cryptographic proof. While most applications of the blockc=
hain revolve around cryptocurrencies, the blockchain can be used in many ot=
her fields, such as finance, distributed data storage, health and medicine,=
automation, etc. By creating an open, decentralized network, the blockchai=
n can be used to develop decentralized applications and enable data access =
and sharing on a much higher level than the common implementations of clien=
t-server architectures which are in use today. In this paper, we will prese=
nt a proof of concept method for field devices to store and share data usin=
g a distributed ledger built on the IOTA tangle, as well as provide means o=
f access to the data which can be used in IoT and decentralized application=
s.
______________________________________________________
Francisco K, Swanson D. The supply chain has no clothes: technology adoptio=
n of blockchain for supply chain transparency. Logistics. 2018;2(1). Epub 2=
018 Jan 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6290/2/1/2
=
Abstract: Blockchain technology, popularized by Bitcoin cryptocurrency, is =
characterized as an open-source, decentralized, distributed database for st=
oring transaction information. Rather than relying on centralized intermedi=
aries (e.g., banks) this technology allows two parties to transact directly=
using duplicate, linked ledgers called blockchains. This makes transaction=
s considerably more transparent than those provided by centralized systems.=
As a result, transactions are executed without relying on explicit trust [=
of a third party], but on the distributed trust based on the consensus of t=
he network (i.e., other blockchain users). Applying this technology to impr=
ove supply chain transparency has many possibilities. Every product has a l=
ong and storied history. However, much of this history is presently obscure=
d. Often, when negative practices are exposed, they quickly escalate to sca=
ndalous, and financially crippling proportions. There are many recent examp=
les, such as the exposure of child labor upstream in the manufacturing proc=
ess and the unethical use of rainforest resources. Blockchain may bring sup=
ply chain transparency to a new level, but presently academic and manageria=
l adoption of blockchain technologies is limited by our understanding. To a=
ddress this issue, this research uses the Unified Theory of Acceptance and =
Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the concept of technology innovation adoption=
as a foundational framework for supply chain traceability. A conceptual mo=
del is developed and the research culminates with supply chain implications=
of blockchain that are inspired by theory and literature review.
______________________________________________________
Friebe S, Sobik I, Zitterbart M. DecentID: decentralized and privacy-preser=
ving identity storage system using smart contracts. In: IEEE Computer Socie=
ty, editor. 2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and =
Privacy in Computing and Communications ; the 12th IEEE International Confe=
rence on Big Data Science and Engineering; 2018 Jul 31-Aug 3; New York, NY.=
Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society; 2018. p. 37-42.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8455884 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Many Internet services require the registration of an account bef=
ore permitting use of their services. Over time, many Internet users end up=
with a multitude of accounts with separated identities. A solution to this=
problem is offered by single-sign-on (SSO) providers, where a user can cre=
ate a single identity and use this identity for multiple services. However =
it requires the user to trust the SSO provider. When the provider blocks ac=
cess to the identities the users lose access to their subscribed services. =
To avoid this problem, we propose DecentID, a completely decentralized iden=
tity storage system that does not require a centralized trusted third party=
. Instead, a public blockchain is used as trust anchor. Identities can be c=
reated and used for different services. Each service can only read the iden=
tity attributes disclosed for it without being able to read attributes the =
user wants to keep secret.
______________________________________________________
Funk E, Riddell J, Ankel F, Cabrera D. Blockchain technology: a data framew=
ork to improve validity, trust, and accountability of information exchange =
in health professions education. Acad Med. 2018;93(12):1791-4. Epub 2018 De=
c 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/=
Fulltext/2018/12000/Blockchain_Technology___A_Data_Framework_to.21.aspx=
Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Health professions educators face multiple challenges, among them=
the need to adapt educational methods to new technologies. In the last dec=
ades, multiple new digital platforms have appeared in the learning arena, i=
ncluding massive open online courses and social-media-based education. The =
major critique of these novel methods is the lack of the ability to ascerta=
in the origin, validity, and accountability of the knowledge that is create=
d, shared, and acquired. Recently, a novel technology based on secured data=
storage and transmission, called blockchain, has emerged as a way to gener=
ate networks where validity, trust, and accountability can be created. Conc=
eptually, blockchain is an open, public, distributed, and secure digital re=
gistry where information transactions are secured and have a clear origin, =
explicit pathways, and concrete value. Health professions education based o=
n blockchain will potentially allow improved tracking of content and the in=
dividuals who create it, quantify educational impact on multiple generation=
s of learners, and build a relative value of educational interventions. Fur=
thermore, institutions adopting blockchain technology would be able to prov=
ide certification and credentialing of health care professionals with no in=
termediaries. There is potential for blockchain to significantly change the=
future of health professions education and radically transform how patient=
s, professionals, educators, and learners interact around safe, valid, and =
accountable information.
______________________________________________________
Furlanello C, De Domenico M, Jurman G, Bussola N. Towards a scientific bloc=
kchain framework for reproducible data analysis. arXiv [Internet]. 2017 Jul=
20 [cited 2018 Nov 2]; 1707.06552:[8 p.]. Available from: https=
://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06552
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Publishing reproducible analyses is a long-standing and widesprea=
d challenge for the scientific community, funding bodies and publishers. Al=
though a definitive solution is still elusive, the problem is recognized to=
affect all disciplines and lead to a critical system inefficiency. Here, w=
e propose a blockchain-based approach to enhance scientific reproducibility=
, with a focus on life science studies and precision medicine. While the in=
terest of encoding permanently into an immutable ledger all the study key i=
nformation=E2=80=93including endpoints, data and metadata, protocols, analy=
tical methods and all findings=E2=80=93has been already highlighted, here w=
e apply the blockchain approach to solve the issue of rewarding time and ex=
pertise of scientists that commit to verify reproducibility. Our mechanism =
builds a trustless ecosystem of researchers, funding bodies and publishers =
cooperating to guarantee digital and permanent access to information and re=
producible results. As a natural byproduct, a procedure to quantify scienti=
sts=E2=80=99 and institutions=E2=80=99 reputation for ranking purposes is o=
btained.
______________________________________________________
Gagnon ML, Stephen G. A pragmatic solution to a major interoperability prob=
lem: using blockchain for the nationwide patient index. Blockchain Healthc =
Today [Internet]. 2018 Aug 16 [cited 2019 Mar 12]; 1(18):[9 p.]. Available =
from: https://blockchainh=
ealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/28
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Associating the health-related records and transactions of patien=
ts with their numerous =E2=80=9Cidentities=E2=80=9D as they interact with d=
ifferent healthcare providers, payers, pharmacy benefit managers and other =
entities is an expensive and complex problem. With many years of experience=
addressing this issue in different healthcare systems and Health Informati=
on Exchanges (HIEs), it is apparent that there is now a compelling and rela=
tively straightforward technical solution for this problem. Presented here =
is a broadly feasible and technically compelling argument for a blockchain-=
based approach to addressing these issues. At the same time, challenges ahe=
ad and potential strategies to address them are discussed.
______________________________________________________
Gallersd=C3=B6rfer USS. Analysis of use cases of blockchain technology in l=
egal transactions [Master's Thesis]: Technical University of Munich; 2017.<=
br>
Reference Type: Thesis
Available from: https://wwwmat=
thes.in.tum.de/file/1i46ejaad8w5j/Sebis-Public-Website/-/Master-s-Thesis-Ul=
rich-Gallersdoerfer/170508%20Gallersdoerfer%20MT.pdf
Abstract: The interest in blockchain technology of enterprises and startups=
is rising. The technology itself, up today mostly found in cryptocurrencie=
s, promises to be a decentralized platform for storing data or transferring=
assets preventing any manipulation. The decentralized database cuts out a =
trusted third party (TTP), guaranteeing the integrity only with its underly=
ing cryptographic promises. While cryptocurrencies clearly benefit from thi=
s technology, it is difficult to see the benefits and usages of this techno=
logy in other areas of interest. Varying industries are researching the pot=
entials behind blockchain, proposing a range of different use case scenario=
s.
We give an insight into the technology itself behind cryptocurrencies and e=
xplain in detail, how the functionality of Blockchain is established and ho=
w it is set up. Upon that knowledge, different views describing the blockch=
ain architecture are created, giving an overview about the technical layers=
, the roles, and its life cycle. The different views allow users and develo=
pers to comprehensively access the technology. Additionally, a blockchain o=
ntology is created, explaining connections between single components within=
the network.
Furthermore, this thesis provides an overview of different use cases and pr=
oposes a topology. In this topology, use cases are classified in categories=
, showing the potentials of Blockchain technology. Additionally, we give a =
detailed description of existing parameters for the blockchain, explaining =
which influence they have on the overall network. With this, a mapping is f=
acilitated between these categories and the different parameters, giving a =
detailed overview about the blockchain and its potentials. It informs about=
all varying abilities and enables decision makers to properly find and sel=
ect use cases within this technology. In interviews with over 15 experts fr=
om different companies, an insight is given into the recent developments in=
this technology and the advancements of it.
Additionally, we prototypically implemented a use case, enabling lawyers to=
collaboratively create a contract in which all changes are recorded on a B=
lockchain. Thereby, Blockchain is effectively used to prevent manipulation =
of content or attribution to authors.
______________________________________________________
Gammon K. Experimenting with blockchain: can one technology boost both data=
integrity and patients' pocketbooks? Nat Med. 2018;24(4):378-81. Epub 2018=
Apr 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0418=
-378 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: [FIRST FEW PARAGRAPHS] Lucy Ojomoko eyes her selfie. She is young=
, tall and slender, and her dark hair is pulled back in a ponytail. She cli=
cks 'upload' and waits. Her picture is soon accepted to the system she help=
ed to create, and five LifePounds are deposited in her online account.
=
While she waits for the LifePounds to deposit, she clicks through to add he=
r current health information--height, weight, blood pressure, resting pulse=
--and adds updated data in these fields. More sensitive information, like b=
lood tests or pictures of her skin, face, back or chest, earn more LifePoun=
ds. The company says that their digital currency can eventually be traded f=
or discounts on health tests or products like toothpaste and shampoo--and e=
xchanged for cold, hard cash. The LifePound is a brand of cryptocurrency, a=
new form of digital currency that operates without a bank. The government,=
as well as private companies and drug developers aiming to develop drugs a=
nd antiaging products, can buy the data linked to the currency through the =
Longenesis marketplace.
______________________________________________________
Gassner UM. Blockchain in EU e-health - blocked by the barrier of data prot=
ection? Compliance Elliance J. 2018;4(3):3-20.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://ul.qucosa.de/api/=
qucosa%3A32042/attachment/ATT-0/
Abstract: Compliance with data protection requirements is always a tricky b=
usiness and even more intricate when it comes to cutting-edge technologies =
such as distributed ledger technology (DLT), better known as Block Chain Te=
chnology (BCT). These difficulties increase even more when the personal dat=
a concerned is accorded a special level of protection, as is the case with =
health data. The following article aims to describe and analyze the legal i=
ssues associated with this scenario. The focus here is on the European Unio=
n's (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which took effect on Ma=
y 25, 2018. Furthermore, the functionality of BCT and its possible fields o=
f application in healthcare will be outlined.
______________________________________________________
Gatteschi V, Lamberti F, Demartini C, Pranteda C, Santamar=C3=ADa V. To blo=
ckchain or not to blockchain: that is the question. IT Prof. 2018;20(2):62-=
74. Epub 2018 Apr 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8338007 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain has been considered a breakthrough technology-but does=
your company need it? In this article, the authors discuss the advantages =
and disadvantages of blockchain technology using examples from the insuranc=
e sector, which can be generalized and applied to other sectors.
______________________________________________________
Gebremedhin TA. Blockchain as a technology to facilitate privacy and better=
health record management. The University of Bergen: Western Norway Univers=
ity of Applied Science; 2018.
Reference Type: Thesis
Available from: http://bora.uib.no/handle/1956/19621
=
Abstract: Fear of stigmatization and discrimination from colleagues, friend=
s and family drives patients with various type of mental health problems aw=
ay from a traditional face-to-face therapy and enforces them to look for an=
alternative treatment methods. Internet-based mental health therapy helps =
patients to get their needed therapies and support from healthcare professi=
onal and peers, or as a part of automated online form of therapy. Conductin=
g Internet based therapy anonymously is vital for the patient privacy. Howe=
ver, lack of trust, access permission, ownership control and traceability u=
ndermines patient safety and security. Blockchain technology is an innovati=
ve technology initially designed for a cryptocurrency. However, with the in=
troduction of programming blockchain and smart contracts, the technology ha=
s extended its importance to other areas for developing decentralized appli=
cation (DApp), such as mental health related information management, which =
is the primary focus of this thesis. Privacy and security are very crucial =
for patient safety and to preserve patient=E2=80=99s medical history from a=
dversaries. Sharing of private medical information online between the patie=
nt and their respective provider contains sensitive information that can ea=
sily be compromised if a proper security measure is not put in place. Block=
chain is consensus-based peer-to-peer distributed ledger technology that st=
ores and maintains an updated copy of all transactions within the network. =
It makes trust more transparent and traceable by keeping auditable-logs of =
all transactions in the form of blocks. In this thesis, Blockchain and its =
underlying technology are studied, and a prototype has been developed to ex=
plore the potential of the blockchain technology. Furthermore, we explore a=
lternative distributed ledger technologies and their respective security mo=
dels such as consensus protocols, cryptographic techniques, privacy and sca=
lability. The prototype was proposed based on Ethereum blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Giancaspro M. Is a =E2=80=98smart contract=E2=80=99 really a smart idea? In=
sights from a legal perspective. Comput Law Secur Rev. 2017;33(6):825-35. E=
pub 2017 Jun 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_=
Giancaspro/publication/317354410_Is_a_%27smart_contract%27_really_a_smart_i=
dea_Insights_from_a_legal_perspective/links/5c2d5891a6fdccfc707902d8/Is-a-s=
mart-contract-really-a-smart-idea-Insights-from-a-legal-perspective.pdf=
Open access; http://www.scien=
cedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491730167X Subscription require=
d to view.
Abstract: Swift developments in the emerging field of blockchain technology=
have facilitated the birth of =E2=80=98smart contracts=E2=80=99: computeri=
sed transaction protocols which autonomously execute the terms of a contrac=
t. Smart contracts are disintermediated and generally transparent in nature=
, offering the promise of increased commercial efficiency, lower transactio=
n and legal costs, and anonymous transacting. The business world is activel=
y investigating the use of blockchain technology for various commercial pur=
poses. Whilst questions surround the security and reliability of this techn=
ology, and the negative impact it may have upon traditional intermediaries,=
there are equally significant concerns that smart contracts will encounter=
considerable difficulty adapting to current legal frameworks regulating co=
ntracts across jurisdictions. This article considers the potential issues w=
ith legal and practical enforceability that arise from the use of smart con=
tracts within both civil and common law jurisdictions.
______________________________________________________
Giordanengo A. Possible usages of smart contracts (blockchain) in healthcar=
e and why no one is using them. In: Ohno-Machado L, S=C3=A9roussi B, editor=
s. MEDINFO 2019: Health and Wellbeing e-Networks for All; Lyon, France. Cli=
fton, VA: International Medical Informatics Association and IOS Press; 2019=
. p. 596-600.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/52057
Abstract: Security, privacy, transparency, consent, and data sharing are ma=
jor challenges that healthcare institutions must address today. The explosi=
on of the Internet of Things (IoT), the enactment of the General Data Prote=
ction Regulation (GDPR), the growing trend of patients self-managing their =
diseases, and the eagerness of patients to share their self-collected healt=
h data with primary and secondary health organisations further increase the=
complexity of these challenges. Smart contracts, based on blockchain techn=
ology, can be a legitimate approach for addressing these challenges. Smart =
contracts define rules and penalties in an agreement, enforce those rules, =
and render them irrevocable. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review =
(as of May 2018) of the possible usages of smart contracts in healthcare an=
d focuses on data sharing between patients, doctors, and institutions.
<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Glover DG, Hermans J. Improving the traceability of the clinical trial supp=
ly chain. Appl Clin Trials. 2017;26(12):36-8. Epub 2017 Dec 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.ap=
pliedclinicaltrialsonline.com/print/347703?page=3Dfull
Abstract: The Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) and similar global reg=
ulations were designed to help protect the integrity of the medication supp=
ly chain by gathering data at each step of a medication=E2=80=99s journey. =
While the focus is on the =E2=80=9CApproved Drug=E2=80=9D supply chain, the=
re has been little conversation or focus on the clinical drug supply chain.=
Blockchain technology has the potential to positively impact clinical tria=
l supply chains by improving the traceability of medications from active ph=
armaceutical ingredient (API) to patient, while facilitating the gathering =
of patient-level data in a HIPAA-compliant manner. This is done by having p=
atients and other individuals participating in the network record data to t=
he blockchain, which then moves that information to the appropriate system =
and groups with access to view that data. The data is auditable, immutable,=
and can help create a longitudinal record of a patient=E2=80=99s health st=
atus.
______________________________________________________
G=C3=B6kalp E, G=C3=B6kalp MO, =C3=87oban S, Eren PE. Analysing opportuniti=
es and challenges of integrated blockchain technologies in healthcare. In: =
Wrycza S, Ma=C5=9Blankowski J, editors. Information Systems: Research, Deve=
lopment, Applications, Education; 2018 Sept 20; Gdansk, Poland. Cham, Switz=
erland: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 174-83.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.resea=
rchgate.net/profile/Ebru_Goekalp/publication/327229059_Analysing_Opportunit=
ies_and_Challenges_of_Integrated_Blockchain_Technologies_in_Healthcare/link=
s/5c0421a592851c63cab5cb96/Analysing-Opportunities-and-Challenges-of-Integr=
ated-Blockchain-Technologies-in-Healthcare.pdf Open access; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2=
F978-3-030-00060-8_13 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain is a disruptive technology with the potential to have =
a significant impact on business models and industries, similar to the adop=
tion of Internet. Blockchain promotes distributed, open, inclusive, immutab=
le, and secure architectural approaches, instead of centralized, hidden, ex=
clusive, and alterable alternatives. The adoption of blockchain in the heal=
thcare domain offers promising solutions for securing communications among =
stakeholders, efficient delivery of clinical reports, and integrating vario=
us kinds of private health records of individuals on a secure infrastructur=
e. Accordingly, the main aim of this study is to propose a holistic blockch=
ain structure covering all stakeholders in the healthcare domain and to ana=
lyse opportunities and challenges by presenting an integrated blockchain ar=
chitecture. The comprehensive view of blockchain based healthcare system co=
nsists of services as follows: personal medical health record storage and a=
ccess, personal genomic data storage and access, inventory tracking and buy=
-sell mechanism, health research commons, health document notary services, =
doctor services, digital health wallet, peer-to peer insurance. The opportu=
nities of using blockchain in the healthcare domain are considered with res=
pect to several viewpoints such as transparency, accountability, decentrali=
zation, record accuracy, secure transactions, interoperability, lower costs=
, collaboration, agility, individualized care with specialized treatment, i=
mproved diagnosis methods, risk of insurance contract, prevention of counte=
rfeit drugs and improved quality of medical research. Challenges associated=
with the implementation of blockchain in the healthcare domain are also hi=
ghlighted, such as governance, lack of legacy, privacy, sustainability, sca=
lability, adoption of participation, and cost of operations.
______________________________________________________
Goldwater JC. The use of a blockchain to foster the development of patient-=
reported outcome measures. Washington, DC: National Quality Forum, 2016.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/6-42-use_of_blockchain=
_to_develop_proms.pdf
Abstract: Patient-related outcome measures (PROMs), which focus on outcomes=
that are directly related to the patient, have taken on added importance a=
nd significance over the past several years. This is due, in part, to the i=
ncreased attention focused on the patient experience of care and to provide=
a patient-focused assessment on the burden and impact of disease. PROMs ca=
n include symptoms and other aspects of health =E2=80=93related quality of =
life indicators such as physical or social function, treatment adherence, a=
nd satisfaction with treatment. They can also facilitate more accurate pati=
ent-physician communication in terms of the burden of treatment-related mor=
bidities by providing a more detailed and complete evaluation of treatments=
for specific conditions, such as cancer or multiple sclerosis.
______________________________________________________
Gordon WJ, Catalini C. Blockchain technology for healthcare: facilitating t=
he transition to patient-driven interoperability. Comput Struct Biotechnol =
J. 2018;16:224-30. Epub 2018 Aug 03.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S200103701830028X
Abstract: Interoperability in healthcare has traditionally been focused aro=
und data exchange between business entities, for example, different hospita=
l systems. However, there has been a recent push towards patient-driven int=
eroperability, in which health data exchange is patient-mediated and patien=
t-driven. Patient-centered interoperability, however, brings with it new ch=
allenges and requirements around security and privacy, technology, incentiv=
es, and governance that must be addressed for this type of data sharing to =
succeed at scale. In this paper, we look at how blockchain technology might=
facilitate this transition through five mechanisms: (1) digital access rul=
es, (2) data aggregation, (3) data liquidity, (4) patient identity, and (5)=
data immutability. We then look at barriers to blockchain-enabled patient-=
driven interoperability, specifically clinical data transaction volume, pri=
vacy and security, patient engagement, and incentives. We conclude by notin=
g that while patient-driving interoperability is an exciting trend in healt=
hcare, given these challenges, it remains to be seen whether blockchain can=
facilitate the transition from institution-centric to patient-centric data=
sharing.
______________________________________________________
Greenberger M. Block what? The unrealized potential of blockchain in health=
care. Nurs Manage. 2019;50(5).
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.lww.com/nursingman=
agement/Fulltext/2019/05000/Block_what__The_unrealized_potential_of_blockch=
ain.3.aspx Subscription required to view
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] merging technology is a constant=E2=80=94just l=
ike change=E2=80=94in industries like healthcare where scenarios shift at a=
moment=E2=80=99s notice. Healthcare leaders recognize that innovations and=
novel ways of addressing today=E2=80=99s healthcare challenges continue to=
be developed yet understand that new solutions can bring unintended conseq=
uences. And clinicians are used to the latest technologies entering the mar=
ketplace and being advertised as the answer to complicated problems. Altern=
atively, disruptive technology is a fresh way of solving old problems. Bloc=
kchain is one such technology that=E2=80=99s quietly challenging the way bu=
sinesses and individuals think about accessing and sharing information amon=
g different stakeholders. But why should we care about blockchain in health=
care?
______________________________________________________
Griggs KN, Ossipova O, Kohlios CP, Baccarini AN, Howson EA, Hayajneh T. Hea=
lthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote=
patient monitoring. J Med Syst. 2018;42(7):130. Epub 2018 Jun 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alessandro_Baccarini/publication/=
325605811_Healthcare_Blockchain_System_Using_Smart_Contracts_for_Secure_Aut=
omated_Remote_Patient_Monitoring/links/5b22803baca272277fab615b/Healthcare-=
Blockchain-System-Using-Smart-Contracts-for-Secure-Automated-Remote-Patient=
-Monitoring.pdf Open access; http=
s://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x Subscription re=
quired to view.
Abstract: As Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other remote patient moni=
toring systems increase in popularity, security concerns about the transfer=
and logging of data transactions arise. In order to handle the protected h=
ealth information (PHI) generated by these devices, we propose utilizing bl=
ockchain-based smart contracts to facilitate secure analysis and management=
of medical sensors. Using a private blockchain based on the Ethereum proto=
col, we created a system where the sensors communicate with a smart device =
that calls smart contracts and writes records of all events on the blockcha=
in. This smart contract system would support real-time patient monitoring a=
nd medical interventions by sending notifications to patients and medical p=
rofessionals, while also maintaining a secure record of who has initiated t=
hese activities. This would resolve many security vulnerabilities associate=
d with remote patient monitoring and automate the delivery of notifications=
to all involved parties in a HIPAA compliant manner.
______________________________________________________
Grishin D, Obbad K, Estep P, Quinn K, Wait Zaranek S, Wait Zeranek A, et al=
. Accelerating genomic data generation and facilitating genomic data access=
using decentralization, privacy-preserving technologies and equitable comp=
ensation. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 Dec 17 [cited 2019 Mar =
12]; 1(34):[23 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/=
view/34
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: In the years since the first human genome was sequenced at a cost=
of over $3 billion, technological advancements have driven the price below=
$1,000, making personal genome sequencing affordable to many people. Perso=
nal genome sequencing has the potential to enable better disease prevention=
, more accurate diagnoses, and personalized therapies. Furthermore, sharing=
genomic data with researchers promises identification of the causes of man=
y diseases and the development of new therapies. However, sequencing costs,=
data privacy concerns, regulatory restrictions, and technical challenges i=
mpede the growth of genomic data and hinder data sharing. In this article, =
we propose that these challenges can be addressed by combining decentralize=
d system design, privacy-preserving technologies, and an equitable compensa=
tion model in a platform that vests control over data with individual owner=
s; ensures transparency and privacy; facilitates regulatory compliance; min=
imizes expensive data transfers; and shifts the sequencing costs from consu=
mers, patients, and biobanks to researchers in industry and academia. We ex=
emplify this by describing the implementation of Nebula, a distributed geno=
mic data generation, sharing, and analysis platform.
______________________________________________________
Gropper A. Powering the physician-patient relationship with HIE of One Bloc=
kchain Health IT. ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Wo=
rkshop; 2016 Sep 26-27; Gaithersburg, MD. National Institute of Standards T=
echnology.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/=
files/7-29-poweringthephysician-patientrelationshipwithblockchainhealthit.p=
df
Abstract: Physicians steer treatment together with patients and are respons=
ible for the vast majority of decisions, and therefore expenditures, in hea=
lthcare. Yet the technology that mediates the physician=C2=ADpatient relati=
onship today is not directly purchased or controlled by either the physicia=
ns or the patients. Electronic health records and health information exchan=
ge technology are sold as strategic assets to institutions, typically very =
large businesses, that currently have incentives to maximize institutional =
growth. We seek a better balance of institutional needs with the needs of p=
hysicians and patients.
It is widely accepted that reducing healthcare cost growth requires genuine=
practice reform. Few institutions, however, are planning to reduce their o=
wn size. By focusing health information technology and interoperability on =
the physician=C2=ADpatient relationship we bypass the inertia of institutio=
ns, fertilize the environment for value=C2=ADbased payment, and optimize ca=
re options among hospitals, the community, and home, as appropriate.
Blockchain is widely recognized for its ability to empower innovators and i=
ndividuals on a large scale in an environment that includes the necessity o=
f institutions. The appropriate application of blockchain technology to hea=
lth IT can shift the balance to the physician=C2=ADpatient relationship. It=
=E2=80=99s hard to imagine a more effective lubricant for innovation in our=
complex privatized healthcare system.
______________________________________________________
Gross MS, Miller RC. Ethical implementation of the learning healthcare syst=
em with blockchain technology. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2019 Ju=
n 12 [cited 2019 Jul 8]; 2(113):[9 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index=
.php/journal/article/view/113
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: We propose that blockchain technology complemented by secure comp=
utation methods can foster implementation of a learning healthcare system (=
LHCS) by minimizing upfront patient-facing compromises with unsurpassed dat=
a security and privacy, and by optimizing the system=E2=80=99s fulfillment =
of its obligations to respect patients through transparency, engagement, an=
d accountability. We demonstrate how a blockchain-enabled LHCS could foster=
patient willingness to contribute to learning by providing desired securit=
y and control over health data. In addition, secure computation methods cou=
ld enable meta-analysis without exposing individual-level data, thus allowi=
ng the system to protect patients=E2=80=99 privacy while simultaneously lea=
rning from their data. The transparency and immutability of blockchain ledg=
ers would also support the public=E2=80=99s trust in the system by allowing=
patients to audit and oversee which of their data are used, how they are u=
sed, and by whom. Furthermore, blockchain communities are community-governe=
d peer-to-peer networks in which sharing builds mutually beneficial value, =
offering a model for engaging patients as LHCS stakeholders. Smart contract=
s could be used to ensure accountability of the system by embedding feedbac=
k mechanisms by which patients directly and automatically realize benefits =
of sharing their data.
______________________________________________________
Gruson D. New solutions for the sample transport and results delivery: a di=
gital lab. Electron J Int Fed Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;29(3):210-4. Epub 201=
8 Nov 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC6247134/
Abstract: The consolidation of laboratories, the evolution to integrated ca=
re network as well as an environment of consumerization are disrupting labo=
ratory services and operations. The switch to SMART (Speed Metrics Automati=
on Remote Technologies) digital laboratories based health ecosystems depend=
s on several prerequisites for successes. Intelligent processes, integratio=
n of big data and real-time data management, automation, blockchain, Intern=
et of things and enhancement of user experiences are key element of the sma=
rt digital laboratory. Safety, security and cost-effectiveness are pillars =
for the credibility and transferability of such smart digital laboratory en=
vironment. This transforming ecosystem will also trigger novel human - mach=
ine interfaces and we will be the gatekeepers for this new "click to brick"=
ecosystem.
______________________________________________________
Gu J, Sun B, Du X, Wang J, Zhuang Y, Wang Z. Consortium blockchain-based ma=
lware detection in mobile devices. IEEE Access. 2018;6:12118-28. Epub 2018 =
Feb 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8290934
Abstract: To address the problem of detecting malicious codes in malware an=
d extracting the corresponding evidences in mobile devices, we construct a =
consortium blockchain framework, which is composed of a detecting consortiu=
m chain shared by test members and a public chain shared by users. Specific=
ally, in view of different malware families in Android-based system, we per=
form feature modeling by utilizing statistical analysis method, so as to ex=
tract malware family features, including software package feature, permissi=
on and application feature, and function call feature. Moreover, for reduci=
ng false-positive rate and improving the detecting ability of malware varia=
nts, we design a multi-feature detection method of Android-based system for=
detecting and classifying malware. In addition, we establish a fact-base o=
f distributed Android malicious codes by blockchain technology. The experim=
ental results show that, compared with the previously published algorithms,=
the new proposed method can achieve higher detection accuracy in limited t=
ime with lower false-positive and false-negative rates.
______________________________________________________
Guo R, Shi R, Zhao Q, Zheng D. Secure attribute-based signature scheme with=
multiple authorities for blockchain in electronic health records systems. =
IEEE Access. 2018;6:11676-86. Epub 2018 Feb 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.or=
g/abstract/document/8279429/
Abstract: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are entirely controlled by hospi=
tals instead of patients, which complicates seeking medical advices from di=
fferent hospitals. Patients face a critical need to focus on the details of=
their own healthcare and restore management of their own medical data. The=
rapid development of blockchain technology promotes population healthcare,=
including medical records as well as patient-related data. This technology=
provides patients with comprehensive, immutable records, and access to EHR=
s free from service providers and treatment websites. In this paper, to gua=
rantee the validity of EHRs encapsulated in blockchain, we present an attri=
bute-based signature scheme with multiple authorities, in which a patient e=
ndorses a message according to the attribute while disclosing no informatio=
n other than the evidence that he has attested to it. Furthermore, there ar=
e multiple authorities without a trusted single or central one to generate =
and distribute public/private keys of the patient, which avoids the escrow =
problem and conforms to the mode of distributed data storage in the blockch=
ain. By sharing the secret pseudorandom function seeds among authorities, t=
his protocol resists collusion attack out of N from N -1 corrupted authorit=
ies. Under the assumption of the computational bilinear Diffie-Hellman, we =
also formally demonstrate that, in terms of the unforgeability and perfect =
privacy of the attribute-signer, this attribute-based signature scheme is s=
ecure in the random oracle model. The comparison shows the efficiency and p=
roperties between the proposed method and methods proposed in other studies=
.
______________________________________________________
Gupta M. Blockchain for dummies [Internet]. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & S=
ons, Inc. 2018 [updated 2018 Aug 3; cited 2018 Nov 2]. 44 p. Available from=
: https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/36KBMBOG
Reference Type: Electronic Book
Abstract: [FIRST FEW PARAGRAPHS] Welcome to Blockchain For Dummies, 2nd IBM=
Limited Edition, your guide to all things blockchain for business. It=E2=
=80=99s been said that blockchain will do for transactions what the Interne=
t did for information. What that means is that blockchain allows increased =
trust and efficiency in the exchange of almost anything.
Blockchain can profoundly change how the world works. If you=E2=80=99ve eve=
r bought a house, you=E2=80=99ve probably had to sign a huge stack of paper=
s from a variety of different stakeholders to make that transaction happen.=
If you=E2=80=99ve ever registered a vehicle, you likely understand how pai=
nful that process can be. I won=E2=80=99t even get started on how challengi=
ng it can be to track your medical records.
Blockchain=E2=80=94 most simply defined as a shared, immutable ledger=E2=80=
=94 has the potential to be the technology that redefines those processes a=
nd many others. To be clear, when I talk about blockchain, I=E2=80=99m not =
talking about Bitcoin. I=E2=80=99m talking about the underlying digital fou=
ndation that supports applications such as Bitcoin. But the reaches of bloc=
kchain extend far beyond Bitcoin.
______________________________________________________
Halamka JD. Separating signal from noise: advice for blockchain startups. B=
lockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 Jun 4 [cited 2019 Feb 17]; 1(29):[=
2 p.]. Available from: ht=
tps://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/29
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: How many startups have you discovered that promise to solve every=
outstanding computer science and informatics challenge with blockchain? As=
a Harvard Medical School Professor of Innovation, Beth Israel Deaconess Ch=
ief Information Officer, and mentor to several accelerators/incubators, I l=
isten to startup pitches virtually every day. An increasing number of them =
sound like this. =E2=80=9CWe=E2=80=99ve got a cloud-hosted, big-data, machi=
ne learning, API-driven (application program interface) mobile app, with bl=
ockchain!=E2=80=9D
______________________________________________________
Halamka JD, Alterovitz G, Buchanan WJ, Cenaj T, Clauson KA, Dhillon V, et a=
l. Top 10 blockchain predictions for the (near) future of healthcare. Block=
chain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2019 Feb 7 [cited 2019 Mar 12]; 2(106):[9 p=
.]. Available from: http=
s://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/106
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: To review blockchain lessons learned in 2018 and near-future pred=
ictions for blockchain in healthcare, Blockchain in Healthcare Today (BHTY)=
asked the world's blockchain in healthcare experts to share their insights=
. Here, our internationally-renowned BHTY peer-review board discusses their=
major predictions. Based on their responses, ten major themes for the futu=
re of blockchain in healthcare will emerge over the 12 months.
______________________________________________________
Halamka JD, Lippman A, Ekblaw A. The potential for blockchain to transform =
electronic health records. Harv Bus Rev [Internet]. 2017 Mar 3 [cited 2018 =
May 22]:[about 6 p.]. Available from: https://hbr.org/2017/03/the-potential-for-=
blockchain-to-transform-electronic-health-records
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: A vexing problem facing health care systems throughout the world =
is how to share more medical data with more stakeholders for more purposes,=
all while ensuring data integrity and protecting patient privacy.
Traditionally, the interoperability of medical data among institutions has =
followed three models: push, pull, and view (discussed below), each of whic=
h has its strengths and weaknesses. Blockchain offers a fourth model, which=
has the potential to enable secure lifetime medical record sharing across =
providers.
______________________________________________________
Hanebeck HC, Hewett N, McKay PA. Inclusive deployment of blockchain for sup=
ply chains: Part 3 =E2=80=93 public or private blockchains =E2=80=93 Which =
one is right for you? Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2019 Aug 2=
.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: htt=
ps://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/inclusive-deployment-of-blockchain-for-sup=
ply-chains-part-3-public-or-private-blockchains-which-one-is-right-for-you<=
/a>
Abstract: For supply chain organizations launching new blockchain projects,=
one of the most fraught considerations typically is whether to use a publi=
c or private ledger and what permission models. This decision affects funct=
ionality, security, compatibility with other stakeholders=E2=80=99 systems =
and, perhaps most important, competitive positioning for companies. It is i=
mportant that supply chain decisionmakers can sort through the marketing hy=
pe to pick the best solution for their particular requirements. This paper =
explores important considerations in making the publicversusprivate decisio=
n and demystify elements of the public-versus-private debate. The findings =
in this paper were gleaned from research as well as detailed interviews wit=
h blockchain users across diverse industries, geographies and applications.=
This paper is the third in a series covering the cocreation of new tools f=
or the responsible deployment of distributed ledger technology (DLT) in sup=
ply chains.
______________________________________________________
Hang L, Kim DH. Design and implementation of an integrated IoT blockchain p=
latform for sensing data integrity. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(10). Epub 2019=
May 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/10/22=
28
Abstract: With the rapid development of communication technologies, the Int=
ernet of Things (IoT) is getting out of its infancy, into full maturity, an=
d tends to be developed in an explosively rapid way, with more and more dat=
a transmitted and processed. As a result, the ability to manage devices dep=
loyed worldwide has been given more and advanced requirements in practical =
application performances. Most existing IoT platforms are highly centralize=
d architectures, which suffer from various technical limitations, such as a=
cyber-attack and single point of failure. A new solution direction is esse=
ntial to enhance data accessing, while regulating it with government mandat=
es in privacy and security. In this paper, we propose an integrated IoT pla=
tform using blockchain technology to guarantee sensing data integrity. The =
aim of this platform is to afford the device owner a practical application =
that provides a comprehensive, immutable log and allows easy access to thei=
r devices deployed in different domains. It also provides characteristics o=
f general IoT systems, allows for real-time monitoring, and control between=
the end user and device. The business logic of the application is defined =
by the smart contract, which contains rules and conditions. The proposed ap=
proach is backed by a proof of concept implementation in realistic IoT scen=
arios, utilizing Raspberry Pi devices and a permissioned network called Hyp=
erledger Fabric. Lastly, a benchmark study using various performance metric=
s is made to highlight the significance of the proposed work. The analysis =
results indicate that the designed platform is suitable for the resource-co=
nstrained IoT architecture and is scalable to be extended in various IoT sc=
enarios.
______________________________________________________
Hashemi SH, Faghri F, Campbell RH. Decentralized user-centric access contro=
l using pubsub over blockchain. arXiv [Internet]. 2017 Sep 28 [cited 2018 O=
ct 23]; 00110:[15 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/171=
0.00110
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: We present a mechanism that puts users in the center of control a=
nd empowers them to dictate the access to their collections of data. Revisi=
ting the fundamental mechanisms in security for providing protection, our s=
olution uses capabilities, access lists, and access rights following well-u=
nderstood formal notions for reasoning about access. This contribution pres=
ents a practical, correct, auditable, transparent, distributed, and decentr=
alized mechanism that is well-matched to the current emerging environments =
including Internet of Things, smart city, precision medicine, and autonomou=
s cars. It is based on well-tested principles and practices used in distrib=
uted authorization, cryptocurrencies, and scalable computing.
______________________________________________________
Hawig D, Zhou C, Fuhrhop S, Fialho AS, Ramachandran N. Designing a distribu=
ted ledger technology system for interoperable and General Data Protection =
Regulation-compliant health data exchange: a use case in blood glucose data=
. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(6):e13665. Epub 2019 Jun 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/6/e13665/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Distributed ledger technology (DLT) holds great poten=
tial to improve health information exchange. However, the immutable and tra=
nsparent character of this technology may conflict with data privacy regula=
tions and data processing best practices. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper =
is to develop a proof-of-concept system for immutable, interoperable, and G=
eneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)-compliant exchange of blood glucos=
e data. METHODS: Given that there is no ideal design for a DLT-based patien=
t-provider data exchange solution, we proposed two different variations for=
our proof-of-concept system. One design was based purely on the public IOT=
A distributed ledger (a directed acyclic graph-based DLT) and the second us=
ed the same public IOTA ledger in combination with a private InterPlanetary=
File System (IPFS) cluster. Both designs were assessed according to (1) da=
ta reversal risk, (2) data linkability risks, (3) processing time, (4) file=
size compatibility, and (5) overall system complexity. RESULTS: The public=
IOTA design slightly increased the risk of personal data linkability, had =
an overall low processing time (requiring mean 6.1, SD 1.9 seconds to uploa=
d one blood glucose data sample into the DLT), and was relatively simple to=
implement. The combination of the public IOTA with a private IPFS cluster =
minimized both reversal and linkability risks, allowed for the exchange of =
large files (3 months of blood glucose data were uploaded into the DLT in m=
ean 38.1, SD 13.4 seconds), but involved a relatively higher setup complexi=
ty. CONCLUSIONS: For the specific use case of blood glucose explored in thi=
s study, both designs presented a suitable performance in enabling the inte=
roperable exchange of data between patients and providers. Additionally, bo=
th systems were designed considering the latest guidelines on personal data=
processing, thereby maximizing the alignment with recent GDPR requirements=
. For future works, these results suggest that the conflict between DLT and=
data privacy regulations can be addressed if careful considerations are ma=
de regarding the use case and the design of the data exchange system.
______________________________________________________
Heinrich M, Scotti F, Booker A, Fitzgerald M, Kum KY, Lobel K. Unblocking h=
igh-value botanical value chains: is there a role for blockchain systems? F=
ront Pharmacol. 2019;10:396. Epub 2019 Apr 24.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.fr=
ontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00396/full
Abstract: Blockchain systems are a fast emerging and a currently widely dis=
cussed novel strategy for a decentralized cryptographically enhanced digita=
l ledger recording transactions among stakeholders. This perspective paper =
looks at its potential uses in the context of high value and mostly low vol=
ume botanical material traded globally and used as medicines, health foods,=
in cosmetics and other applications. We offer a perspective on key areas i=
n the supply of such products globally and how blockchain systems may help =
in sustainable sourcing, quality assurance, and in tackling supply problems=
in cases of complex multiherbal preparations. Both open and closed blockch=
ain systems are feasible, and it seems likely that, at least in the initial=
development, closed ones are the main ones to be utilized. While blockchai=
n's potential is not yet clear, the examples presented here highlight the o=
pportunities of this new technology.
______________________________________________________
Herian R. Regulating disruption: blockchain, GDPR, and questions of data so=
vereignty. J Int Law. 2018;22(2):1-16. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://oro.open.ac.uk/56264/
Abstract: Radicalism is to be found in the apparent attempt within the bloc=
kchain ecosystem to forge a linkage between a metaphysic of "the good" and =
the instrumental performativity inherent to contractual status.
* that this connection should be made by machines and software automaticall=
y and autonomously rather than as a precondition of human needs, rights and=
desires, thus skewing and intertwining the logic of "the good" and contrac=
t.
* regulating blockchain as it is defined here asks whether blockchain is a =
necessary technology in a given context versus alternative technologies or =
even, perhaps, whether the option of no technology at all is or might be th=
e most appropriate response. "The goal of GDPR is to 'give citizens back th=
e control of their personal data, whilst imposing strict rules on those hos=
ting and 'processing' this data, anywhere in the world," says Van Humbeeck,=
and "one of the things GDPR states is that data 'should be erasable. Since=
throwing away your encryption keys is not the same as 'erasure of data', G=
DPR prohibits us from storing personal data on a blockchain level. Overcomi=
ng the Hype 43-51 (Inte Gloerich et al. eds., Institute of Network Cultures=
, 2018).
* as Lana Swartz has argued, the "incorporative blockchain" of back-office =
functions is no longer pursuing the libertarian dream of holistically remak=
ing society, but is in in fact quite "boring" (Swartz, Lana, Blockchain Dre=
ams: Imagining Techno-economic Alternatives after Bitcoin, in Another Econo=
my Is Possible, 96 (Manuel Castells, ed., Polity Press, 2017), in the sense=
that it has very quickly fallen into step with the needs and desires of bi=
g business.
______________________________________________________
Herian R. Taking blockchain seriously. Law & Critique. 2018;29(2):163-7=
1. Epub 2018 May 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10978-018-9226-y
Abstract: In the present techno-political moment it is clear that ignoring =
or dismissing the hype surrounding blockchain is unwise, and certainly for =
regulatory authorities and governments who must keep a grip on the technolo=
gy and those promoting it, in order to ensure democratic accountability and=
regulatory legitimacy within the blockchain ecosystem and beyond. Blockcha=
in is telling (and showing) us something very important about the evolution=
of capital and neoliberal economic reason, and the likely impact in the ne=
ar future on forms and patterns of work, social organization, and, cruciall=
y, on communities and individuals who lack influence over the technologies =
and data that increasingly shape and control their lives. In this short ess=
ay I introduce some of the problems in the regulation of blockchain and off=
er counter-narratives aimed at cutting through the hype fueling the ascende=
ncy of this most contemporary of technologies.
______________________________________________________
Heston T. A case study in blockchain healthcare innovation. Int J Curr Res.=
2017;9(11):60587-8. Epub 2017 Nov 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://papers.ssrn=
.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3D3077455
Abstract: Healthcare complexity and costs can be decreased through the appl=
ication of blockchain technology to medical records and insurance companies=
. Estonia has taken a leadership role in blockchain based services both in =
the commercial sector and in government. The Estonian government=E2=80=99s =
innovation strategy was to create GovTech partnerships to implement blockch=
ain based technologies throughout the country, and become a global leader i=
n the technology. Starting in 2011, just 3 years after Satoshi Nakamoto pub=
lished the first description of distributed ledgers and blockchain technolo=
gy, the Estonian Government started partnering with the private technology =
startup company Guardtime to use blockchains to secure public and internal =
records. Then in 2016, Estonia once again reinforced its global leadership =
in blockchain technology when it announced it would use blockchain technolo=
gy to secure the health records of over a million citizens. Estonia=E2=80=
=99s systematic method of applying blockchain technologies through GovTech =
partnerships demonstrates how innovation is a process. Estonia also identif=
ied early the value of the blockchain as a disruptive platform innovation. =
The application of blockchain technology to healthcare is a radical innovat=
ion given that nearly all previous applications have been in the financial =
and legal sectors.
______________________________________________________
Hewett N, Lehmacher W, Wang Y. Inclusive deployment of blockchain for suppl=
y chains: Part 1 =E2=80=93 introduction. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economi=
c Forum, 2019 Apr 8.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/inclusive-d=
eployment-of-blockchain-for-supply-chains-part-1-introduction
Abstract: Distributed ledger and blockchain technology promise to have far-=
reaching implications for global trade and supply chains. However, the exte=
nt to which this new technology realizes its potential depends upon how wel=
l supply chain actors steward this development. To that end, the World Econ=
omic Forum has convened a multi-stakeholder community to design a framework=
to guide decision-making towards inclusivity, interoperability, and integr=
ity. This highlights the most pressing concerns of a wide group of supply-c=
hain decision-makers with blockchain deployment. It is the starting point f=
or a series of white papers and the framework.
______________________________________________________
H=C3=B6lbl M, Kompara M, Kami=C5=A1ali=C4=87 A, Nemec Zlatolas L. A systema=
tic review of the use of blockchain in healthcare. Symmetry (Basel). 2018;1=
0(10). Epub 2018 Oct 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/10/47=
0
Abstract: Blockchain technology enables a decentralized and distributed env=
ironment with no need for a central authority. Transactions are simultaneou=
sly secure and trustworthy due to the use of cryptographic principles. In r=
ecent years, blockchain technology has become very trendy and penetrated di=
fferent domains, mostly due to the popularity of cryptocurrencies. One fiel=
d where blockchain technology has tremendous potential is healthcare, due t=
o the need for a more patient-centric approach to healthcare systems and to=
connect disparate systems and increase the accuracy of electronic healthca=
re records (EHRs). In this systematic review, an analysis of state-of-the-a=
rt blockchain research in the field of healthcare is conducted. The aim is =
to reveal the potential applications of the technology and to highlight the=
challenges and possible directions of blockchain research in healthcare. F=
irst, background information is discussed, followed by a description of the=
exact methodology used in this paper. Next, an analysis of the results is =
given, which includes a bibliometric overview, an analysis of gathered data=
and its properties, and the results of a literature quality assessment. La=
stly, there is a discussion of the results from the analysis. The findings =
indicate that blockchain technology research in healthcare is increasing an=
d it is mostly used for data sharing, managing health records and access co=
ntrol. Other scenarios are very rare. Most research is aimed at presenting =
novel structural designs in the form of frameworks, architectures or models=
. Findings also show that technical details about the used blockchain eleme=
nts are not given in most of the analyzed publications and that most resear=
ch does not present any prototype implementation or implementation details.=
Often even with a prototype implementation, no details about blockchain el=
ements are given.
______________________________________________________
Hoy MB. An introduction to the blockchain and its implications for librarie=
s and medicine. Med Ref Serv Q. 2017;36(3):273-9. Epub 2017 Jul 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.tan=
dfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02763869.2017.1332261 Subscription require=
d to view.
Abstract: The blockchain is a relatively new technology used to verify and =
store transaction records for online cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The sys=
tem is redundant and distributed, making it difficult for transactions to b=
e rescinded, duplicated, or faked. Beyond online currencies, the blockchain=
has potential uses in health care, education, and many other fields. This =
column will briefly describe what the blockchain is and how it is being use=
d, potential future uses that may be of interest to librarians and medical =
practitioners, and some of the problems with the system.
______________________________________________________
Huckle S, White M. Fake news: a technological approach to proving the origi=
ns of content, using blockchains. Big Data. 2017;5(4):356-71. Epub 2017 Dec=
1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://sro.=
sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71051/3/BigDataFakeNewsAccepted.pdf Open access;=
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1=
089/big.2017.0071 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In this article, we introduce a prototype of an innovative techno=
logy for proving the origins of captured digital media. In an era of fake n=
ews, when someone shows us a video or picture of some event, how can we tru=
st its authenticity? It seems that the public no longer believe that tradit=
ional media is a reliable reference of fact, perhaps due, in part, to the o=
nset of many diverse sources of conflicting information, via social media. =
Indeed, the issue of "fake" reached a crescendo during the 2016 U.S. Presid=
ential Election, when the winner, Donald Trump, claimed that The New York T=
imes was trying to discredit him by pushing disinformation. Current researc=
h into overcoming the problem of fake news does not focus on establishing t=
he ownership of media resources used in such stories-the blockchain-based a=
pplication introduced in this article is technology that is capable of indi=
cating the authenticity of digital media. Put simply, using the trust mecha=
nisms of blockchain technology, the tool can show, beyond doubt, the proven=
ance of any source of digital media, including images used out of context i=
n attempts to mislead. Although the application is an early prototype and i=
ts capability to find fake resources is somewhat limited, we outline future=
improvements that would overcome such limitations. Furthermore, we believe=
that our application (and its use of blockchain technology and standardize=
d metadata) introduces a novel approach to overcoming falsities in news rep=
orting and the provenance of media resources used therein. However, while o=
ur application has the potential to be able to verify the originality of me=
dia resources, we believe that technology is only capable of providing a pa=
rtial solution to fake news. That is because it is incapable of proving the=
authenticity of a news story as a whole. We believe that takes human skill=
s.
______________________________________________________
Hughes F, Morrow MJ. Blockchain and health care. Policy Polit Nurs Pract. 2=
019;20(1):1-4. Epub 2019 Mar 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.s=
agepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1527154419833570
Abstract: Nursing informatics as defined by the American Nurses Association=
is =E2=80=9Cthe specialty that integrates nursing science, computer scienc=
e, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, and=
knowledge in nursing practice=E2=80=9D (Lippincott Solutions, 2016). Today=
, nursing informatics play an integral role in health care delivery and inf=
luencing health care information system features and functions (Murphy, 201=
0). By the end of 2020, there will be over 50 billion connected devices, al=
l of which set the stage for millions of data transactions. As we move forw=
ard in this connected, digital first world, data are becoming a new kind of=
currency, or more specifically, we are moving into a data economy. In this=
new data economy, privacy, which is a fundamental human right, becomes inc=
reasingly difficult to maintain. With the Internet of Things, defined as =
=E2=80=9Ca network of physical and virtual objects, devices, or things that=
are capable of collecting surrounding data and exchanging it between them =
or through the internet=E2=80=9D and applications such as wearable personal=
health trackers, consumers are becoming the center of their own personal c=
are management (Sembroiz, Ricciardi, & Careglio, 2018, p. 215).
Privacy and security are foundational to the safety of health care data, es=
pecially given the epidemic of data breaches, generally, and health care da=
ta breaches, specifically. The latter have been traced to actors who have a=
ccess to health records=E2=80=94so called insiders.
What then does this mean for nurses? Are we sufficiently engaged in discuss=
ions to support our patients? What aspects of the impact of this technology=
do we need to understand?
______________________________________________________
Hughes K. Blockchain, the greater good, and human and civil rights. Metaphi=
losophy. 2017;48(5):654-65. Epub 2017 Oct 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.=
wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/meta.12271 Subscription required to view.
=
Abstract: Abstract The central theme of this paper is that the development =
of a technology that is predicted to have a major impact on the way we tran=
sact with each other should be a matter where the needs of society at large=
are taken into account. Where the technology is one that emerges from the =
domain of the Internet, inclusivity becomes even more acute in order to avo=
id widening the already existing gap in reaping the ?digital dividend.? Wit=
h blockchain, the obligation could even be seen as a moral one, as blockcha=
in is said to have the potential to negate the scope for the abuse of trust=
by states and institutions. This could be a game changer in areas such as =
public procurement and the conduct of elections where abuse can lead to the=
denial of essential resources and a concomitant loss of life, or to confli=
ct and mass killings. Blockchain presents an opportunity for the Internet d=
evelopment community to claim a degree of recognition in the human rights r=
ealm by aiding civil intervention in areas where military intervention has =
been deemed inappropriate.
______________________________________________________
Hughes L, Dwivedi YK, Misra SK, Rana NP, Raghavan V, Akella V. Blockchain r=
esearch, practice and policy: applications, benefits, limitations, emerging=
research themes and research agenda. Int J Inf Manage. 2019;49:114-29. Epu=
b 2019 Apr 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401219302014 Subscription req=
uired to view.
Abstract: The blockchain has received significant attention from technology=
focused researchers, highlighting its perceived impact and emerging disrup=
tion potential, but has been slow to engender any significant momentum with=
in the Information Systems (IS) and Information Management (IM) literature.=
This study approaches the subject through an IS/IM lens developing the key=
themes from the blockchain based research via a comprehensive review. This=
analysis of the body of literature highlights that although few commercial=
grade blockchain applications currently exist, the technology demonstrates=
significant potential to benefit a number of industry wide use cases. This=
study expands on this point articulating through each of the key themes to=
develop a detailed narrative on the numerous potential blockchain applicat=
ions and future direction of the technology, whilst discussing the many bar=
riers to adoption. The study asserts that blockchain technology has the pot=
ential to contribute to a number of the UN Sustainability Development Goals=
and engender widespread change within a number of established industries a=
nd practices.
______________________________________________________
Hussein AF, ArunKumar N, Ramirez-Gonzalez G, Abdulhay E, Tavares JMRS, de A=
lbuquerque VHC. A medical records managing and securing blockchain based sy=
stem supported by a genetic algorithm and discrete wavelet transform. Cogn =
Syst Res. 2018;52:1-11. Epub 2018 May 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: =
https://web.fe.up.pt/~tavares/downloads/publications/artigos/COGSYS_2018_10=
5.pdf Open access; http://=
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041718301177 Subscriptio=
n required to view.
Abstract: The privacy of patients is jeopardised when medical records and d=
ata are spread or shared beyond the protected cloud of institutions. This i=
s because breaches force them to the brink that they start abstaining from =
full disclosure of their condition. This type of condition has a negative e=
ffect on scientific research, patients and all stakeholders. A blockchain-b=
ased data sharing system is proposed to tackle this issue, which employs im=
mutability and autonomy properties of the blockchain to sufficiently resolv=
e challenges associated with access control and handle sensitive data. Our =
proposed system is supported by a Discrete Wavelet Transform to enhance the=
overall security, and a Genetic Algorithm technique to optimise the queuin=
g optimization technique as well. Introducing this cryptographic key genera=
tor enhances the immunity and system access control, which allows verifying=
users securely in a fast way. This design allows further accountability si=
nce all users involved are already known and the blockchain records a log o=
f their actions. Only when the users=E2=80=99 cryptographic keys and identi=
ties are confirmed, the system allows requesting data from the shared queui=
ng requests. The achieved execution time per node, confirmation time per no=
de and robust index for block number of 0.19=E2=80=AFs, 0.17=E2=80=AFs and =
20 respectively that based on system evaluation illustrates that our system=
is robust, efficient, immune and scalable.
______________________________________________________
Hyland-Wood D, Khatchadourian S. A future history of international blockcha=
in standards. J Br Blockchain Assoc. 2018;1(1). Epub 2018 Jun 29.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/3724-a-future-hist=
ory-of-international-blockchain-standards
Abstract: Blockchain and blockchain-related technologies are being rapidly =
invented to the point that it is difficult to define specifically which pro=
perties are necessary to constitute a blockchain. It may therefore seem far=
too early to meaningfully discuss the creation of international blockchain=
standards. This article will argue the opposite by summarizing some existi=
ng international standards work related to blockchains and propose directio=
ns for additional standards development that could meaningfully be explored=
in the near future without negatively impacting additional invention.
<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Hylock RH, Zeng X. A blockchain framework for patient-centered health recor=
ds and exchange (HealthChain): evaluation and proof-of-concept study. J Med=
Internet Res. 2019;21(8):e13592. Epub 2019 Aug 31.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2019/8/e13592/
Abstract: Background: Blockchain has the potential to disrupt the current m=
odes of patient data access, accumulation, contribution, exchange, and cont=
rol. Using interoperability standards, smart contracts, and cryptographic i=
dentities, patients can securely exchange data with providers and regulate =
access. The resulting comprehensive, longitudinal medical records can signi=
ficantly improve the cost and quality of patient care for individuals and p=
opulations alike. Objective: This work presents HealthChain, a novel patien=
t-centered blockchain framework. The intent is to bolster patient engagemen=
t, data curation, and regulated dissemination of accumulated information in=
a secure, interoperable environment. A mixed-block blockchain is proposed =
to support immutable logging and redactable patient blocks. Patient data ar=
e generated and exchanged through Health Level-7 Fast Healthcare Interopera=
bility Resources, allowing seamless transfer with compliant systems. In add=
ition, patients receive cryptographic identities in the form of public and =
private key pairs. Public keys are stored in the blockchain and are suitabl=
e for securing and verifying transactions. Furthermore, the envisaged syste=
m uses proxy re-encryption (PRE) to share information through revocable, sm=
art contracts, ensuring the preservation of privacy and confidentiality. Fi=
nally, several PRE improvements are offered to enhance performance and secu=
rity. Methods: The framework was formulated to address key barriers to bloc=
kchain adoption in health care, namely, information security, interoperabil=
ity, data integrity, identity validation, and scalability. It supports 16 c=
onfigurations through the manipulation of 4 modes. An open-source, proof-of=
-concept tool was developed to evaluate the performance of the novel patien=
t block components and system configurations. To demonstrate the utility of=
the proposed framework and evaluate resource consumption, extensive testin=
g was performed on each of the 16 configurations over a variety of scenario=
s involving a variable number of existing and imported records. Results: Th=
e results indicate several clear high-performing, low-bandwidth configurati=
ons, although they are not the strongest cryptographically. Of the stronges=
t models, one=E2=80=99s anticipated cumulative record size is shown to infl=
uence the selection. Although the most efficient algorithm is ultimately us=
er specific, Advanced Encryption Standard=E2=80=93encrypted data with stati=
c keys, incremental server storage, and no additional server-side encryptio=
n are the fastest and least bandwidth intensive, whereas proxy re-encrypted=
data with dynamic keys, incremental server storage, and additional server-=
side encryption are the best performing of the strongest configurations. Co=
nclusions: Blockchain is a potent and viable technology for patient-centere=
d access to and exchange of health information. By integrating a structured=
, interoperable design with patient-accumulated and generated data shared t=
hrough smart contracts into a universally accessible blockchain, HealthChai=
n presents patients and providers with access to consistent and comprehensi=
ve medical records. Challenges addressed include data security, interoperab=
ility, block storage, and patient-administered data access, with several co=
nfigurations emerging for further consideration regarding speed and securit=
y.
______________________________________________________
Iansiti M, Lakhani KR. The truth about blockchain. Harv Bus Rev. 2017 Jan-F=
eb:118-27.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-tr=
uth-about-blockchain
Abstract: Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the de=
fining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They prote=
ct assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify iden=
tities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organi=
zations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social act=
ion. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage th=
em have not kept up with the economy=E2=80=99s digital transformation. They=
=E2=80=99re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a d=
igital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has t=
o change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem. The technology at the heart of b=
itcoin and other virtual currencies, blockchain is an open, distributed led=
ger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a v=
erifiable and permanent way. The ledger itself can also be programmed to tr=
igger transactions automatically.
______________________________________________________
IBM Corporation. Why new off-chain storage is required for blockchains. Arm=
onk, NY: 2018.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/RXOV=
XAPM
Abstract: In pursuing the storage point of view for blockchain technology, =
the test team has come up against a recurrent theme. This recurrent theme i=
s that no new storage is needed for off-chain data as most companies are al=
ready using the data to be utilized by the blockchain. Because the companie=
s are already using the data, it already exists somewhere in their storage =
environment and only needs to be referenced by the blockchain application p=
rogramming interface (API). This paper examines this to see if it is valid.=
______________________________________________________
Ichikawa D, Kashiyama M, Ueno T. Tamper-resistant mobile health using block=
chain technology. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2017;5(7):e111. Epub 2017 Jul 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC5550736/
Abstract: Background: Digital health technologies, including telem=
edicine, mobile health (mHealth), and remote monitoring, are playing a grea=
ter role in medical practice. Safe and accurate management of medical infor=
mation leads to the advancement of digital health, which in turn results in=
a number of beneficial effects. Furthermore, mHealth can help lower costs =
by facilitating the delivery of care and connecting people to their health =
care providers. Mobile apps help empower patients and health care providers=
to proactively address medical conditions through near real-time monitorin=
g and treatment, regardless of the location of the patient or the health ca=
re provider. Additionally, mHealth data are stored in servers, and conseque=
ntly, data management that prevents all forms of manipulation is crucial fo=
r both medical practice and clinical trials.
Objective: The ai=
m of this study was to develop and evaluate a tamper-resistant mHealth syst=
em using blockchain technology, which enables trusted and auditable computi=
ng using a decentralized network. Methods: We developed an mHealth=
system for cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia using a smartphone ap=
p. The volunteer data collected with the app were stored in JavaScript Obje=
ct Notation format and sent to the blockchain network. Thereafter, we evalu=
ated the tamper resistance of the data against the inconsistencies caused b=
y artificial faults.
Results: Electronic medical records colle=
cted using smartphones were successfully sent to a private Hyperledger Fabr=
ic blockchain network. We verified the data update process under conditions=
where all the validating peers were running normally. The mHealth data wer=
e successfully updated under network faults. We further ensured that any el=
ectronic health record registered to the blockchain network was resistant t=
o tampering and revision. The mHealth data update was compatible with tampe=
r resistance in the blockchain network.
Conclusions: Blockchai=
n serves as a tamperproof system for mHealth. Combining mHealth with blockc=
hain technology may provide a novel solution that enables both accessibilit=
y and data transparency without a third party such as a contract research o=
rganization.
______________________________________________________
Ienca M, Ferretti A, Hurst S, Puhan M, Lovis C, Vayena E. Considerations fo=
r ethics review of big data health research: a scoping review. PLoS One. 20=
18;13(10):e0204937. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https=
://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=3D10.1371/journal.pone.0204937<=
br>
Abstract: Big data trends in biomedical and health research enable large-sc=
ale and multi-dimensional aggregation and analysis of heterogeneous data so=
urces, which could ultimately result in preventive, diagnostic and therapeu=
tic benefit. The methodological novelty and computational complexity of big=
data health research raises novel challenges for ethics review. In this st=
udy, we conducted a scoping review of the literature using five databases t=
o identify and map the major challenges of health-related big data for Ethi=
cs Review Committees (ERCs) or analogous institutional review boards. A tot=
al of 1093 publications were initially identified, 263 of which were includ=
ed in the final synthesis after abstract and full-text screening performed =
independently by two researchers. Both a descriptive numerical summary and =
a thematic analysis were performed on the full-texts of all articles includ=
ed in the synthesis. Our findings suggest that while big data trends in bio=
medicine hold the potential for advancing clinical research, improving prev=
ention and optimizing healthcare delivery, yet several epistemic, scientifi=
c and normative challenges need careful consideration. These challenges hav=
e relevance for both the composition of ERCs and the evaluation criteria th=
at should be employed by ERC members when assessing the methodological and =
ethical viability of health-related big data studies. Based on this analysi=
s, we provide some preliminary recommendations on how ERCs could adaptively=
respond to those challenges. This exploration is designed to synthesize us=
eful information for researchers, ERCs and relevant institutional bodies in=
volved in the conduction and/or assessment of health-related big data resea=
rch.
______________________________________________________
Ilinca D. Applying blockchain and artificial intelligence to digital health=
. In: Wulfovich S, Meyers A, editors. Digital Health Entrepreneurship. ed. =
Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2019.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://smile.amazon.com/Digital-Health-Entrepreneurship-Inf=
ormatics/dp/3030127184/ref=3Dsr_1_1
Abstract: A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed and tamper-proof cry=
ptographic database most suitable for storing transaction information. It i=
s maintained by multiple parties in a distributed fashion. Each record is t=
imestamped, encrypted and linked to previous records.
Records are immutable, can only be added, never removed. Once added, a reco=
rd can't be changed. Adding a record can only be done through a mechanism c=
alled consensus, where most or all parties maintaining the blockchain have =
to agree to adding it.
Since all records are cryptographically linked to previous records, if a pa=
rty tries to manipulate previous records or maliciously add a new record, t=
hat action will break the overall consistency of the database and is easily=
detectable.
______________________________________________________
Notice 2014-21: Taxation of virtual currency. Internal Revenue Service. (20=
14).
Reference Type: Government Document
Available from: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-1=
4-21.pdf
Abstract: SECTION 1. PURPOSE
This notice describes how existing general tax principles apply to transact=
ions using virtual currency. The notice provides this guidance in the form =
of answers to frequently asked questions.
SECTION 2. BACKGROUND
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is aware that =E2=80=9Cvirtual currency=
=E2=80=9D may be used to pay for goods or services, or held for investment.=
Virtual currency is a digital representation of value that functions as a =
medium of exchange, a unit of account, and/or a store of value. In some env=
ironments, it operates like =E2=80=9Creal=E2=80=9D currency -- i.e., the co=
in and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is des=
ignated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and accepted a=
s a medium of exchange in the country of issuance -- but it does not have l=
egal tender status in any jurisdiction.
SECTION 3. SCOPE
In general, the sale or exchange of convertible virtual currency, or the us=
e of convertible virtual currency to pay for goods or services in a real-wo=
rld economy transaction, has tax consequences that may result in a tax liab=
ility. This notice addresses only the U.S. federal tax consequences of tran=
sactions in, or transactions that use, convertible virtual currency, and th=
e term =E2=80=9Cvirtual currency=E2=80=9D as used in Section 4 refers only =
to convertible virtual currency. No inference should be drawn with respect =
to virtual currencies not described in this notice.
______________________________________________________
Irving G, Holden J. RETRACTED: How blockchain-timestamped protocols could i=
mprove the trustworthiness of medical science. F1000Res. 2016;5:222. Epub 2=
016 Feb 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://f1000research.com/articles/5-=
222/v3
Abstract: Trust in scientific research is diminished by evidence that data =
are being manipulated. Outcome switching, data dredging and selective publi=
cation are some of the problems that undermine the integrity of published r=
esearch. Methods for using blockchain to provide proof of pre-specified end=
points in clinical trial protocols were first reported by Carlisle. We wish=
ed to empirically test such an approach using a clinical trial protocol whe=
re outcome switching has previously been reported. Here we confirm the use =
of blockchain as a low cost, independently verifiable method to audit and c=
onfirm the reliability of scientific studies.
Editorial note=
:
Concerns have been raised about the overlap between Version 1=
of this article and a previously published blog by Carlisle, who proposed =
the method 2 years earlier [Carlisle, Benjamin Gregory. =E2=80=9CProof of p=
respecified endpoints in medical research with the bitcoin blockchain=E2=80=
=9D, 25 August 2014], and that the correction (Version 2) published soon af=
ter the original was not sufficient to rectify the overlap.
The case has since been discussed in a Committee of Publication Ethics (COP=
E) Forum, and COPE advised that the correction was sufficient to correct th=
e scientific literature.
The case has been referred to the University of Cambridge for consideration=
.
31st March 2017: Due to concerns raised about the methods and=
scientific validity of this paper, as well as the completeness of the peer=
review process (see reader comments on this article), advice from an addit=
ional independent peer reviewer with expertise in blockchain technology and=
cryptography is being sought. We will update this note in due course.
<=
em>24th May 2017: Due to the methodological concerns raised by a peer =
reviewer during the post-publication open peer review process, the authors =
will retract this article. The formal retraction note will be posted in due=
course.
22nd August 2017: The University of Cambridge has comp=
leted an investigation into this matter and has not found a case of researc=
h misconduct against Dr. Irving. Following its investigation the University=
will be updating its guidance and training for staff, with regard to best =
practice in citing blogs within scholarly publications.
______________________________________________________
Islam N, Faheem Y, Din IU, Talha M, Guizani M, Khalil M. A blockchain-based=
fog computing framework for activity recognition as an application to e-He=
althcare services. Futur Gener Comput Syst. 2019;100:569-78. Epub 2019 May =
23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X19309860 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: In modern e-Healthcare systems, human activity recognition (HAR) =
is one of the most challenging tasks in remote monitoring of patients suffe=
ring from mental illness or disabilities for necessary assistance. One of t=
he major issues is to provide security to a number of different connected d=
evices to the Internet, known as Internet of Things (IoT). A potential solu=
tion to this problem is the blockchain-based architecture. In addition, the=
complex nature of activities performed by humans in diverse healthcare env=
ironments reduces the qualitative measures for extracting distinct features=
representing various human actions. To answer this challenge, we propose a=
n activity monitoring and recognition framework, which is based on multi-cl=
ass cooperative categorization procedure to improve the activity classifica=
tion accuracy in videos supporting the fog or cloud computing-based blockch=
ain architecture. In the proposed approach, frame-based salient features ar=
e extracted from videos consisting of different human activities, which are=
further processed into action vocabulary for efficiency and accuracy. Simi=
larly, the classification of activities is performed using support vector m=
achine (SVM) based on the error-correction-output-codes (ECOC) framework. I=
t has been observed through experimental results that the proposed approach=
is more efficient and achieves higher accuracy regarding human activity re=
cognition as compared to other state-of-the-art action recognition approach=
es.
______________________________________________________
Ivan D. Blockchain-based method for secure storage of patient records. ONC/=
NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Workshop; 2016 Sep 26-27=
; Gaithersburg, MD. National Institute of Standards Technology.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/9-16-d=
rew_ivan_20160804_blockchain_for_healthcare_final.pdf
Abstract: Today=E2=80=99s methods of recording and sharing patient data hav=
e a number of limitations that restrict patients=E2=80=99 access to their c=
linical records, reduce availability of essential data to care providers, a=
nd ultimately present a barrier to transforming U.S. healthcare into a lear=
ning health system. Storing patient healthcare data in a blockchain-based s=
torage scheme can remediate these shortcomings. This paper discusses blockc=
hain as a novel approach to secure health data storage, implementation obst=
acles, and a plan for transitioning incrementally from current technology t=
o a blockchain solution.
______________________________________________________
Jackson NM. Transcripts transformed: incorporating blockchain to verify aca=
demic credentials. University Business. 2018 Nov:27-30.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://university=
business.com/college-transcripts-transformed
Abstract: Every week at the University of Washington in Seattle, the regist=
rar=E2=80=99s office staff comes across at least three fraudulent diplomas.=
Every month, they uncover about two fraudulent transcripts. =E2=80=9CAnd t=
hese are just the ones we see,=E2=80=9D says Helen Garrett, registrar and c=
hief officer for enrollment information services. =E2=80=9COur student data=
base has not been hacked and is secure, but people pretend to have UW crede=
ntials who never attended or graduated from the university, and they try to=
pass doctored diplomas by employers, when applying for scholarships or gra=
nts, and even when applying to academic programs.=E2=80=9D
U.S.-based colleges and universities rely on transcripts to prove a student=
attended or graduated, and international institutions rely on diplomas. Bo=
th types of documents, frequently requested by former students seeking a jo=
b or additional academic credentials, are not easily copied. They are also =
difficult to obtain, often requiring former students to remember an old ID =
number or portal access code, and typically take three to five days to proc=
ess.
Growing numbers of institutions want to revamp this antiquated process to p=
rovide academic credentials more quickly and securely with blockchain. The =
technology, which underlies bitcoin virtual currency, is a bookkeeping meth=
od that =E2=80=9Cchains=E2=80=9D together entries so they=E2=80=99re diffic=
ult to modify later. It allows large groups of unrelated organizations=E2=
=80=94including colleges and universities=E2=80=94to keep a secure, common =
record.
Steps to blockchain adoption involve understanding the work required to mak=
e the switch, how the technology will improve service for students seeking =
academic records, and how it could disrupt the register=E2=80=99s office st=
atus quo.
______________________________________________________
Jacobovitz O. Blockchain for identity management. Beer Sheva, Isreal: Ben-G=
urion University, Lynne and William Frankel Center for Computer Science Dep=
artment of Computer Science; 2016. Report No.: 16-02.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.cs.=
bgu.ac.il/~frankel/TechnicalReports/2016/16-02.pdf
Abstract: We are living in a world that is rapidly undergoing a fundamental=
change, it is becoming driven by data. This transformation is about all so=
cietal systems: traffic, health, government, logistics, and defense; being =
more quantified and efficient, but also more transparent and accountable. T=
his changes not only the economics of systems, but their management as well=
. It also blurs the lines between customer, citizen, company, and governmen=
t. Everyone gets to see what is happening, and so everyone gets to have a r=
ole in shaping these new systems. As a consequence, businesses and governme=
nts are struggling to understand what the changing landscape means and how =
they can participate. In this paper, I discusses the state of the art in Bl=
ockchain technology and its applications, focusing on applications and solu=
tions in identity management
______________________________________________________
Jaikaran C. Blockchain: background and policy issues. Washington, DC: Congr=
essional Research Service, 2018. Report No.: R45116. Contract No.: 7-5700.<=
br>
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45116.pdf=
Abstract: Blockchain is currently being tested by industry, but at this tim=
e does not appear to be a complete replacement for existing systems. Althou=
gh the adoption of blockchain is in its early stages, Congress may have a r=
ole to play in several areas, including the oversight of federal agencies s=
eeking to use blockchain for government business, and exploration of whethe=
r regulations are necessary to govern blockchain=E2=80=99s use in the priva=
te sector.
Some federal agencies are seeking to better manage identities, assets, data=
, and contracts through the adoption of blockchain technology. In addition,=
some federal agencies are issuing guidance on industry use of blockchain, =
and whether or not the current legal framework governs blockchain use.
<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Jakovljevic PJ. Demystifying blockchain: the technology and its providers. =
Longueuil, QC, Canada: Technology Evaluation Centers, Inc., 2018 Jan 2. Rep=
ort No.: BLO20180102.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www3.technologyevaluation.co=
m/research/tec-report/demystifying-blockchain-the-technology-and-its-provid=
ers.html
Abstract: Blockchain is an emerging technology that has the potential to di=
srupt many industries and businesses. It provides transaction consensus, pr=
ovenance, immutability, and finality in a so-called decentralized economy a=
nd society. It disrupts the traditional concepts of trust, ownership, and t=
rade and, consequently, internet and business transactions.
Like cloud computing, blockchain can be public, private, or permissioned=E2=
=80=94a type of private blockchain where anonymous or named authorized part=
icipants verify transactions. This report focuses on permissioned distribut=
ed ledger technologies.
Technology Evaluation Centers Principal Analyst PJ Jakovljevic explains blo=
ckchain technology, identifies the players, discusses its use cases, and sp=
eculates about blockchain's future.
______________________________________________________
Jensen HH, Hewett N. Inclusive deployment of blockchain for supply chains: =
Part 2 =E2=80=93 trustworthy verification of digital identities. Geneva, Sw=
itzerland: World Economic Forum, 2019 Apr 24.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.w=
eforum.org/whitepapers/inclusive-deployment-of-blockchain-for-supply-chains=
-part-2-trustworthy-verification-of-digital-identities
Abstract: Global supply chains involve numerous organizations and transacti=
ons and are becoming increasingly digital. At the core of each of these dig=
ital transactions are trust-based interactions with partners. As such, orga=
nizations need a comprehensive system for the verification and management o=
f digital business identities that is both dynamic and trustworthy =E2=80=
=93 but current digital identity management systems are costly, inefficient=
, and may not be sustainable. This white paper lays out foundations for suc=
h a system, exploring considerations, proposed principles and recommendatio=
ns for supply-chain organizations and governments in managing the growing c=
omplexity of the digital identities involved in global trade. The paper als=
o introduces and investigates the possibilities enabled by a digital Global=
Trade Identity (GTID) for legal entities participating in global supply ch=
ains =E2=80=93 a necessary step in digitizing global trade.
______________________________________________________
Ji Y, Zhang J, Ma J, Yang C, Yao X. BMPLS: blockchain-based multi-level pri=
vacy-preserving location sharing scheme for telecare medical information sy=
stems. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):147. Epub 2018 Jun 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0998-2 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The sharing of patients=E2=80=99 locations is an important part i=
n mobile medical services and modern smart healthcare. Although location sh=
aring based on blockchains has advantages on decentralization and openness,=
there is also a challenge to guarantee the security and the privacy of loc=
ations recorded in a blockchain. To this end, this paper investigates the l=
ocation sharing based on blockchains for telecare medical information syste=
ms. Firstly, we define the basic requirements of blockchain-based location =
sharing including decentralization, unforgeability, confidentiality, multi-=
level privacy protection, retrievability and verifiability. Then, using ord=
er-preserving encryption and merkle tree, we propose a blockchain-based mul=
ti-level location sharing scheme, i.e. BMPLS. The analysis results show tha=
t our scheme satisfies the above requirements. Finally, the performance of =
our scheme is evaluated and the experiment results show that our scheme is =
efficient and feasible for both patients and medical workers. In a word, ou=
r scheme can be applied to realize privacy-preserving location sharing base=
d on blockchains for telecare medical information systems.
______________________________________________________
Jia B, Zhou T, Li W, Liu Z, Zhang J. A blockchain-based location privacy pr=
otection incentive mechanism in crowd sensing networks. Sensors (Basel). 20=
18;18(11):3894. Epub 2018 Nov 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/38=
94
Abstract: Crowd sensing is a perception mode that recruits mobile device us=
ers to complete tasks such as data collection and cloud computing. For the =
cloud computing platform, crowd sensing can not only enable users to collab=
orate to complete large-scale awareness tasks but also provide users for ty=
pes, social attributes, and other information for the cloud platform. In or=
der to improve the effectiveness of crowd sensing, many incentive mechanism=
s have been proposed. Common incentives are monetary reward, entertainment =
& gamification, social relation, and virtual credit. However, there are=
rare incentives based on privacy protection basically. In this paper, we p=
roposed a mixed incentive mechanism which combined privacy protection and v=
irtual credit called a blockchain-based location privacy protection incenti=
ve mechanism in crowd sensing networks. Its network structure can be divide=
d into three parts which are intelligence crowd sensing networks, confusion=
mechanism, and blockchain. We conducted the experiments in the campus envi=
ronment and the results shows that the incentive mechanism proposed in this=
paper has the efficacious effect in stimulating user participation.
______________________________________________________
Jiang P, Guo F, Liang K, Lai J, Wen Q. Searchain: blockchain-based private =
keyword search in decentralized storage. Futur Gener Comput Syst. 2017;10.1=
016/j.future.2017.08.036. Epub 2017 Sep 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X17318630 Subscription req=
uired to view.
Abstract: Blockchain-based distributed storage enables users to share data =
without the help of a centralized service provider. Decentralization elimin=
ates traditional data loss brought by compromising the provider, but incurs=
the possible privacy leakage in a way that the supplier directly links the=
retrieved data to its ciphertext. Oblivious keyword search (OKS) has been =
regarded as a solution to this issue. OKS allows a user to retrieve the dat=
a associated with a chosen keyword in an oblivious way. That is, the chosen=
keyword and the corresponding ciphertext are unknown to the data supplier.=
But if the retrieval privilege is with an authorized keyword set, OKS is u=
navailable due to one-keyword restriction and public key encryption with ke=
yword search (PEKS) might lead to high bandwidth consumption. In this paper=
, we introduce Searchain, a blockchain-based keyword search system. It enab=
les oblivious search over an authorized keyword set in the decentralized st=
orage. Searchain is built on top of a novel primitive called oblivious keyw=
ord search with authorization (OKSA), which provides the guarantee of keywo=
rd authorization besides oblivious search. We instantiate a provably secure=
OKSA scheme, featured with one-round interaction and constant size communi=
cation cost in the transfer phase. We apply OKSA and ordered multisignature=
s (OMS) to present a Searchain protocol, which achieves oblivious peer-to-p=
eer retrieval with order-preserving transaction. The analysis and evaluatio=
n show that Searchain maintains reasonable cost without loss of retrieval p=
rivacy, and hence guarantees its practicality.
______________________________________________________
Jiang S, Cao J, Wu H, Yang Y, Ma M, He J. BlocHIE: a BLOCkchain-based platf=
orm for healthcare information exchange. In: IEEE Computer Society, editor.=
2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP); 2018 Ju=
n 18-20; Taormina, Italy. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society; 2018. p. 4=
9-56.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shan_Jiang70/pub=
lication/324728250_BlockHIE_a_BLOCkchain-based_platform_for_Healthcare_Info=
rmation_Exchange/links/5adf463ba6fdcc29358e0fde/BlockHIE-a-BLOCkchain-based=
-platform-for-Healthcare-Information-Exchange.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8421=
331 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Nowadays, a great number of healthcare data are generated every d=
ay from both medical institutions and individuals. Healthcare information e=
xchange (HIE) has been proved to benefit the medical industry remarkably. T=
o store and share such large amount of healthcare data is important while c=
hallenging. In this paper, we propose BlocHIE, a Blockchain-based platform =
for healthcare information exchange. First, we analyze the different requir=
ements for sharing healthcare data from different sources. Based on the ana=
lysis, we employ two loosely-coupled Blockchains to handle different kinds =
of healthcare data. Second, we combine off-chain storage and on-chain verif=
ication to satisfy the requirements of both privacy and authenticability. T=
hird, we propose two fairness-based packing algorithms to improve the syste=
m throughput and the fairness among users jointly. To demonstrate the pract=
icability and effectiveness of BlocHIE, we implement BlocHIE in a minimal-v=
iable-product way and evaluate the proposed packing algorithms extensively.=
______________________________________________________
Jiang Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Gao L. A cross-chain solution to integrating multi=
ple blockchains for IoT data management. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(9). Epub =
2019 1 May.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/204=
2
Abstract: With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), tradi=
tional industries are setting off a massive wave of digitization. In the er=
a of the Internet of Everything, millions of devices and links in IoT pose =
more significant challenges to data management. Most existing solutions emp=
loy centralized systems to control IoT devices, which brings about the priv=
acy and security issues in IoT data management. Recently, blockchain has at=
tracted much attention in the field of IoT due to its decentralization, tra=
ceability, and non-tamperability. However, it is non-trivial to apply the c=
urrent blockchain techniques to IoT due to the lack of scalability and high=
resource costs. Different blockchain platforms have their particular advan=
tages in the scenario of IoT data management. In this paper, we propose a c=
ross-chain framework to integrate multiple blockchains for efficient and se=
cure IoT data management. Our solution builds an interactive decentralized =
access model which employs a consortium blockchain as the control station. =
Other blockchain platforms customized for specific IoT scenarios run as the=
backbone of all IoT devices. It is equivalent to opening the off-chain cha=
nnels on the consortium blockchain. Our model merges transactions in these =
channels for confirmation based on the notary mechanism. Finally, we implem=
ent a prototype of the proposed model based on Hyperledger Fabric and IOTA =
Tangle. We evaluate the performance of our method through extensive experim=
ents. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our frame=
work.
______________________________________________________
Jin H, Luo Y, Li P, Mathew J. A review of secure and privacy-preserving med=
ical data sharing. IEEE Access. 2019;7:61656-69. Epub 2019 May 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8713993
Abstract: In the digital healthcare era, it is of the utmost importance to =
harness medical information scattered across healthcare institutions to sup=
port in-depth data analysis and achieve personalized healthcare. However, t=
he cyberinfrastructure boundaries of healthcare organizations and privacy l=
eakage threats place obstacles on the sharing of medical records. Blockchai=
n, as a public ledger characterized by its transparency, tamper-evidence, t=
rustlessness, and decentralization, can help build a secure medical data ex=
change network. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art schemes on secure a=
nd privacy-preserving medical data sharing of the past decade with a focus =
on blockchain-based approaches. We classify them into permissionless blockc=
hain-based approaches and permissioned blockchain-based approaches and anal=
yze their advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss potential research =
topics on blockchain-based medical data sharing.
______________________________________________________
Jo BW, Khan MR, Lee Y-S. Hybrid blockchain and internet-of-things network f=
or underground structure health monitoring. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(12):42=
68. Epub 2018 Dec 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/12/42=
68
Abstract: The Internet-of-things (IoT) and blockchain are growing realities=
of modern society, and both are rapidly transforming civilization, either =
separately or in combination. However, the leverage of both technologies fo=
r structural health monitoring (SHM) to enable transparent information shar=
ing among involved parties and autonomous decision making has not yet been =
achieved. Therefore, this study combines IoT with blockchain-based smart co=
ntracts for SHM of underground structures to define a novel, efficient, sca=
lable, and secure distributed network for enhancing operational safety. In =
this blockchain-IoT network, the characteristics of locally centralized and=
globally decentralized distribution have been activated by dividing them i=
nto core and edge networks. This division enhances the efficiency and scala=
bility of the system. The proposed system was effective in simulation for a=
utonomous monitoring and control of structures. After proper design, the de=
centralized blockchain networks may effectively be deployed for transparent=
and efficient information sharing, smart contracts-based autonomous decisi=
on making, and data security in SHM.
______________________________________________________
Joda T, Waltimo T, Probst-Hensch N, Pauli-Magnus C, Zitzmann NU. Health dat=
a in dentistry: an attempt to master the digital challenge. Public Health G=
enomics. 2019:1-7. Epub 2019 Aug 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Ful=
lText/501643
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Biomedical research has recently moved through three =
stages in digital healthcare: (1) data collection; (2) data sharing; and (3=
) data analytics. With the explosion of stored health data (HD), dental med=
icine is edging into its fourth stage of digitization using artificial inte=
lligence (AI). This narrative literature review outlines the challenge of m=
anaging HD and anticipating the potential of AI in oral healthcare and dent=
al research by summarizing the current literature. SUMMARY: The basis of su=
ccessful management of HD is the establishment of a generally accepted data=
standard that will guide its implementation within electronic health recor=
ds (EHR) and health information technology ecosystems (HIT Eco). Thereby co=
ntinuously adapted (self-) learning health systems (LHS) can be created. Th=
e HIT Eco of the future will combine (i) the front-end utilization of HD in=
clinical decision-making by providers using supportive diagnostic tools fo=
r patient-centered treatment planning, and (ii) back-end algorithms analyzi=
ng the standardized collected data to inform population-based policy decisi=
ons about resource allocations and research directions. Cryptographic metho=
ds in blockchain enable a safe, more efficient, and effective dental care w=
ithin a global perspective. Key Message: The interoperability of HD with ac=
cessible digital health technologies is the key to deliver value-based dent=
al care and exploit the tremendous potential of AI.
______________________________________________________
Jones M, Johnson M, Shervey M, Dudley JT, Zimmerman N. Privacy-preserving m=
ethods for feature engineering using blockchain: review, evaluation, and pr=
oof of concept. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(8):e13600. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/8/e13600/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The protection of private data is a key responsibilit=
y for research studies that collect identifiable information from study par=
ticipants. Limiting the scope of data collection and preventing secondary u=
se of the data are effective strategies for managing these risks. An ideal =
framework for data collection would incorporate feature engineering, a proc=
ess where secondary features are derived from sensitive raw data in a secur=
e environment without a trusted third party. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to=
compare current approaches based on how they maintain data privacy and the=
practicality of their implementations. These approaches include traditiona=
l approaches that rely on trusted third parties, and cryptographic, secure =
hardware, and blockchain-based techniques. METHODS: A set of properties wer=
e defined for evaluating each approach. A qualitative comparison was presen=
ted based on these properties. The evaluation of each approach was framed w=
ith a use case of sharing geolocation data for biomedical research. RESULTS=
: We found that approaches that rely on a trusted third party for preservin=
g participant privacy do not provide sufficiently strong guarantees that se=
nsitive data will not be exposed in modern data ecosystems. Cryptographic t=
echniques incorporate strong privacy-preserving paradigms but are appropria=
te only for select use cases or are currently limited because of computatio=
nal complexity. Blockchain smart contracts alone are insufficient to provid=
e data privacy because transactional data are public. Trusted execution env=
ironments (TEEs) may have hardware vulnerabilities and lack visibility into=
how data are processed. Hybrid approaches combining blockchain and cryptog=
raphic techniques or blockchain and TEEs provide promising frameworks for p=
rivacy preservation. For reference, we provide a software implementation wh=
ere users can privately share features of their geolocation data using the =
hybrid approach combining blockchain with TEEs as a supplement. CONCLUSIONS=
: Blockchain technology and smart contracts enable the development of new p=
rivacy-preserving feature engineering methods by obviating dependence on tr=
usted parties and providing immutable, auditable data processing workflows.=
The overlap between blockchain and cryptographic techniques or blockchain =
and secure hardware technologies are promising fields for addressing import=
ant data privacy needs. Hybrid blockchain and TEE frameworks currently prov=
ide practical tools for implementing experimental privacy-preserving applic=
ations.
______________________________________________________
Joshi KP, Banerjee A. Automating privacy compliance using policy integrated=
blockchain. Cryptography. 2019;3(7):1-21. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/3/1/7
=
Abstract: An essential requirement of any information management system is =
to protect data and resources against breach or improper modifications, whi=
le at the same time ensuring data access to legitimate users. Systems handl=
ing personal data are mandated to track its flow to comply with data protec=
tion regulations. We have built a novel framework that integrates semantica=
lly rich data privacy knowledge graph with Hyperledger Fabric blockchain te=
chnology, to develop an automated access-control and audit mechanism that e=
nforces users' data privacy policies while sharing their data with third pa=
rties. Our blockchain based data-sharing solution addresses two of the most=
critical challenges: transaction verification and permissioned data obfusc=
ation. Our solution ensures accountability for data sharing in the cloud by=
incorporating a secure and efficient system for End-to-End provenance. In =
this paper, we describe this framework along with the comprehensive semanti=
cally rich knowledge graph that we have developed to capture rules embedded=
in data privacy policy documents. Our framework can be used by organizatio=
ns to automate compliance of their Cloud datasets.
______________________________________________________
Juh=C3=A1sz PL, Steger J, Kondor D, Vattay G. A Bayesian approach to identi=
fy Bitcoin users. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0207000. Epub 2018 Dec 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https=
://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=3D10.1371/journal.pone.0207000<=
br>
Abstract: Bitcoin is a digital currency and electronic payment system opera=
ting over a peer-to-peer network on the Internet. One of its most important=
properties is the high level of anonymity it provides for its users. The u=
sers are identified by their Bitcoin addresses, which are random strings in=
the public records of transactions, the blockchain. When a user initiates =
a Bitcoin transaction, his Bitcoin client program relays messages to other =
clients through the Bitcoin network. Monitoring the propagation of these me=
ssages and analyzing them carefully reveal hidden relations. In this paper,=
we develop a mathematical model using a probabilistic approach to link Bit=
coin addresses and transactions to the originator IP address. To utilize ou=
r model, we carried out experiments by installing more than a hundred modif=
ied Bitcoin clients distributed in the network to observe as many messages =
as possible. During a two month observation period we were able to identify=
several thousand Bitcoin clients and bind their transactions to geographic=
al locations.
______________________________________________________
Juneja A, Marefat M. Leveraging blockchain for retraining deep learning arc=
hitecture in patient-specific arrhythmia classification. In: Fotiadis DI, P=
enders J, Wang MD, Amft O, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society=
, editors. 2018 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Heal=
th Informatics (BHI); 2018 Mar 4-7; Las Vegas, NV. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Eng=
ineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2018. p. 393-7.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8333451 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Stacked Denoising Autoencoders (SDA) are deep networks which have=
gained popularity owing to their superior performance in image classificat=
ion applications, but they haven't been used much in healthcare application=
s. SDA can be efficiently retrained to adapt to large streams of data, and =
this property is used in this work to develop a technique for classificatio=
n of arrhythmias in a patient-specific manner. This approach is particularl=
y useful in continuous remote systems because they gather large amounts of =
data for longer periods of time. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed =
ledger which secures transactions with cryptography. It is proposed as an a=
ccess control manager to securely store and access data required by the cla=
ssifier during retraining in real-time from an external data storage. This =
work uses MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database and the results show an increased acc=
uracy for Ventricular Ectopic Beats (VEB) (99.15%) and Supraventricular Ect=
opic Beats (SVEB) (98.55%), which is higher than the published results of d=
eep networks that are not retrained.
______________________________________________________
Jung Y, Peradilla M, Agulto R. Packet key-based end-to-end security managem=
ent on a blockchain control plane. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(10):2310. Epub =
2019 May 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/10/23=
10
Abstract: The existing LTE mobile system uses the vertical model to handle =
the session-based security management. However, the goal of this paper is t=
o propose a packet key-based security management scheme on the blockchain c=
ontrol plane to enhance the existing session key-based security scheme and =
overcome the limitation that the existing vertical model, as well as the So=
ftware-Defined Networking (SDN) based horizontal model, confronts within so=
lving end-to-end security management. The proposed blockchain-based securit=
y management (BSM) scheme enables each peer to easily obtain the necessary =
parameters required to manage the packet key-based security system. The imp=
ortant features of the BSM scheme include the renewal process, which enable=
s the different packet data streams to use completely different security pa=
rameters for the security management. In addition, because even blind value=
s cannot be exposed to the possible attackers, our BSM scheme guarantees ve=
ry secure end-to-end data transfer against active attacks such as falsifica=
tion of data and transactions. Finally, this paper compares the BSM scheme =
with the existing vertical model to prove the advantageous effects on laten=
cy.
______________________________________________________
Kafka AC. Will blockchain revolutionize scholarly journal publishing? The C=
hronicle of Higher Education. 2018 Nov 30:A22-A3.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://ww=
w.chronicle.com/article/Will-Blockchain-Revolutionize/245073
Abstract: Since the 1990s, some academic netizens have predicted that open =
access will upend scholarly journal publishing, yet an oligopoly still domi=
nates the $25-billion industry.
Orvium, a European start-up, recently joined those taking on the giant play=
ers. It offers a publishing and business plan based on blockchain =E2=80=94=
a coding structure that embeds origins and changes within a file. The form=
at will allow for open-access or other licensing models to be determined by=
each client journal=E2=80=99s editors. The company=E2=80=99s ultimate obje=
ctive is "to be the leading publication platform for the research community=
while returning the benefits of science to society."
Manuel Martin, Orvium=E2=80=99s 38-year-old CEO and cofounder, said in a ph=
one interview from Geneva that the company is in a period of beta testing a=
nd should be operational in 2019. A data scientist who has worked with CERN=
and NASA, Martin, who was born in Spain, said that he and his fellow cofou=
nders, Antonio Romero and Roberto Rabasco, started the company to make jour=
nal publishing cheaper, faster, and more transparent.
Skeptics acknowledge blockchain=E2=80=99s potential for greater transparenc=
y but doubt that it will be faster or cheaper than other platforms that inc=
lude article preprints. They question Orvium=E2=80=99s intent to lift anony=
mity from article reviewers. They are dubious, too, about elements of the b=
usiness plan and point to a history of would-be publishing disruptors being=
bought up by the very companies they planned to compete with.
______________________________________________________
Kakavand H, Kost De Sevres N, Chilton B. The blockchain revolution: an anal=
ysis of regulation and technology related to distributed ledger technologie=
s. SSRN. 2017;https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2849251=
. Epub 2017 Jan 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_I=
D2849251_code2599390.pdf?abstractid=3D2849251&mirid=3D1
Abstract: Blockchain is on the verge of revolutionizing how we interact in =
the digital world. It has far reaching applications from the Financial indu=
stry to many other sectors of the economy. The question is what is Blockcha=
in, what are the underlying concepts, what is the current state of technolo=
gical implementation and the current state of its regulatory landscape. Whi=
le the answers to these questions take multiple volumes of articles by a va=
st array of experts in numerous related fields, in this article we will add=
ress these questions and provide some basic answers. For those active in th=
e general Blockchain and Digital currency space, from the academic, technol=
ogy, industry, legal or other points of view, it is important to have a bro=
ad overview of the space in general.
We provide a general description of Distributed Ledger Technology, Blockcha=
ins, Blockchain Technology and Digital Currencies, discuss the associated b=
asic concepts and definitions and the interplay between these concepts. We =
discuss Blockchain Technical Concepts and infrastructure Implementations, t=
heir tradeoffs, benefits, limitations and metrics by which the performance =
these implementations are measured. We also address the concept of Permissi=
oned Blockchains. In addition we discuss a number of practical applications=
of Blockchains beyond the financial industry applications.
______________________________________________________
K=C3=A4ll J. Blockchain control. Law & Critique. 2018;29(2):133-40. Epu=
b 2018 May 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10978-018-9227-x
Abstract: Blockchain technology is often discussed and theorized in relatio=
n to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Its quality as a technology that pro=
duces advanced encryption keys between objects, however, also makes it inte=
resting to those who seek to connect physical objects to digital elements. =
The reason for this is that the link between objects needs to be =E2=80=98s=
ecure=E2=80=99 from undesired external interference. In relation to such in=
terests, blockchain has been identified as a highly attractive technology t=
o support the general digitalization of society towards the Internet of Thi=
ngs, smart cities etc. In extension, the implementation of blockchain techn=
ology implies that it may work as a tool that has the capacity to direct wh=
ich objects may/may not interact with each other. The =E2=80=98ledger of ev=
erything=E2=80=99 that blockchain may possibly produce as regards the =E2=
=80=98Internet of Everything=E2=80=99 is even suggested to make humans and =
other intermediary technologies redundant. In this essay, I argue that in o=
rder to sustain legal critique when the world moves into the next era of di=
gitalization, we need to understand - and question - how technological cont=
rol operates through e.g. blockchain technology by locking physical and dig=
ital elements to each other.
______________________________________________________
Kamath R. Food traceability on blockchain: Walmart's pork and mango pilots =
with IBM. J Br Blockchain Assoc. 2018;1(1). Epub 2018 Jun 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/=
3712-food-traceability-on-blockchain-walmart-s-pork-and-mango-pilots-with-i=
bm
Abstract: In response to food contamination scandals worldwide, retail gian=
t Walmart is tackling food safety in the supply chain using blockchain tech=
nology. In 2016, it established the Walmart Food Safety Collaboration Cente=
r in Beijing and plans to invest $25 million over five years to research gl=
obal food safety (Yiannas and Liu, 2017). Using IBM=E2=80=99s blockchain so=
lution based on Hyperledger Fabric, Walmart has successfully completed two =
blockchain pilots: pork in China and mangoes in the Americas (IBM, 2017). W=
ith a farm-to-table approach, Walmart=E2=80=99s blockchain solution reduced=
time for tracking mango origins from seven days to 2.2 seconds and promote=
d greater transparency across Walmart=E2=80=99s food supply chain (Yiannas,=
2017). IBM called it =E2=80=9Ccomplete end-to-end traceability=E2=80=9D (M=
cDermott, 2017). This case study highlights the challenges of implementing =
blockchain technology in the food supply chain and the opportunities for de=
ploying blockchain solutions throughout the global food ecosystem to increa=
se safety and reduce waste.
______________________________________________________
Kamau G, Boore C, Maina E, Njenga S. Blockchain technology: is this the sol=
ution to EMR interoperability and security issues in developing countries? =
In: Cunningham P, Cunningham M, editors. 2018 IST-Africa Week Conference (I=
ST-Africa); 2018 May 9-11; Gaborone, Botswana. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018. =
p. 1-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8417357 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The burden of disease is higher by far in developing countries th=
an in the developed world. Developing countries today are turning to techno=
logy as the silver bullet or remedy. Indeed, Information and Communication =
Technology has turned into a key-enabling tool in the enhanced healthcare m=
anagement. The electronic health records or electronic medical records (EMR=
) a key component of medical informatics symbolize potential solutions for =
enhanced healthcare. However, interoperability and security of EMR systems =
has been the two main challenges of EMR in the healthcare industry. By anal=
yzing existing literature using scoping review research approach this paper=
explored the potential use of blockchain technology in improving the inter=
operability and security of EMR systems for the benefit of different stakeh=
olders in health sector in developing countries such as Kenya. To achieve o=
ur main objective, five databases were searched and 204 papers screened for=
inclusion. As a result of the search and screen process, we identified 25 =
relevant articles.
______________________________________________________
Kamel Boulos MN, Peng G, VoPham T. An overview of GeoAI applications in hea=
lth and healthcare. Int J Health Geogr. 2019;18(1):7. Epub 2019 May 2.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-019-0171=
-2
Abstract: The moulding together of artificial intelligence (AI) and the geo=
graphic/geographic information systems (GIS) dimension creates GeoAI. There=
is an emerging role for GeoAI in health and healthcare, as location is an =
integral part of both population and individual health. This article provid=
es an overview of GeoAI technologies (methods, tools and software), and the=
ir current and potential applications in several disciplines within public =
health, precision medicine, and Internet of Things-powered smart healthy ci=
ties. The potential challenges currently facing GeoAI research and applicat=
ions in health and healthcare are also briefly discussed.
______________________________________________________
Kamel Boulos MN, Wilson JT, Clauson KA. Geospatial blockchain: promises, ch=
allenges, and scenarios in health and healthcare. Int J Health Geogr. 2018;=
17(1):25. Epub 2018 Jul 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12942-018=
-0144-x
Abstract: A PubMed query run in June 2018 using the keyword 'blockchain' re=
trieved 40 indexed papers, a reflection of the growing interest in blockcha=
in among the medical and healthcare research and practice communities. Bloc=
kchain's foundations of decentralisation, cryptographic security and immuta=
bility make it a strong contender in reshaping the healthcare landscape wor=
ldwide. Blockchain solutions are currently being explored for: (1) securing=
patient and provider identities; (2) managing pharmaceutical and medical d=
evice supply chains; (3) clinical research and data monetisation; (4) medic=
al fraud detection; (5) public health surveillance; (6) enabling truly publ=
ic and open geo-tagged data; (7) powering many Internet of Things-connected=
autonomous devices, wearables, drones and vehicles, via the distributed pe=
er-to-peer apps they run, to deliver the full vision of smart healthy citie=
s and regions; and (8) blockchain-enabled augmented reality in crisis mappi=
ng and recovery scenarios, including mechanisms for validating, crediting a=
nd rewarding crowdsourced geo-tagged data, among other emerging use cases. =
Geospatially-enabled blockchain solutions exist today that use a crypto-spa=
tial coordinate system to add an immutable spatial context that regular blo=
ckchains lack. These geospatial blockchains do not just record an entry's s=
pecific time, but also require and validate its associated proof of locatio=
n, allowing accurate spatiotemporal mapping of physical world events. Block=
chain and distributed ledger technology face similar challenges as any othe=
r technology threatening to disintermediate legacy processes and commercial=
interests, namely the challenges of blockchain interoperability, security =
and privacy, as well as the need to find suitable and sustainable business =
models of implementation. Nevertheless, we expect blockchain technologies t=
o get increasingly powerful and robust, as they become coupled with artific=
ial intelligence (AI) in various real-word healthcare solutions involving A=
I-mediated data exchange on blockchains.
______________________________________________________
Kang M, Park E, Cho BH, Lee KS. Recent patient health monitoring platforms =
incorporating Internet of Things-enabled smart devices. Int Neurourol J. 20=
18;22(Suppl 2):S76-82. Epub 2018 Jul 31.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.e=
inj.org/journal/view.php?doi=3D10.5213/inj.1836144.072
Abstract: Synergistic integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud co=
mputing, and big data technologies in healthcare have led to the notion of =
"smart health." Smart health is an emerging concept that refers to the prov=
ision of healthcare services for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and foll=
ow-up management at any time or any place by connecting information technol=
ogies and healthcare. As a significant breakthrough in smart healthcare dev=
elopment, IoT-enabled smart devices allow medical centers to carry out prev=
entive care, diagnosis, and treatment more competently. This review focuses=
on recently developed patient health monitoring platforms based on IoT-ena=
bled smart devices that can collect real-time patient data and transfer inf=
ormation for assessment by healthcare providers, including doctors, hospita=
ls, and clinics, or for self-management. We aimed to summarize the availabl=
e information about recently approved devices and state-of-the-art developm=
ents through a comprehensive, systematic literature review. In this review,=
we also discuss possible future directions for the integration of cloud co=
mputing and blockchain, which may offer unprecedented breakthroughs in on-d=
emand medical services. The combination of IoT with real-time, remote patie=
nt monitoring empowers patients to assert more control over their care, the=
reby allowing them to actively monitor their particular health conditions.<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Karame G, Capkun S. Blockchain security and privacy. IEEE Secur Priv. 2018;=
16(4):11-2. Epub 2018 Aug 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8425621
Abstract: The blockchain emerged as a novel distributed consensus scheme th=
at allows transactions, and any other data, to be securely stored and verif=
ied without the need of any centralized authority. Distributed trust and th=
erefore security and privacy are at the core of the blockchain technologies=
, and have the potential to either make them a success or cause them to fai=
l. This special issue of IEEE Security & Privacy is an attempt to colle=
ct the most interesting ideas from the community of researchers and profess=
ionals working on blockchain security and privacy.
______________________________________________________
Kaur H, Alam MA, Jameel R, Mourya AK, Chang V. A proposed solution and futu=
re direction for blockchain-based heterogeneous Medicare data in cloud envi=
ronment. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):156. Epub 2018 Jul 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-1007-5 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The healthcare data is an important asset and rich source of heal=
thcare intellect. Medical databases, if created properly, will be large, co=
mplex, heterogeneous and time varying. The main challenge nowadays is to st=
ore and process this data efficiently so that it can benefit humans. Hetero=
geneity in the healthcare sector in the form of medical data is also consid=
ered to be one of the biggest challenges for researchers. Sometimes, this d=
ata is referred to as large-scale data or big data. Blockchain technology a=
nd the Cloud environment have proved their usability separately, though the=
se two technologies can be combined to enhance the exciting applications in=
healthcare industry. Blockchain is a highly secure and decentralized netwo=
rking platform of multiple computers called nodes. It is changing the way m=
edical information is being stored and shared. It makes the work easier, ke=
eps an eye on the security and accuracy of the data and also reduces the co=
st of maintenance. A Blockchain-based platform is proposed that can be used=
for storing and managing electronic medical records in a Cloud environment=
.
______________________________________________________
Khan WZ, Ahmed E, Hakak S, Yaqoob I, Ahmed A. Edge computing: a survey. Fut=
ur Gener Comput Syst. 2019;97:219-35. Epub 2019 Feb 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X18319903 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: In recent years, the Edge computing paradigm has gained considera=
ble popularity in academic and industrial circles. It serves as a key enabl=
er for many future technologies like 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), augmente=
d reality and vehicle-to-vehicle communications by connecting cloud computi=
ng facilities and services to the end users. The Edge computing paradigm pr=
ovides low latency, mobility, and location awareness support to delay-sensi=
tive applications. Significant research has been carried out in the area of=
Edge computing, which is reviewed in terms of latest developments such as =
Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog computing, resulting in providing =
researchers with more insight into the existing solutions and future applic=
ations. This article is meant to serve as a comprehensive survey of recent =
advancements in Edge computing highlighting the core applications. It also =
discusses the importance of Edge computing in real life scenarios where res=
ponse time constitutes the fundamental requirement for many applications. T=
he article concludes with identifying the requirements and discuss open res=
earch challenges in Edge computing.
______________________________________________________
Khernane N, Potop-Butucaru M, Chaudet C. BANZKP: A secure authentication sc=
heme using zero knowledge proof for WBANs. 2016 IEEE 13th International Con=
ference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS); 2016 Oct 10-13; Brasili=
a, Brazil. Piscataway, NJ: 2016.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/7815040 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Wireless body area network (WBAN) has shown great potential in im=
proving healthcare quality not only for patients but also for medical staff=
. However, security and privacy are still an important issue in WBANs espec=
ially in multi-hop architectures. In this paper, we propose and present the=
design and the evaluation of a secure lightweight and energy efficient aut=
hentication scheme BANZKP based on an efficient cryptographic protocol, Zer=
o Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and a commitment scheme. ZKP is used to confirm the=
identify of the sensor nodes, with small computational requirement, which =
is favorable for body sensors given their limited resources, while the comm=
itment scheme is used to deal with replay attacks and hence the injection a=
ttacks by committing a message and revealing the key later. BANZKP reduces =
the memory requirement by 56,13% compared to TinyZKP [16], the comparable a=
lternative so far for Body Area Networks. Also, the simulation results demo=
nstrate that our proposed scheme is 17 and 5 times more efficient in term o=
f execution time, and uses 94.11% and 80% less energy compared to TinyZKP a=
nd W-ECDSA [25], respectively.
______________________________________________________
Khezr S, Moniruzzaman M, Yassine A, Benlamri R. Blockchain technology in he=
althcare: a comprehensive review and directions for future research. Appl S=
ci. 2019;9(9). Epub 2019 Apr 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/9/1736=
Abstract: One of the most important discoveries and creative developments t=
hat is playing a vital role in the professional world today is blockchain t=
echnology. Blockchain technology moves in the direction of persistent revol=
ution and change. It is a chain of blocks that covers information and maint=
ains trust between individuals no matter how far they are. In the last coup=
le of years, the upsurge in blockchain technology has obliged scholars and =
specialists to scrutinize new ways to apply blockchain technology with a wi=
de range of domains. The dramatic increase in blockchain technology has pro=
vided many new application opportunities, including healthcare applications=
. This survey provides a comprehensive review of emerging blockchain-based =
healthcare technologies and related applications. In this inquiry, we call =
attention to the open research matters in this fast-growing field, explaini=
ng them in some details. We also show the potential of blockchain technolog=
y in revolutionizing healthcare industry.
______________________________________________________
Khezr S, Moniruzzaman M, Yassine A, Benlamri R. Blockchain technology in he=
althcare: a comprehensive review and directions for future research. Appl S=
ci [Internet]. 2019 Apr 26 [cited 2019 May 7]; 9(9). Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/9/1736
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: One of the most important discoveries and creative developments t=
hat is playing a vital role in the professional world today is blockchain t=
echnology. Blockchain technology moves in the direction of persistent revol=
ution and change. It is a chain of blocks that covers information and maint=
ains trust between individuals no matter how far they are. In the last coup=
le of years, the upsurge in blockchain technology has obliged scholars and =
specialists to scrutinize new ways to apply blockchain technology with a wi=
de range of domains. The dramatic increase in blockchain technology has pro=
vided many new application opportunities, including healthcare applications=
. This survey provides a comprehensive review of emerging blockchain-based =
healthcare technologies and related applications. In this inquiry, we call =
attention to the open research matters in this fast-growing field, explaini=
ng them in some details. We also show the potential of blockchain technolog=
y in revolutionizing healthcare industry.
______________________________________________________
Khurshid A, Gadnis A. Using blockchain to create transaction identity for p=
ersons experiencing homelessness in America: policy proposal. JMIR Res Prot=
oc. 2019;8(3):e10654. Epub 2019 Mar 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchprotocols.or=
g/2019/3/e10654/
Abstract: More than 500,000 people experience homelessness in America each =
day. Local and federal solutions to the problem have had limited success be=
cause of the fragmentation of services and lack of valid and timely informa=
tion. Billions of dollars spent to provide reliable, timely, and actionable=
information in health care have exposed the difficulty of establishing suc=
h a system using the prevalent information technology solutions. However, r=
elying on successful examples of the use of blockchain to help refugee popu=
lations and poor farmers internationally, we have partnered to propose an i=
nnovative solution to this problem using the case of people experiencing ho=
melessness in Austin, Texas. This paper aims to describe one of the first a=
pplications of blockchain technology for addressing homelessness in the Uni=
ted States by creating a digital identity for people experiencing homelessn=
ess and engaging emergency medical services and clinical providers. The aut=
hors argue that a lack of documentation to prove personal identity and the =
inability to access own records are major hurdles for empowering persons ex=
periencing homelessness to be resilient and overcome the life challenges th=
ey face. Furthermore, it is argued that this lack of information causes mis=
diagnosis, duplication, and fragmentation in service delivery, which can be=
potentially addressed by blockchain technology. Further planning for creat=
ing a program on the ground with additional funding will demonstrate the re=
sults of using blockchain technology to establish digital identity for pers=
ons experiencing homelessness.
______________________________________________________
Kilbride N. Custody, control, and assurances: improving legal operations wi=
th blockchain. Bus L Today [Internet]. 2018 2018 Dec 18 [cited 2019 Feb 11]=
:[about 3 p.]. Available from: https://businesslawtoday.org/2018/12/c=
ustody-control-assurances-improving-legal-operations-blockchain/
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: * Blockchains radically shift the economics of providing transact=
ional assurances.
* Blockchain proof of title, custody, and transaction history reduces the n=
eed to rely on external assurances.
* This opens economic potential wherever there was previously a lack of rel=
iable legal infrastructure.
______________________________________________________
Kim M, Park K, Yu S, Lee J, Park Y, Lee SW, et al. A secure charging system=
for electric vehicles based on blockchain. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(13):30=
28. Epub 2019 Jul 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/13/30=
28
Abstract: Smart grids incorporating internet-of-things are emerging solutio=
ns to provide a reliable, sustainable and efficient electricity supply, and=
electric vehicle drivers can access efficient charging services in the sma=
rt grid. However, traditional electric vehicle charging systems are vulnera=
ble to distributed denial of service and privileged insider attacks when th=
e central charging server is attacked. The blockchain-based charging system=
s have been proposed to resolve these problems. In 2018, Huang et al. propo=
sed the electric vehicle charging system using lightning network and smart =
contract. However, their system has an inefficient charging mechanism and d=
oes not guarantee security of key. We propose a secure charging system for =
electric vehicles based on blockchain to resolve these security flaws. Our =
charging system ensures the security of key, secure mutual authentication, =
anonymity, and perfect forward secrecy, and also provides efficient chargin=
g. We demonstrate that our proposed system provides secure mutual authentic=
ation using Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic and prevents replay and man-in-the-=
middle attacks using automated validation of internet security protocols an=
d applications simulation tool. Furthermore, we compare computation and com=
munication costs with previous schemes. Therefore, the proposed charging sy=
stem efficiently applies to practical charging systems for electric vehicle=
s.
______________________________________________________
Kim MG, Lee AR, Kwon HJ, Kim JW, Kim IK. Sharing medical questionnaires bas=
ed on blockchain. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and =
Biomedicine (BIBM); 2018 Dec 3-6; Madrid, Spain. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Compu=
ter Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8621154 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Hospitals provide a considerable amount of questionnaires to pati=
ents, and their result data can be one of the significant measures to check=
a patient=E2=80=99s current health. In many cases, however, such data util=
ization in another kind of healthcare services is unsatisfactory because pa=
tients cannot manage the data by themselves. We propose a blockchain-based =
medical questionnaire management system for data sharing. This system guara=
ntees the integrity of questionnaire result data using characteristics of t=
he blockchain. Furthermore, data in this system can be in interoperable wit=
h other systems because it is generated based on the international standard=
Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources. This paper expl=
ores how to use medical questionnaire result data for the lifelong healthca=
re of patient and better quality of health care services and enhance the se=
curity of personal medical records.
______________________________________________________
Kim R. Cryptocurrency and blockchain: the technological and regulatory fron=
tier of FinTech. Bloomberg Law, Bureau of National Affairs Inc.; 2018 Aug 1=
5. Report No.: MKT-13253.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https:/=
/www.bna.com/cryptocurrency-blockchain-technological-m73014481927/ Open=
access after free site registration.
Abstract: Crafted by Bloomberg Law=C2=AE legal editor Robert Kim, the Bloom=
berg Law special report Cryptocurrency and Blockchain =E2=80=93 The Technol=
ogical and Regulatory Frontier of FinTech details how these issues present =
specific legal and regulatory challenges. The report provides:
* An in-depth review of blockchain and its role in finance, starting with i=
ts first application in bitcoin and further as a method to help with identi=
ty verification, supply chain tracking, company recordkeeping and distribut=
ion, self-executing =E2=80=9Csmart=E2=80=9D contracts, automated real-time =
regulatory reporting, and more.
* Explanations of how blockchain works in bitcoin and other applications.
* How the dramatic rise of ICOs has caused U.S. federal and state regulator=
s to scrutinize them under federal securities and commodities laws, state s=
ecurities laws, and Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terror=
ism (AML/CFT) laws.
* A review of state requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges, including de=
scriptions of which states currently require licenses to operate cryptocurr=
ency exchanges.
* Discussion of forthcoming regulatory challenges at the federal, state, an=
d global levels as policies toward the regulation of cryptocurrencies devel=
op.
______________________________________________________
Kirkner RM. Why blockchain for health care may be finally turning the corne=
r. Manag Care. 2018;27(12):22-3. Epub 2018 Nov 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.managedcaremag.com/=
linkout/2018/12/22
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] This fall, PricewaterhouseCoopers issued a repo=
rt on blockchain in health care and outlined six areas where it could have =
a profound impact: supply chain and inventory management; enrollment and pr=
ovider data management; back office functions and payments; data management=
; managing risk and regulatory issues; and research and development.
______________________________________________________
Klaimi J, Rahim-Amoud R, Merghem-Boulahia L, Jrad A. A novel loss-based ene=
rgy management approach for smart grids using multi-agent systems and intel=
ligent storage systems. Sustain Cities Soc. 2018;39:344-57. Epub 2018 Mar 7=
.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670717307552 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: The smart grid integrates the use of information and Communicatio=
n Technologies (ICTs) in order to ensure the interaction between its comput=
ational and physical elements. Moreover, it supports bidirectional informat=
ion flows between the energy users and the utility grid that motivate energ=
y users not simply to consume but also to generate energy and to share it w=
ith the utility grid and/or with other consumers. Many researches have addr=
essed the problem of energy management in the smart grid context and have b=
een done in order to offer maximum savings on energy bills as efficiently a=
s possible. However, many algorithms presented in the literature do not exp=
loit storage systems and/or present high energy losses. Taking into conside=
ration energy losses, this research discusses the effects of these losses o=
n consumers=E2=80=99 bill. Hence, we propose an agent-based solution that t=
akes into consideration users=E2=80=99 loss minimization in the smart grid =
context. The contribution of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it highlights =
the effects of power loss on the energy cost in an electrical system. Secon=
dly, a novel approach aiming to help the storage system meet consumers=E2=
=80=99 daily demands will be presented. Simulation results show that our pr=
oposal minimizes consumers=E2=80=99 energy costs and losses.
______________________________________________________
Kleinaki AS, Mytis-Gkometh P, Drosatos G, Efraimidis PS, Kaldoudi E. A bloc=
kchain-based notarization service for biomedical knowledge retrieval. Compu=
t Struct Biotechnol J. 2018;16:288-97. Epub 2018 Aug 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037018300400
Abstract: Biomedical research and clinical decision depend increasingly on =
scientific evidence realized by a number of authoritative databases, mostly=
public and continually enriched via peer scientific contributions. Given t=
he dynamic nature of biomedical evidence data and their usage in the sensit=
ive domain of biomedical science, it is important to ensure retrieved data =
integrity and non-repudiation. In this work, we present a blockchain-based =
notarization service that uses smart digital contracts to seal a biomedical=
database query and the respective results. The goal is to ensure that retr=
ieved data cannot be modified after retrieval and that the database cannot =
validly deny that the particular data has been provided as a result of a sp=
ecific query. Biomedical evidence data versioning is also supported. The fe=
asibility of the proposed notarization approach is demonstrated using a rea=
l blockchain infrastructure and is tested on two different biomedical evide=
nce databases: a publicly available medical risk factor reference repositor=
y and on the PubMed database of biomedical literature references and abstra=
cts.
______________________________________________________
Koshechkin KA, Klimenko GS, Ryabkov IV, Kozhin PB. Scope for the applicatio=
n of blockchain in the public healthcare of the Russian Federation. In. Int=
ernational Conference on Knowledge Based and Intelligent Information and En=
gineering Systems, KES 2018; Sep 3-5; Belgrade, Serbia. Procedia Computer S=
ciences; 2018. p. 1323-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918313607
Abstract: Blockchain as technology described to be used in closed systems t=
o conduct registers of official data in public healthcare. Also this techno=
logy had found its use in different other ways, for example it is education=
of medical staff, control of the contracts for healthcare services. And th=
e role of Blockchain in CALS / PLM-technologies suggested.
______________________________________________________
Ko=C5=A1=C5=A5=C3=A1l K, Helebrandt P, Bellus M, Ries M, Kotuliak I. Manage=
ment and monitoring of IoT devices using blockchain (dagger). Sensors (Base=
l). 2019;19(4). Epub 2019 Feb 19.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/856=
Abstract: Nowadays, we are surrounded by a large number of IoT (Internet of=
Things) devices and sensors. These devices are designed to make life easie=
r and more comfortable. Blockchain technology, especially its mass applicat=
ion, is becoming a term number one. Adoption of blockchain into enterprise =
networks still has a few challenges that need to be tackled. Utilizing bloc=
kchain can bring increased security and efficiency of network maintenance. =
The key feature of the blockchain, immutability, brings resistance to unaut=
horized modifications. The whole history of device configuration changes is=
stored in the blockchain, hence recovery after incidents is very straightf=
orward. This paper extends our previous studies. We are introducing an impr=
oved architecture for management and monitoring of IoT devices using a priv=
ate blockchain. The majority of the system is built on a chaincode, which h=
andles CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations as well as encryption=
and access control. Device configuration files are stored in the blockchai=
n. When a modification occurs, the device downloads a new configuration in =
a simple manner. The chaincode receives notification whether setup was succ=
essful and this history is available for administrators. Our results show t=
hat such a system is possible and dissemination of configuration changes to=
IoT devices can be secured by the blockchain. The key novelty of our solut=
ion is a distributed management of configuration files of IoT devices in en=
terprise networks utilizing blockchain technology. This is essentially impr=
oving security and storage options for configurations in the blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Kotsiuba I, Velvkzhanin A, Yanovich Y, Bandurova IS, Dyachenko Y, Zhygulin =
V. Decentralized e-Health architecture for boosting healthcare analytics. I=
n: Yang XS, Dey N, Joshi N, editors. 2018 Second World Conference on Smart =
Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4); 2018 Oct 30-31; L=
ondon, United Kingdom. IEEE; 2018. p. 113-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://bitfury.com/content/downloads/research-decentralized-e-health=
-architecture.pdf Open access; https://=
ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8611621 Subscription required to =
view.
Abstract: In this paper, we present an overview of the problems associated =
with the analysis and security of medical data and offer a solution that wi=
ll provide the basis for improving the quality of medical services. We prop=
ose the architecture of a decentralized health data ecosystem based on a bl=
ockchain that will allow us to operate with vast volumes of clinical data, =
while also protecting confidential medical data. An example of a blockchain=
solution based on Exonum framework for state-scale use in healthcare is di=
scussed. The deployments of such systems will the benefit to medical data s=
afety, extend the base of clinical data collections, and create an effectiv=
e shared health infrastructure.
______________________________________________________
Kravitz DW, Cooper J. Securing user identity and transactions symbiotically=
: IoT meets blockchain. 2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS); 2017=
Jun 6-9; Geneva, Switzerland. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computational Intellige=
nce Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8016280 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Swarms of embedded devices provide new challenges for privacy and=
security. We propose Permissioned Blockchains as an effective way to secur=
e and manage these systems of systems. A long view of blockchain technology=
yields several requirements absent in extant blockchain implementations. O=
ur approach to Permissioned Blockchains meets the fundamental requirements =
for longevity, agility, and incremental adoption. Distributed Identity Mana=
gement is an inherent feature of our Permissioned Blockchain and provides f=
or resilient user and device identity and attribute management.
______________________________________________________
Krawiec RJ, Housman D, White M, Filipova M, Quarre F, Barr D, et al. Blockc=
hain: opportunities for health care. ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthc=
are and Research Workshop; 2016 Sep 26-27; Gaithersburg, MD. National Insti=
tute of Standards Technology.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/public-sect=
or/articles/blockchain-opportunities-for-health-care.html
Abstract: A blockchain powered health information exchange could unlock the=
true value of interoperability. Blockchain-based systems have the potentia=
l to reduce or eliminate the friction and costs of current intermediaries. =
Particularly compelling use cases for blockchain technology include the Pre=
cision Medicine Initiative, Patient Care and Outcomes Research (PCOR), and =
the Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap. For these and other high-potential=
areas, determining the viability of the business case for blockchain is pa=
ramount to realize the benefits of improved data integrity, decentralizatio=
n and disintermediation of trust, and reduced transaction costs. The exchan=
ge of Personal Health Records and Health Information Exchange (HIE) data vi=
a the Integrating the Health care Enterprise (IHE) protocol is an important=
part of addressing the challenges of system interoperability and accessibi=
lity of medical records. The strategy outlined to date provides the technic=
al requirements and specific incentives for health systems to meet the Mean=
ingful Use interoperability standards necessary to support the envisioned N=
ational Health Information Network, buttressed by a network of HIEs operati=
ng on a broad scale. That unrealized scale, driven in large part by insuffi=
cient incentives outside of compliance, threatens the viability of HIEs and=
merits exploration of new models. It may be possible that new value based =
models embedded in MACRA will be sufficient to make the market model work, =
but HIEs have been seeking alternative business models. Meanwhile the healt=
h systems that see true benefits from establishing a clinically integrated =
network in order to engage in risk-based contracts focus on private exchang=
es and are looking for low cost solutions that enable secure integration an=
d support the assembly of virtual health systems that move beyond organizat=
ional boundaries. While blockchain technology is not a panacea for data sta=
ndardization or system integration challenges, it does offer a promising ne=
w distributed framework to amplify and support integration of health care i=
nformation across a range of uses and stakeholders. It addresses several ex=
isting pain points and enables a system that is more efficient, disintermed=
iated, and secure.
______________________________________________________
Krishnamurty S. Blockchain for business. Wilmott. 2018 Jul 19:18-9.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.=
wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wilm.10686 Subscription required to view.
=
Abstract: =E2=80=9CSo, how do we buy some of these Blockchains for our port=
folio?=E2=80=9D
______________________________________________________
Kshetri N. Blockchain and the economics of food safety. IT Prof. 2019;21(3)=
:63-6. Epub 2019 May 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8720132
Abstract: Blockchain technology has a potential to address many of the food=
safety challenges facing the world today. Some of the most promising block=
chain applications developed to data have been in the food supply chains.
______________________________________________________
Kshetri N. Blockchain=E2=80=99s roles in meeting key supply chain managemen=
t objectives. Int J Inf Manage. 2018;39:80-9. Epub 2017 Dec 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401217305248 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Arrival of blockchain is set to transform supply chain activities=
. Scholars have barely begun to systematically assess the effects of blockc=
hain on various organizational activities. This paper examines how blockcha=
in is likely to affect key supply chain management objectives such as cost,=
quality, speed, dependability, risk reduction, sustainability and flexibil=
ity. We present early evidence linking the use of blockchain in supply chai=
n activities to increase transparency and accountability. Case studies of b=
lockchain projects at various phases of development for diverse purposes ar=
e discussed. This study illustrates the various mechanisms by which blockch=
ain help achieve the above supply chain objectives. Special emphasis has be=
en placed on the roles of the incorporation of the IoT in blockchain-based =
solutions and the degree of deployment of blockchain to validate individual=
s=E2=80=99 and assets=E2=80=99 identities.
______________________________________________________
Kshetri N. Blockchain's roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting=
privacy. Telecomm Policy. 2017;41(10):1027-38. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596117302483 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: This paper evaluates blockchain's roles in strengthening cybersec=
urity and protecting privacy. Since most of the data is currently stored in=
cloud data centers, it also compares how blockchain performs vis-vis the c=
loud in various aspects of security and privacy. Key underlying mechanisms =
related to the blockchain's impacts on the Internet of Things (IoT) securit=
y are also covered. From the security and privacy considerations, it highli=
ghts how blockchain-based solutions could possibly be, in many aspects, sup=
erior to the current IoT ecosystem, which mainly relies on centralized clou=
d servers through service providers. Using practical applications and real-=
world examples, the paper argues that blockchain's decentralized feature is=
likely to result in a low susceptibility to manipulation and forgery by ma=
licious participants. Special consideration is also given to how blockchain=
-based identity and access management systems can address some of the key c=
hallenges associated with IoT security. The paper provides a detailed analy=
sis and description of blockchain's roles in tracking the sources of insecu=
rity in supply chains related to IoT devices. The paper also delves into ho=
w blockchain can make it possible to contain an IoT security breach in a ta=
rgeted way after it is discovered. It discusses and evaluates initiatives o=
f organizations, inter-organizational networks and industries on this front=
. A number of policy implications are discussed. First, in order to strengt=
hen IoT, regulators can make it obligatory for firms to deploy blockchain i=
n supply chain, especially in systems that are mission critical, and have s=
ubstantial national security and economic benefits. Second, public policy e=
fforts directed at protecting privacy using blockchain should focus on prov=
iding training to key stakeholders and increasing investment in this techno=
logy. Third, one way to enrich the blockchain ecosystem would be to turn at=
tention to public=E2=80=93private partnerships. Finally, national governmen=
ts should provide legal clarity and more information for parties to engage =
in smart contracts that are enforceable.
______________________________________________________
Kshetri N. Can blockchain strengthen the internet of things? IT Prof. 2017;=
19(4):68-72. Epub 2017 Aug 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://libres.uncg.edu/=
ir/uncg/f/N_Kshetri_Can_2017.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8012302 Subscripti=
on required to view.
Abstract: This column evaluates blockchain's roles in strengthening securit=
y in the Internet of Things (IoT). Key underlying mechanisms related to the=
blockchain-IoT security nexus are covered. From a security standpoint, the=
article highlights how blockchain-based solutions could be, in many aspect=
s, superior to the current IoT ecosystem, which relies mainly on centralize=
d cloud servers. Using practical applications and real-world examples, the =
article argues that blockchain's decentralized nature is likely to result i=
n a low susceptibility to manipulation and forgery by malicious participant=
s. Special consideration is given to how blockchain-based identity and acce=
ss management systems can address some of the key challenges associated wit=
h IoT security. The column provides a detailed analysis and description of =
blockchain's roles in tracking the sources of insecurity in supply chains r=
elated to IoT devices. Using blockchain, it is also possible to contain an =
IoT security breach in a targeted way after it is discovered. The column al=
so discusses and evaluates initiatives of organizations, interorganizationa=
l networks, and industries on the frontlines of blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Kubendiran M, Singh S, Kumar Sangiah A. Enhanced security framework for eHe=
alth systems using blockchain. J Inf Process Syst. 2019;15(2):239-50.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://jips-k.org/q.jips?cp=3Dpp&am=
p;pn=3D645
Abstract: An individual=E2=80=99s health data is very sensitive and private=
. Such data are usually stored on a private or community owned cloud, where=
access is not restricted to the owners of that cloud. Anyone within the cl=
oud can access this data. This data may not be read only and multiple parti=
es can make to it. Thus, any unauthorized modification of health-related da=
ta will lead to incorrect diagnosis and mistreatment. However, we cannot re=
strict semipublic access to this data. Existing security mechanisms in e-he=
alth systems are competent in dealing with the issues associated with these=
systems but only up to a certain extent. The indigenous technologies need =
to be complemented with current and future technologies. We have put forwar=
d a method to complement such technologies by incorporating the concept of =
blockchain to ensure the integrity of data as well as its provenance.
______________________________________________________
Kumar NM, Mallick PK. Blockchain technology for security issues and challen=
ges in IoT. Procedia Comput Sci. 2018;132:1815-23. Epub 2018 Jun 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187705091830872X
Abstract: The internet of things (IoT) enabled a common operating picture (=
COP) across the various applications of modern day living. The COP is achie=
ved through the advancements seen in wireless sensor network devices that w=
ere able to communicate through the network thereby exchanging information =
and performing various analysis. In IoT, the exchange of information and da=
ta authentication is only done through the central server there by leading =
to the security and privacy concerns. Chances of device spoofing, false aut=
hentication, less reliability in data sharing could happen. To address such=
security and privacy concerns, a central server concept is eliminated and =
blockchain (BC) technology is introduced as a part of IoT. This paper elabo=
rates the possible security and privacy issues considering the component in=
teraction in IoT and studies how the distributed ledger based blockchain (D=
L-BC) technology contribute to it. Applications of BC with respect to focus=
ed sectors and category were clearly studied here. Various challenges speci=
fic to IoT and IoT with BC were also discussed to understand blockchain tec=
hnology contribution.
______________________________________________________
Kuo TT, Gabriel RA, Ohno-Machado L. Fair compute loads enabled by blockchai=
n: sharing models by alternating client and server roles. J Am Med Inform A=
ssoc. 2019;26(5):392-403. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://academic.oup.com/=
jamia/article/26/5/392/5400625
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Decentralized privacy-preserving predictive modeling e=
nables multiple institutions to learn a more generalizable model on healthc=
are or genomic data by sharing the partially trained models instead of pati=
ent-level data, while avoiding risks such as single point of control. State=
-of-the-art blockchain-based methods remove the "server" role but can be le=
ss accurate than models that rely on a server. Therefore, we aim at develop=
ing a general model sharing framework to preserve predictive correctness, m=
itigate the risks of a centralized architecture, and compute the models in =
a fair way. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We propose a framework that includes bot=
h server and "client" roles to preserve correctness. We adopt a blockchain =
network to obtain the benefits of decentralization, by alternating the role=
s for each site to ensure computational fairness. Also, we developed GloreC=
hain (Grid Binary LOgistic REgression on Permissioned BlockChain) as a conc=
rete example, and compared it to a centralized algorithm on 3 healthcare or=
genomic datasets to evaluate predictive correctness, number of learning it=
erations and execution time. RESULTS: GloreChain performs exactly the same =
as the centralized method in terms of correctness and number of iterations.=
It inherits the advantages of blockchain, at the cost of increased time to=
reach a consensus model. DISCUSSION: Our framework is general or flexible =
and can also address intrinsic challenges of blockchain networks. Further i=
nvestigations will focus on higher-dimensional datasets, additional use cas=
es, privacy-preserving quality concerns, and ethical, legal, and social imp=
lications. CONCLUSIONS: Our framework provides a promising potential for in=
stitutions to learn a predictive model based on healthcare or genomic data =
in a privacy-preserving and decentralized way.
______________________________________________________
Kuo TT, Kim HE, Ohno-Machado L. Blockchain distributed ledger technologies =
for biomedical and health care applications. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2017;24=
(6):1211-20. Epub 2017 Sep 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://academic.oup.com=
/jamia/article/24/6/1211/4108087
Abstract: To introduce blockchain technologies, including their benefits, p=
itfalls, and the latest applications, to the biomedical and health care dom=
ains. Biomedical and health care informatics researchers who would like to =
learn about blockchain technologies and their applications in the biomedica=
l/health care domains. The covered topics include: (1) introduction to the =
famous Bitcoin crypto-currency and the underlying blockchain technology; (2=
) features of blockchain; (3) review of alternative blockchain technologies=
; (4) emerging nonfinancial distributed ledger technologies and application=
s; (5) benefits of blockchain for biomedical/health care applications when =
compared to traditional distributed databases; (6) overview of the latest b=
iomedical/health care applications of blockchain technologies; and (7) disc=
ussion of the potential challenges and proposed solutions of adopting block=
chain technologies in biomedical/health care domains.
______________________________________________________
Kuo TT, Ohno-Machado L, Zavaleta Rojas H. Comparison of blockchain platform=
s: a systematic review and healthcare examples. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2019=
;26(5):462-78. Epub 2019 Mar 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://academic.oup.com/=
jamia/article/26/5/462/5419321
Abstract: To introduce healthcare or biomedical blockchain applications and=
their underlying blockchain platforms, compare popular blockchain platform=
s using a systematic review method, and provide a reference for selection o=
f a suitable blockchain platform given requirements and technical features =
that are common in healthcare and biomedical research applications. Healthc=
are or clinical informatics researchers and software engineers who would li=
ke to learn about the important technical features of different blockchain =
platforms to design and implement blockchain-based health informatics appli=
cations. Covered topics include (1) a brief introduction to healthcare or b=
iomedical blockchain applications and the benefits to adopt blockchain; (2)=
a description of key features of underlying blockchain platforms in health=
care applications; (3) development of a method for systematic review of tec=
hnology, based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic=
Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, to investigate blockchain platforms =
for healthcare and medicine applications; (4) a review of 21 healthcare-rel=
ated technical features of 10 popular blockchain platforms; and (5) a discu=
ssion of findings and limitations of the review.
______________________________________________________
Kyriakoudes G, Louca S, Behbod B. Cyprus's new National Health Service and =
future European health. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1514. Epub 2018 Oct 27.
=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32163=
-9/fulltext
Abstract: [FIRST TWO PARAGRAPHS] In 2019, Cyprus is expected to introduce i=
ts new National Health Insurance System, 13 years after Myria Antoniadou's =
World Report, which identified the Mediterranean island's health-care chall=
enges. With the new National Health Insurance System, Cyprus will become a =
primary-care-driven country, and it will be the latest European Union (EU) =
member state to have a universal health-care system.
Toomas Hendrik Ilves, chairman of the EU eHealth Task Force to =E2=80=9Cred=
esign health in Europe for 2020=E2=80=9D, notes that successfully ensuring =
health-care access for all EU citizens depends on information-technology ap=
plication and data use. In Cyprus, patient medical records are generally pa=
per based and highly fragmented, which increases the risk of duplicate inve=
stigations and of patients being prescribed unsuitable medication. The new =
health-care system, combined with the changes in data management in complia=
nce with the EU General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR), indicates promi=
sing positive changes.
______________________________________________________
Lacity MC. Addressing key challenges to making enterprise blockchain applic=
ations a reality. MIS Q Exec. 2018;17(3):201-22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://pdfs.sem=
anticscholar.org/1773/a51be5142a516a7622a5f8672bd7310949fc.pdf?_ga=3D2.1865=
75529.1464186288.1561920201-820977786.1561920201 Open access;
https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol17/iss3/3/ Subscript=
ion required to view.
Abstract: Many enterprises have not progressed their blockchain solutions b=
eyond proofs-ofconcept. Daunting managerial challenges in the areas of stan=
dards, regulations, shared governance models and viable ecosystems impede p=
rogress. We describe the strategies that LO3 Energy, Moog, Inc. and the Cen=
ter for Supply Chain Studies are pursuing to address these challenges.
<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Lacity MC, Khan S. Exploring preliminary challenges and emerging best pract=
ices in the use of enterprise blockchain applications. In. 52nd Hawaii Inte=
rnational Conference on System Sciences; 2019 Jan 8-11; Grand Wailea, Maui,=
HI. University of Hawaii; 2019. p. 4665-74.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://scholarspace.man=
oa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/59904
Abstract: Enterprise blockchain applications can allow trading partners to =
transact directly without relying on trusted third parties and promise to: =
eliminate the need for reconciliations, instantly track and trace assets th=
rough a supply chain, provide unbeatable data provenance, settle transactio=
ns quickly and cheaply, and enable an information security model that is fa=
ult tolerant, resilient, and available. Many of these promised benefits see=
mingly address the challenges of non-blockchain based inter-organizational =
systems. However, this research indicates that blockchain based inter-organ=
izational applications pose significant challenges of their own. Based on i=
nterview and participant observation data, we identified five challenges: (=
1) competing blockchain standards, (2) adjusting to different shared govern=
ance models, (3) intellectual property concerns (4) industrial espionage ri=
sks, and (5) regulatory uncertainty. We also identified emerging practices =
stakeholders are using to address those challenges when considering enterpr=
ise blockchain applications.
______________________________________________________
Laidin L, Papadopoulou KA, Dane NA. Parameters for building sustainable blo=
ckchain application initiatives. J Br Blockchain Assoc. 2019;2(1). Epub 201=
9 Apr 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/=
7758-parameters-for-building-sustainable-blockchain-application-initiatives=
Abstract: Despite the demand and interest for the blockchain technology, th=
ere are still major challenges for blockchain application initiatives (proj=
ects and ventures) to be sustainable and reliable. While starting a non-blo=
ckchain initiative already comes with itsown sets of challenges and has aro=
und 50% failure rate, starting a blockchain initiative rises the rate to 90=
% due to additional variables and confusion on top of this. Such a situatio=
n deters innovators and eventually dampens innovation, requiring priority f=
or actions. This paper attempts to contribute by compiling and outlining th=
e various key variables to be considered, as a set of parameters for blockc=
hain initiators. Through secondary data collection: literature reviews, rep=
ort studies and primary data collection: interventional and observational c=
ase study, interviews with blockchain researchers, businesses and entrepren=
eurs, this paper categorises variables into blockchain-related and business=
-related categories, outlining consideration points for each of the variabl=
es. By summarizing and integrating the variables and referring to theories =
of innovation and adoption, it is concluded that concept validation entaili=
ng both initiative feasibility and user-demand, is of key importance for bl=
ockchain innovations.
______________________________________________________
Lamport L, Shostak R, Pease Ml. The Byzantine generals problem. ACM Trans P=
rogram Lang Syst. 1982;4(3):382-401.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://p=
eople.cs.uchicago.edu/~shanlu/teaching/33100_wi15/papers/byz.pdf
Abstract: Reliable computer systems must handle malfunctioning components t=
hat give conflicting information to different parts of the system. This sit=
uation can be expressed abstractly in terms of a group of generals of the B=
yzantine army camped with their troops around an enemy city. Communicating =
only by messenger, the generals must agree upon a common battle plan. Howev=
er, one or more of them may be traitors who will try to confuse the others.=
The problem is to find an algorithm to ensure that the loyal generals will=
reach agreement. It is shown that, using only oral messages, this problem =
is solvable if and only if more than two-thirds of the generals are loyal; =
so a single traitor can confound two loyal generals. With unforgeable writt=
en messages, the problem is solvable for any number of generals and possibl=
e traitors. Applications of the solutions to reliable computer systems are =
then discussed.
______________________________________________________
Lazar MA, Pan Z, Ragguett RM, Lee Y, Subramaniapillai M, Mansur RB, et al. =
Digital revolution in depression: A technologies update for clinicians. Per=
s Med Psychiatry. 2017;4-6:1-6. Epub 2017 Oct 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ww=
w.personalizedmedpsych.com/article/S2468-1717(17)30035-2/pdf Open acces=
s; http://www.sciencedirect.co=
m/science/article/pii/S2468171717300352 Subscription required to view.<=
br>
Abstract: Technology is becoming increasingly intertwined with our lives ev=
ery year. As technology advances, it offers promising new methods to help d=
etect, manage, and improve the care of major depressive disorder (MDD). Unl=
ike other specialties in medicine, psychiatry has been slow to adopt new te=
chnologies. Other areas of medicine, primarily cardiology and oncology, hav=
e made use of technological methods to patients=E2=80=99 great benefits. In=
psychiatry, new technological methods can predict which antidepressants wi=
ll be most effective, provide therapies to patients, and empower patients t=
o manage their own medical records. We offer an overview to new technologie=
s and their applications to psychiatry for novices. Our particular focus is=
big data, machine learning, mobile applications, and blockchain technology=
. We summarise the uses of technology as assisting physicians in decision m=
aking, facilitating patient-patient interaction, and securely storing and m=
anaging health-care data. We suggest possible advantages and challenges to =
adopting these methods. Continued research and technological innovation is =
needed to improve the psychiatrist=E2=80=99s toolbox and to monitor the ado=
ption and consequences of new technologies.
______________________________________________________
Le Nguyen T, Kocaoglu DF, Anderson TR, Kozanoglu DC, Niwa K, Steenhuis HJ, =
Perman G, editors. Blockchain in healthcare: a new technology benefit for b=
oth patients and doctors. 2018 Portland International Conference on Managem=
ent of Engineering and Technology (PICMET); 2018 Aug 19-23; Honolulu, HI. P=
ortland, OR: IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society; 2018.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8481969 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: With the underlying technology of Bitcoin or other crypto-currenc=
ies and its rapid growth nowadays, many places have begun accepting Bitcoin=
payments in hot debate. It is hardly to deny the emerging success of the c=
reation Blockchain platform behind of Bitcoin in the field of mathematics, =
finance, banking, and healthcare. The paper aims to create a diagrammatic c=
onceptual model of medical app using Blockchain technology to manage all da=
tabase of patients and doctors when they have a surgery. The model is built=
based on the gap of previous models which are mostly using Blockchain in b=
anking and finance sector. Focusing on the development of mission space con=
ceptual models, this paper will continue to propose simulation space concep=
tual models in current studies, especially in the context of very few model=
s applied blockchain in healthcare. After creation of this model, an app on=
smartphone using Bitcoin in payment could be created to facilitate doctors=
' management of all their patients directly and effectively as well as help=
ing patients have a good comparison of cost, procedure or preparation of pr=
e and post-surgery. Hopefully this paper will contribute to the given field=
the conceptual model for medical stakeholders including researcher, public=
health authorities, etc. to participate in the network as Blockchain "mine=
rs", to synthesize anonymous data as mining rewards, in return for sustaini=
ng and securing the network via Proof of Work.
______________________________________________________
Learney R. Blockchain in clinical trials. In: Metcalf D, Bass J, Hooper M, =
Cahana A, Dhillon V, editors. Blockchain in healthcare: innovations that em=
power patients, connect professionals and improve care. 1st ed. Orlando, FL=
: Merging Traffic; 2019. p. 87-108.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://www.crcpress.com/Blockchain-in-Healthcare-Innovations-that-Em=
power-Patients-Connect-Professionals/Dhillon-Bass-Hooper-Metcalf-Cahana/p/b=
ook/9780367031084 Purchase required.
Abstract: Clinical Trials are becoming ever more complex, distributed and d=
ynamic. The demand for precision medicine is bringing an unprecedented chal=
lenge for containing the costs of biomedical research and maintaining appro=
priate regulatory oversight.
Contract Research Organisations (CROs) are playing an increasingly importan=
t role in clinical trials, and are experts in providing the necessary back-=
office infrastructure, site management, and human resource.') to undertake =
trial activities. CROs arc now becoming involved in all aspects of clinical=
trials from design, conduct, reporting, and final submissions to regulator=
y authorities. Recent estimates project that up to 70% of all trials will b=
e managed by CROs by 2020. But despite this expenditure and expertise, the =
vast majority of trials still fail for avoidable reasons.
Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) present the oppo=
rtunity to transform the management of clinical trials. The role of CROs co=
uld be substituted by a technological platform that is more transparent and=
accountable to all relevant parties including trial sponsors, regulatory a=
gencies, trial sites (hospitals, clinics), and patients themselves. Such a =
platform could prove far more cost-effective a1 managing safe and effective=
clinical trials, improving data availability for review and meta-analysis,=
as well as preventing non-publication and a posteriori analysis.
______________________________________________________
Lee J. Patch transporter: incentivized, decentralized software patch system=
for WSN and IoT environments. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(2). Epub 2018 Feb 1=
3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/574=
Abstract: In the complicated settings of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) and=
IoT (Internet of Things) environments, keeping a number of heterogeneous d=
evices updated is a challenging job, especially with respect to effectively=
discovering target devices and rapidly delivering the software updates. In=
this paper, we convert the traditional software update process to a distri=
buted service. We set an incentive system for faithfully transporting the p=
atches to the recipient devices. The incentive system motivates independent=
, self-interested transporters for helping the devices to be updated. To en=
sure the system correctly operates, we employ the blockchain system that en=
forces the commitment in a decentralized manner. We also present a detailed=
specification for the proposed protocol and validate it by model checking =
and simulations for correctness.
______________________________________________________
Lee JM, Hau YS, Park JC, Chang MC. The application of blockchain technology=
in stroke rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018. Epub 2018 Dec 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/p=
ublication/329665703_The_Application_of_Blockchain_Technology_in_Stroke_Reh=
abilitation/download Open access; https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=3D00002060-900000000-98353 =
Subscription required to view.
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] To the Editor, Blockchain has turned the conven=
tional wisdom about data storage and management on its head. Instead of kee=
ping transaction data in a centralized server, blockchain distributes the d=
ata to all users in the network and jointly manages them via a peer-to-peer=
network, thereby ensuring the safety, reliability, integrity, and transpar=
ency of data. While all data is stored in a central server and only the cen=
tral authority owns the data in a traditional centralized network, a decent=
ralized network powered by blockchain distributes ledgers that contain all =
the data across all users=E2=80=99 personal computers.1 Blockchain is hack-=
proof: hackers may attempt to alter or manipulate information contained in =
a blockchain network, but their attempts are futile when information is sca=
ttered across multiple individuals at once. Therefore, information is highl=
y reliable and easy to track because it cannot be deleted or lost, and all =
transactions are transparent to everyone. Blockchain streamlines transactio=
n processes and reduces time, saves costs for contract arbitration, and cre=
ates a new ecosystem of opensource service. The technology is expected to h=
ave huge social and economic ripple effects. Use of blockchain technology w=
as originally confined to the financial sector, but has now forayed into va=
rious non-financial industries such as logistics, distribution, energy, pub=
lic service, and, in particular, healthcare, arousing much interest among h=
ealthcare professionals on its potential.2 Currently, medical data are stor=
ed in electronic medical record systems and are owned by hospitals, which h=
ampers information-sharing between hospitals. Patients who visit other hosp=
itals often have to retake the same medical tests and doctors often fail fu=
lly understand the patient's condition. In contrast, medical data that is d=
istributed across a blockchain network are owned by patients rather than me=
dical institutions. Blockchain technology, once implemented in medical data=
management, will give control over medical data back to patients themselve=
s, allowing them to easily submit their digitalized medical records directl=
y to the clinic of their choice. This not only eliminates the need for repe=
ated examinations but also enables medical institutions to identify their p=
atients quickly and easily using the information provided by the patients t=
hemselves. Medical practitioners can just focus on planning further examina=
tions and the course of treatment.
______________________________________________________
Leeming G, Ainsworth J, Clifton DA. Blockchain in health care: hype, trust,=
and digital health. Lancet. 2019;393(10190):2476-7. Epub 2019 Jun 22.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)30948=
-1/fulltext Subscription requied to view.
Abstract: [FIRST TWO PARAGRAPHS] The promise of digital health care continu=
es to be enthusiastically promoted but has been difficult to realise. Evide=
nce-based practice, along with patient safety assurances, information gover=
nance, and certification, does not fit easily with schemes to accelerate in=
novation. Trust in the efficacy and safety of new models of care, such as t=
hat potentially delivered by artificial intelligence (AI), remains uncertai=
n. Blockchain technology might contribute to overcoming these problems by e=
nabling greater openness, transparency, and trust.
Blockchain was first conceptualised in 2009 for the first digital crypto-cu=
rrency, Bitcoin. Blockchain is a decentralised collection of technologies t=
o allow for the storage of data that are permanent and immune to fraud, suc=
h as financial transactions, without the need for a central or trusted auth=
ority like a bank. The concept has grown beyond the exchange of payments to=
include smart contracts in which software algorithms manage the exchange o=
f value through the use of tokens. With investment from large multinational=
technology companies and venture capital, the use of blockchain technology=
is growing in markets beyond finance such as the pharmaceutical and health=
-care industries.
______________________________________________________
Leeming G, Cunningham J, Ainsworth J. A ledger of me: personalizing healthc=
are using blockchain technology. Front Med. 2019;6:171.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.frontiers=
in.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2019.00171
Abstract: Personal Health Records (PHRs) have the potential to give patient=
s fine-grained, personalised and secure access to their own medical data an=
d to enable self-management of care. Emergent trends around the use of Bloc=
kchain, or Distributed Ledger Technology, seem to offer solutions to some o=
f the problems faced in enabling these technologies, especially to support =
issues consent, data exchange and data access. We present an analysis of ex=
isting blockchain-based health record solutions and a reference architectur=
e for a =E2=80=9CLedger of Me=E2=80=9D system that extends PHR to create a =
new platform combining the collection and access of medical data and digita=
l interventions with smart contracts. Our intention is to enable patient us=
e of the data in order to support their care and to provide a strong consen=
t mechanisms for sharing of data between different organisations and apps. =
Ledger of Me is based on around the principle that this combination of even=
t-driven smart contracts, medical record data and patient control is import=
ant for the adoption of blockchain-based solutions for the PHR. The referen=
ce architecture we present can serve as the basis of a range of future bloc=
kchain-based medical application architectures.
______________________________________________________
Li H, Zhu L, Shen M, Gao F, Tao X, Liu S. Blockchain-based data preservatio=
n system for medical data. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):141. Epub 2018 Jun 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0997-3 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Medical care has become an indispensable part of people's lives, =
with a dramatic increase in the volume of medical data (e.g., diagnosis cer=
tificates and medical records). Medical data, however, is easily stolen, ta=
mpered with, or even completely deleted. If the above occurs, medical data =
cannot be recorded or retrieved in a reliable manner, resulting in delay tr=
eatment progress, even endanger the patient's life. In this paper, we propo=
se a novel blockchain-based data preservation system (DPS) for medical data=
. To provide a reliable storage solution to ensure the primitiveness and ve=
rifiability of stored data while preserving privacy for users, we leverage =
the blockchain framework. With the proposed DPS, users can preserve importa=
nt data in perpetuity, and the originality of the data can be verified if t=
ampering is suspected. In addition, we use prudent data storage strategies =
and a variety of cryptographic algorithms to guarantee user privacy; e.g., =
an adversary is unable to read the plain text even if the data are stolen. =
We implement a prototype of the DPS based on the real world blockchain-base=
d platform Ethereum. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the effecti=
veness and efficiency of the proposed system.
______________________________________________________
Li J, Wu J, Chen L. Block-secure: blockchain based scheme for secure P2P cl=
oud storage. Inf Sci (Ny). 2018;465:219-31. Epub 2018 Jul 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://iranarze.=
ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/E9969-IranArze.pdf Open access; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/=
article/pii/S0020025518305012 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: With the development of Internet technology, the volume of data i=
s increasing tremendously. To tackle with large-scale data, more and more a=
pplications choose to enlarge the storage capacity of users=E2=80=99 termin=
als with the help of cloud platforms. Before storing data to an untrusted c=
loud server, some measures should be adopted to guarantee the data security=
. However, the communication overhead will increase dramatically when users=
transmit files encrypted by a traditional encryption scheme. In this paper=
, we address the above problems by proposing a blockchain-based security ar=
chitecture for distributed cloud storage, where users can divide their own =
files into encrypted data chunks, and upload those data chunks randomly int=
o the P2P network nodes that provide free storage capacity. We customize a =
genetic algorithm to solve the file block replica placement problem between=
multiple users and multiple data centers in the distributed cloud storage =
environment. Numerical results show that the proposed architecture outperfo=
rms the traditional cloud storage architectures in terms of file security a=
nd network transmission delay. On average, the file loss rate based on the =
simulation assumptions utilized in this paper is close to 0% on our archite=
cture while it=E2=80=99s nearly 100% and 71.66% on the architecture with si=
ngle data center and the distributed architecture using genetic algorithm. =
Besides, with proposed scheme, the transmission delay on the proposed archi=
tecture is reduced by 39.28% and 76.47% on average on the user=E2=80=99s nu=
mber and the number of file block replicas, respectively, in comparison to =
the architecture with single data center. Meanwhile, the transmission delay=
of file block replicas is also reduced by 41.36% on average than that on t=
he distributed architecture using genetic algorithm.
______________________________________________________
Li P, Nelson SD, Malin BA, Chen Y. DMMS: a decentralized blockchain ledger =
for the management of medication histories. Blockchain Healthc Today [Inter=
net]. 2019 Jan 4 [cited 2019 Mar 12]; 2(38):[15 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretod=
ay.com/index.php/journal/article/view/38
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Background: Access to accurate and complete medication h=
istories across healthcare institutions enables effective patient care. His=
tories across healthcare institutions currently rely on centralized systems=
for sharing medication data. However, there is a lack of efficient mechani=
sms to ensure that medication histories transferred from one institution to=
another are accurate, secure, and trustworthy.
Methods: In th=
is article, we introduce a decentralized medication management system (DMMS=
) that leverages the advantages of blockchain to manage medication historie=
s. DMMS is realized as a decentralized network under the hyperledger fabric=
framework. Based on the network, we designed an architecture, within which=
each prescriber can create prescriptions for each patient and perform quer=
ies about historical prescriptions accordingly. Finally, we analyzed the ad=
vantages of DMMS over centralized systems in terms of accuracy, security, t=
rustworthiness, and privacy.
Results: We developed a proof of c=
oncept to showcase DMMS. In this system, a prescriber prescribes medication=
s for a patient and then encrypts the prescriptions via the patient=E2=80=
=99s public keys. Patients can query their own prescriptions from different=
histories across healthcare institutions and then decrypt the prescription=
s via their private keys. At the same time, a prescriber can query a patien=
t=E2=80=99s prescription records across healthcare institutions after appro=
val from the patient. Analytic results show that DMMS can improve security,=
trustworthiness, and privacy in medication history sharing and exchanging =
across healthcare institutions. In addition, we discuss the potential for D=
MMS in e-prescribing markets.
Conclusions: This study shows th=
at a distributed secure ledger can enable reliable, interoperable, and accu=
rate medication history sharing.
______________________________________________________
Li X, Jiang P, Chen T, Luo X, Wen Q. A survey on the security of blockchain=
systems. arXiv [Internet]. 2018 Mar 6 [cited 2019 Feb 1]; 1802.06993:[25 p=
.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.06993
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Since its inception, the blockchain technology has shown promisin=
g application prospects. From the initial cryptocurrency to the current sma=
rt contract, blockchain has been applied to many fields. Although there are=
some studies on the security and privacy issues of blockchain, there lacks=
a systematic examination on the security of blockchain systems. In this pa=
per, we conduct a systematic study on the security threats to blockchain an=
d survey the corresponding real attacks by examining popular blockchain sys=
tems. We also review the security enhancement solutions for blockchain, whi=
ch could be used in the development of various blockchain systems, and sugg=
est some future directions to stir research efforts into this area.
______________________________________________________
Liang J, Li L, Zeng D. Evolutionary dynamics of cryptocurrency transaction =
networks: an empirical study. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202202. Epub 2018 Aug =
17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https=
://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=3D10.1371/journal.pone.0202202<=
br>
Abstract: Cryptocurrency is a well-developed blockchain technology applicat=
ion that is currently a heated topic throughout the world. The public avail=
ability of transaction histories offers an opportunity to analyze and compa=
re different cryptocurrencies. In this paper, we present a dynamic network =
analysis of three representative blockchain-based cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin=
, Ethereum, and Namecoin. By analyzing the accumulated network growth, we f=
ind that, unlike most other networks, these cryptocurrency networks do not =
always densify over time, and they are changing all the time with relativel=
y low node and edge repetition ratios. Therefore, we then construct separat=
e networks on a monthly basis, trace the changes of typical network charact=
eristics (including degree distribution, degree assortativity, clustering c=
oefficient, and the largest connected component) over time, and compare the=
three. We find that the degree distribution of these monthly transaction n=
etworks cannot be well fitted by the famous power-law distribution, at the =
same time, different currency still has different network properties, e.g.,=
both Bitcoin and Ethereum networks are heavy-tailed with disassortative mi=
xing, however, only the former can be treated as a small world. These netwo=
rk properties reflect the evolutionary characteristics and competitive powe=
r of these three cryptocurrencies and provide a foundation for future resea=
rch.
______________________________________________________
Liang X, Zhao J, Shetty S, Liu J, Li D. Integrating blockchain for data sha=
ring and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications. 2017 IEEE 28th An=
nual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communic=
ations (PIMRC); 2017 Oct 8-13; Montreal, QC, Canada. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE e=
Xpress Conference Publishing; 2017.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8292361 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Enabled by mobile and wearable technology, personal health data d=
elivers immense and increasing value for healthcare, benefiting both care p=
roviders and medical research. The secure and convenient sharing of persona=
l health data is crucial to the improvement of the interaction and collabor=
ation of the healthcare industry. Faced with the potential privacy issues a=
nd vulnerabilities existing in current personal health data storage and sha=
ring systems, as well as the concept of self-sovereign data ownership, we p=
ropose an innovative user-centric health data sharing solution by utilizing=
a decentralized and permissioned blockchain to protect privacy using chann=
el formation scheme and enhance the identity management using the membershi=
p service supported by the blockchain. A mobile application is deployed to =
collect health data from personal wearable devices, manual input, and medic=
al devices, and synchronize data to the cloud for data sharing with healthc=
are providers and health insurance companies. To preserve the integrity of =
health data, within each record, a proof of integrity and validation is per=
manently retrievable from cloud database and is anchored to the blockchain =
network. Moreover, for scalable and performance considerations, we adopt a =
tree-based data processing and batching method to handle large data sets of=
personal health data collected and uploaded by the mobile platform.
______________________________________________________
Lin IC, Liao TC. A survey of blockchain security issues and challenges. Int=
J Netw Secur. 2017;19(5):653-9. Epub 2017 Sep 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://ijns.jalaxy.com.tw=
/download_paper.jsp?PaperID=3DIJNS-2017-03-25-1&PaperName=3Dijns-v19-n5=
/ijns-2017-v19-n5-p653-659.pdf
Abstract: Blockchain technologies is one of the most popular issue in recen=
t years, it has already changed people's lifestyle in some area due to its =
great influence on many business or industry, and what it can do will still=
continue cause impact in many places. Although the feature of blockchain t=
echnologies may bring us more reliable and convenient services, the securit=
y issues and challenges behind this innovative technique is also an importa=
nt topic that we need to concern.
______________________________________________________
Lin Q, Yan H, Huang Z, Chen W, Shen J, Tang Y. An ID-based linearly homomor=
phic signature scheme and its application in blockchain. IEEE Access. 2018;=
6:20632-40. Epub 2018 Feb 2018.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8302552
Abstract: Identity-based cryptosystems mean that public keys can be directl=
y derived from user identifiers, such as telephone numbers, email addresses=
, and social insurance number, and so on. So they can simplify key manageme=
nt procedures of certificate-based public key infrastructures and can be us=
ed to realize authentication in blockchain. Linearly homomorphic signature =
schemes allow to perform linear computations on authenticated data. And the=
correctness of the computation can be publicly verified. Although a series=
of homomorphic signature schemes have been designed recently, there are fe=
w homomorphic signature schemes designed in identity-based cryptography. In=
this paper, we construct a new ID-based linear homomorphic signature schem=
e, which avoids the shortcomings of the use of public-key certificates. The=
scheme is proved secure against existential forgery on adaptively chosen m=
essage and ID attack under the random oracle model. The ID-based linearly h=
omomorphic signature schemes can be applied in e-business and cloud computi=
ng. Finally, we show how to apply it to realize authentication in blockchai=
n.
______________________________________________________
Lindman J, Tuunainen VK, Rossi M. Opportunities and risks of blockchain tec=
hnologies=E2=80=93a research agenda. In. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii Int=
ernational Conference on System Sciences; 2017 Jan 4-7; Waikoloa, HI. Honol=
ulu, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa; 2017. p. 1533-42.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://aisel.aisne=
t.org/hicss-50/da/open_digital_services/3/ Open access; https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4133=
8 Open access.
Abstract: Blockchain technologies offer new open sourcebased opportunities =
for developing new types of digital platforms and services. While research =
on the topic is emerging, it has this far been predominantly focused to tec=
hnical and legal issues. To broaden our understanding of blockchain technol=
ogy based services and platforms, we build on earlier literature on payment=
s and payment platforms and propose a research agenda divided into three fo=
cal areas of 1) organizational issues; 2) issues related to the competitive=
environment; and 3) technology design issues. We discuss several salient t=
hemes within each of these areas, and derive a set of research question for=
each theme, highlighting the need to address both risks and opportunities =
for users, as well as different types of stakeholder organizations. With th=
is research agenda, we contribute to the discussion on future avenues for I=
nformation Systems research on blockchain technology based platforms and se=
rvices.
______________________________________________________
Linn LA, Koo MB. Blockchain for health data and its potential use in health=
IT and health care related research. ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Health=
care and Research Workshop; 2016 Sep 26-27; Gaithersburg, MD. National Inst=
itute of Standards Technology; 2016.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: h=
ttps://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/11-74-ablockchainforhealthcare.=
pdf
Abstract: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act required all public an=
d private health care providers to adopt electronic medical records (EMR) b=
y January 1, 2014, in order to maintain their existing Medicaid and Medicar=
e reimbursement levels. This EMR mandate spurred significant growth in the =
availability and utilization of EMRs. However, the vast majority of these s=
ystems do not have the capacity to share their health data.
Blockchain technology has the potential to address the interoperability cha=
llenges currently present in health IT systems and to be the technical stan=
dard that enables individuals, health care providers, health care entities =
and medical researchers to securely share electronic health data.
In this paper we describe a blockchain based access-control manager to heal=
th records that would advance the industry interoperability challenges expr=
essed in the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Tech=
nology=E2=80=99s (ONC) Shared Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap. Interope=
rability is also a critical component any infrastructure supporting Patient=
Centered Outcomes Research (PCOR) and the Precision Medicine Initiative (P=
MI). A national health IT infrastructure based on blockchain has far-reachi=
ng potential to promote the development of precision medicine, advance medi=
cal research and invite patients to be more accountable for their health.
______________________________________________________
Lipton A, Hardjono T, Pentland A. Digital trade coin: towards a more stable=
digital currency. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(7):180155. Epub 2018 Jul 18.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.180155
Abstract: We study the evolution of ideas related to creation of asset-back=
ed currencies over the last 200 years and argue that recent developments re=
lated to distributed ledger technologies and blockchains give asset-backed =
currencies a new lease of life. We propose a practical mechanism combining =
novel technological breakthroughs with well-established hedging techniques =
for building an asset-backed transactional oriented cryptocurrency, which w=
e call the digital trade coin (DTC). We show that in its mature state, the =
DTC can serve as a much-needed counterpoint to fiat reserve currencies of t=
oday.
______________________________________________________
Litke A, Anagnostopoulos D, Varvarigou T. Blockchains for supply chain mana=
gement: architectural elements and challenges towards a global scale deploy=
ment. Logistics. 2019;3(1):5. Epub 2019 Jan 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6290/3/1/5
=
Abstract: Blockchains are attracting the attention of stakeholders in many =
industrial domains, including the logistics and supply chain industries. Bl=
ockchain technology can effectively contribute in recording every single as=
set throughout its flow on the supply chain, contribute in tracking orders,=
receipts, and payments, while track digital assets such as warranties and =
licenses in a unified and transparent way. The paper provides, through its =
methodology, a detailed analysis of the blockchain fit in the supply chain =
industry. It defines the specific elements of blockchain that affect supply=
chain such as scalability, performance, consensus mechanism, privacy consi=
derations, location proof and cost, and details on the impact that blockcha=
ins will have in disrupting the supply chain industry. Discussing the trade=
off between consensus cost, throughput and validation time it proceeds with=
a suggested high-level architectural approach, and concludes as a result w=
ith a discussion on changes needed and challenges faced for an in-vivo depl=
oyment of blockchains in the supply chain industry. While the technological=
features of modern blockchains can effectively facilitate supply chain use=
s cases, the various challenges that still remain, bring in front of us a w=
ide set of needed changes and further research efforts for achieving a glob=
al, production level blockchain for the supply chain industry.
______________________________________________________
Liu F, Tang Y, Wang L. eHAPAC: A privacy-supported access control model for=
IP-enabled wireless sensor networks. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(7). Epub 201=
9 Mar 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/151=
3
Abstract: The implementation of IP technology in wireless sensor networks h=
as promoted the development of many smart scenarios. To enhance secure acce=
ss in IP-enabled wireless sensor networks, access control to sensor nodes i=
s a necessary process. However, access control currently faces two challeng=
es, feasibility and preservation of user access privacy. In this paper, we =
propose eHAPAC, a novel privacy-preserving access control model for IP-enab=
led wireless sensor networks. The contributions of our paper include three =
parts. First, this paper integrates the Hidra access control protocol and A=
PAC privacy-preserving model, addressing the issue of privacy-preserving ac=
cess control in resource-constrained devices. Second, this paper proposes a=
n enhanced Hidra protocol to implement the unlinkability of protocol messag=
e exchanges. Third, to solve the problem of third party credibility, this p=
aper improves the group signature-based APAC model and utilizes blockchain =
technology to manage the storage and publication of public group signature =
keys. Security analysis and performance evaluation prove that our protocol =
is secure and effective.
______________________________________________________
Liu L, Xu B. Research on information security technology based on blockchai=
n. In. 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Da=
ta Analysis (ICCCBDA); 2018 Apr 20-22; Chengdu, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE=
; 2018. p. 380-4.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8386546 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Information security is the key to the development of modern Inte=
rnet technology. The distributed mechanism, decentralized mechanism, passwo=
rd mechanism and scripted mechanism of the Blockchain present a completely =
new perspective for the development of Internet information security techno=
logy. The Blockchain technology redefines the storage and dissemination met=
hods of the information in the network. Neither participant needs to know e=
ach other, and nor does it require third-party certification bodies to part=
icipate. It records, transmits and stores transferring activities of the in=
formation value by distributed technology, ensures that data is not tampere=
d and forged based on an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, enables all pa=
rticipants reached a consensus on the status of blockchain data information=
. And from the current industry research on blockchain technology, it expou=
nds the application of blockchain technology in identity authentication, da=
ta protection and network security. The Blockchain technology will be a gre=
at driving force in the process of information security technology change, =
and will have a far-reaching impact on the expansion of information securit=
y.
______________________________________________________
Liu W, Zhu SS, Mundie T, Krieger U. Advanced block-chain architecture for e=
-health systems. In. 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on e-Health Ne=
tworking, Applications and Services (Healthcom); 2017 Oct 12-15; Dalian, Ch=
ina. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2017. p. 37-42.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8210847 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: This paper describes our blockchain architecture as a new system =
solution to supply a reliable mechanism for secure and efficient medical re=
cord exchanges. The Advanced Block-Chain (ABC) approach was designed to mee=
t the demands in healthcare growth as well as in the new form of social int=
eractive norms. It is going to revolutionize the e-Health industry with gre=
ater efficiency by eliminating many of the intermediates as we know them to=
day.
______________________________________________________
Liu Y. Cognitive diagnosis of cultural and rural tourism convergence. Trans=
l Neurosci. 2019;10:19-24. Epub 2019 Apr 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/tnsci.2019.10.issue-1/tnsci-2019=
-0004/tnsci-2019-0004.xml
Abstract: Neural networks are widely used in the field of cognitive diagnos=
is. Cognitive diagnosis can diagnose the subjects' knowledge of cognitive a=
ttributes according to their responses, so as to obtain the specific cognit=
ive status of the subjects and provide remedial measures. The studies on th=
e convergence of cultural industry and tourism industry are emerging, but t=
he theoretical system needs to be improved. The research on the convergence=
mechanism between cultural industry and tourism industry can complement ea=
ch other on the basis of independent theoretical system, which establishes =
relationship between the two theoretical systems. Based on the adaptive neu=
ral network algorithm and from the perspective of blockchain, this study ta=
kes cultural industry and rural tourism industry as examples to diagnose th=
e industry convergence of rural cultural industry and rural tourism industr=
y development, which will further consolidate the theoretical basis for the=
convergence and development of tourism industry and cultural industry, as =
well as contribute to promoting development of industry convergence.
______________________________________________________
Liu Y, Zhao Z, Guo G, Wang X, Tan Z, Wang S. An identity management system =
based on blockchain. In. 2017 15th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security a=
nd Trust (PST); 2017 Aug 28-30; Calgary, AB, Canada. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE=
Computer Society; 2017. p. 44-53.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.ucalgary.ca=
/pst2017/files/pst2017/paper-8.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8476877 Subscrip=
tion required to view.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a decentralized identity management sys=
tem based on Blockchain. The function of the system mainly includes identit=
y authentication and reputation management. The technical advantages of the=
Blockchain makes the data in the system safe and credible. In addition, we=
use smart contracts to write system rules to ensure the reliability of use=
r information. We bind the user's entity information with the public key ad=
dress and determine the true identity of a virtual user on the Blockchain. =
We use the token to represent the reputation which is shown to be an effect=
ive reputation model, making the participants in the system prefer to maint=
ain and manage their personal reputation. Our system makes it possible for =
users to securely manage their identity and reputation on the Internet.
=
______________________________________________________
Lone AH, Mir RN. Forensic-chain: blockchain based digital forensics chain o=
f custody with PoC in Hyperledger Composer. Digit Investig. 2019;28:44-55. =
Epub 2019 Jan 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174228761830344X
Abstract: Advancements in Information Technology landscape over the past tw=
o decades have made the collection, preservation, and analysis of digital e=
vidence an extremely important tool for solving cybercrimes and preparing c=
ourt cases. Digital evidence plays an important role in cybercrime investig=
ation, as it is used to link individuals with criminal activities. Thus it =
is of utmost importance to guarantee integrity, authenticity, and auditabil=
ity of digital evidence as it moves along different levels of hierarchy in =
the chain of custody during cybercrime investigation. Modern day technology=
is more advanced in terms of portability and power. A huge amount of infor=
mation is generated by billions of devices connected to the internet that n=
eeds to be stored and accessed, thus posing great challenges in maintaining=
the integrity and authenticity of digital evidence for its admissibility i=
n the court of law. Handling digital evidences poses unique challenges beca=
use of the fact they are latent, volatile, fragile, can cross jurisdictiona=
l borders quickly and easily and in many cases can be time/machine dependen=
t too. Thus guaranteeing the authenticity and legality of processes and pro=
cedures used to gather and transfer the evidence in a digital society is a =
real challenge. Blockchain technology's capability of enabling comprehensiv=
e view of transactions (events/actions) back to origination provides enormo=
us promise for the forensic community. In this research we proposed Forensi=
c-Chain: A Blockchain based Digital Forensics Chain of Custody, bringing in=
tegrity and tamper resistance to digital forensics chain of custody. We als=
o provided Proof of Concept in Hyperledger Composer and evaluated its perfo=
rmance.
______________________________________________________
Lopez D, Brown AW, Plans D. Developing opportunities in digital health: The=
case of BioBeats Ltd. J Bus Ventur Insights. 2019;11:e00110. Epub 2019 Jan=
26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352673418301343
Abstract: Departing from established research on entrepreneurship, design-b=
ased entrepreneurship places an explicit emphasis on the entrepreneurial pr=
ocess as evolutionary and emergent in which knowledge and understanding of =
an opportunity are acquired incrementally by means of design and evaluation=
of alternative solutions. This paper develops a use case of BioBeats Ltd.,=
a UK-based university spin-off which has successfully managed to turn an o=
pportunity in digital health into a commercially viable enterprise. Adoptin=
g a design-based paradigm, the company under study started by building a te=
chnical solution informed by a set of design principles which subsequently =
allowed the company to convert the socio-technical nature of the opportunit=
y into technological artefacts that were further refined and tested by mean=
s of real-world experiments with third parties and citizens.
______________________________________________________
Lopez PG, Montresor A, Datta A. Please, do not decentralize the internet wi=
th (permissionless) blockchains! arXiv. 2019;1904.13093. Epub 2019 May 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.13093
Abstract: The old mantra of decentralizing the Internet is coming again wit=
h fanfare, this time around the blockchain technology hype. We have already=
seen a technology supposed to change the nature of the Internet: peer-to-p=
eer. The reality is that peer-to-peer naming systems failed, peer-to-peer s=
ocial networks failed, and yes, peer-to-peer storage failed as well. In thi=
s paper, we will review the research on distributed systems in the last few=
years to identify the limits of open peer-to-peer networks. We will addres=
s issues like system complexity, security and frailty, instability and perf=
ormance. We will show how many of the aforementioned problems also apply to=
the recent breed of permissionless blockchain networks. The applicability =
of such systems to mature industrial applications is undermined by the same=
properties that make them so interesting for a libertarian audience: namel=
y, their openness, their pseudo-anonymity and their unregulated cryptocurre=
ncies. As such, we argue that permissionless blockchain networks are unsuit=
able to be the substrate for a decentralized Internet. Yet, there is still =
hope for more decentralization, albeit in a form somewhat limited with resp=
ect to the libertarian view of decentralized Internet: in cooperation rathe=
r than in competition with the superpowerful datacenters that dominate the =
world today. This is derived from the recent surge in interest in byzantine=
fault tolerance and permissioned blockchains, which opens the door to a wo=
rld where use of trusted third parties is not the only way to arbitrate an =
ensemble of entities. The ability of establish trust through permissioned b=
lockchains enables to move the control from the datacenters to the edge, tr=
uly realizing the promises of edge-centric computing.
______________________________________________________
Lundb=C3=A6k LN, Janes Beutel D, Huth M, Jackson S, Kirk L, Steiner R. Proo=
f of kernel work: a democratic low-energy consensus for distributed access-=
control protocols. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(8):180422. Epub 2018 Aug 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.180422
Abstract: We adjust the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism used in Bit=
coin and Ethereum so that we can build on its strength while also addressin=
g, in part, some of its perceived weaknesses. Notably, our work is motivate=
d by the high energy consumption for mining PoW, and we want to restrict th=
e use of PoW to a configurable, expected size of nodes, as a function of th=
e local blockchain state. The approach we develop for this rests on three p=
illars: (i) Proof of Kernel Work (PoKW), a means of dynamically reducing th=
e set of nodes that can participate in the solving of PoW puzzles such that=
an adversary cannot increase his attack surface because of such a reductio=
n; (ii) Practical Adaptation of Existing Technology, a realization of this =
PoW reduction through an adaptation of existing blockchain and enterprise t=
echnology stacks; and (iii) Machine Learning for Adaptive System Resiliency=
, the use of techniques from artificial intelligence to make our approach a=
daptive to system, network and attack dynamics. We develop here, in detail,=
the first pillar and illustrate the second pillar through a real use case,=
a pilot project done with Porsche on controlling permissions to vehicle an=
d data log accesses. We also discuss pertinent attack vectors for PoKW cons=
ensus and their mitigation. Moreover, we sketch how our approach may lead t=
o more democratic PoKW-based blockchain systems for public networks that ma=
y inherit the resilience of blockchains based on PoW.
______________________________________________________
Ma C, Kong X, Lan Q, Zhou Z. The privacy protection mechanism of Hyperledge=
r Fabric and its application in supply chain finance. Cybersecurity. 2019;2=
(1):5. Epub 2019 Jan 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https:/=
/cybersecurity.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42400-019-0022-2
<=
br>
Abstract: Blockchain technology ensures that data is tamper-proof, traceabl=
e, and trustworthy. This article introduces a well-known blockchain technol=
ogy implementation=E2=80=94Hyperledger Fabric. The basic framework and priv=
acy protection mechanisms of Hyperledger Fabric such as certificate authori=
ty, channel, Private Data Collection, etc. are described. As an example, a =
specific business scenario of supply chain finance is figured out. And acco=
rdingly, some design details about how to apply these privacy protection me=
chanisms are described.
______________________________________________________
Mackey TK, Kuo TT, Gummadi B, Clauson KA, Church G, Grishin D, et al. =E2=
=80=98Fit-for-purpose?=E2=80=99 =E2=80=93 challenges and opportunities for =
applications of blockchain technology in the future of healthcare. BMC Med.=
2019;17(1):68. Epub 2019 Mar 27.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://=
bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1296-7
Abstract: Blockchain is a shared distributed digital ledger technology that=
can better facilitate data management, provenance and security, and has th=
e potential to transform healthcare. Importantly, blockchain represents a d=
ata architecture, whose application goes far beyond Bitcoin =E2=80=93 the c=
ryptocurrency that relies on blockchain and has popularized the technology.=
In the health sector, blockchain is being aggressively explored by various=
stakeholders to optimize business processes, lower costs, improve patient =
outcomes, enhance compliance, and enable better use of healthcare-related d=
ata. However, critical in assessing whether blockchain can fulfill the hype=
of a technology characterized as =E2=80=98revolutionary=E2=80=99 and =E2=
=80=98disruptive=E2=80=99, is the need to ensure that blockchain design ele=
ments consider actual healthcare needs from the diverse perspectives of con=
sumers, patients, providers, and regulators. In addition, answering the rea=
l needs of healthcare stakeholders, blockchain approaches must also be resp=
onsive to the unique challenges faced in healthcare compared to other secto=
rs of the economy. In this sense, ensuring that a health blockchain is =E2=
=80=98fit-for-purpose=E2=80=99 is pivotal. This concept forms the basis for=
this article, where we share views from a multidisciplinary group of pract=
itioners at the forefront of blockchain conceptualization, development, and=
deployment.
______________________________________________________
Mackey TK, Nayyar G. A review of existing and emerging digital technologies=
to combat the global trade in fake medicines. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;1=
6(5):587-602. Epub 2017/03/30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.academia.edu/33=
200349/A_Review_of_Existing_and_Emerging_Digital_Technology_to_Combat_the_G=
lobal_Fake_Medicines_Trade Open access with free subscription; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/=
10.1080/14740338.2017.1313227 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The globalization of the pharmaceutical supply chai=
n has introduced new challenges, chief among them, fighting the internation=
al criminal trade in fake medicines. As the manufacture, supply, and distri=
bution of drugs becomes more complex, so does the need for innovative techn=
ology-based solutions to protect patients globally. Areas covered: We condu=
cted a multidisciplinary review of the science/health, information technolo=
gy, computer science, and general academic literature with the aim of ident=
ifying cutting-edge existing and emerging 'digital' solutions to combat fak=
e medicines. Our review identified five distinct categories of technology i=
ncluding mobile, radio frequency identification, advanced computational met=
hods, online verification, and blockchain technology. Expert opinion: Digit=
al fake medicine solutions are unifying platforms that integrate different =
types of anti-counterfeiting technologies as complementary solutions, impro=
ve information sharing and data collection, and are designed to overcome ex=
isting barriers of adoption and implementation. Investment in this next gen=
eration technology is essential to ensure the future security and integrity=
of the global drug supply chain.
______________________________________________________
Magyar G. Blockchain: solving the privacy and research availability tradeof=
f for EHR data: a new disruptive technology in health data management. In. =
2017 IEEE 30th Jubilee Neumann Colloquium (NC); 2017 Nov 24-25; Budapest, H=
ungary. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2017. p. 135-40.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8263269 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: A blockchain powered Health information ecosystem can solve a fre=
quently discussed problem of the lifelong recorded patient health data, whi=
ch seriously could hurdle the privacy of the patients and the growing data =
hunger of the research and policy maker institutions. On one side the gener=
al availability of the data is vital in emergency situations and supports h=
eavily the different research, population health management and development=
activities, on the other side using the same data can lead to serious soci=
al and ethical problems caused by malicious actors. Currently, the regulati=
on of the privacy data varies all over the world, however underlying princi=
ples are always defensive and protective towards patient privacy against ge=
neral availability. The protective principles cause a defensive, data hidin=
g attitude of the health system developers to avoid breaching the overall l=
aw regulations. It makes the policy makers and different - primarily drug -=
developers to find ways to treat data such a way that lead to ethical and =
political debates. In our paper we introduce how the blockchain technology =
can help solving the problem of secure data storing and ensuring data avail=
ability at the same time. We use the basic principles of the American HIPAA=
regulation, which defines the public availability criteria of health data,=
however the different local regulations may differ significantly. Blockcha=
in's decentralized, intermediary-free, cryptographically secured attributes=
offer a new way of storing patient data securely and at the same time publ=
icly available in a regulated way, where a well-designed distributed peer-t=
o-peer network incentivize the smooth operation of a full-featured EHR syst=
em.
______________________________________________________
Mamoshina P, Ojomoko L, Yanovich Y, Ostrovski A, Botezatu A, Prikhodko P, e=
t al. Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence tec=
hnologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare=
. Oncotarget. 2018;9(5):5665-90. Epub 2017 Nov 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC5814166/
Abstract: The increased availability of data and recent advancements in art=
ificial intelligence present the unprecedented opportunities in healthcare =
and major challenges for the patients, developers, providers and regulators=
. The novel deep learning and transfer learning techniques are turning any =
data about the person into medical data transforming simple facial pictures=
and videos into powerful sources of data for predictive analytics. Present=
ly, the patients do not have control over the access privileges to their me=
dical records and remain unaware of the true value of the data they have. I=
n this paper, we provide an overview of the next-generation artificial inte=
lligence and blockchain technologies and present innovative solutions that =
may be used to accelerate the biomedical research and enable patients with =
new tools to control and profit from their personal data as well with the i=
ncentives to undergo constant health monitoring. We introduce new concepts =
to appraise and evaluate personal records, including the combination-, time=
- and relationship-value of the data. We also present a roadmap for a block=
chain-enabled decentralized personal health data ecosystem to enable novel =
approaches for drug discovery, biomarker development, and preventative heal=
thcare. A secure and transparent distributed personal data marketplace util=
izing blockchain and deep learning technologies may be able to resolve the =
challenges faced by the regulators and return the control over personal dat=
a including medical records back to the individuals.
______________________________________________________
Mangesius P, Bachmann J, Healy T, Saboor S, Schabetsberger T. Blockchains i=
n IHE-based networks. In: Hasman A, Gallos P, Liaskos J, Househ MS, Mantas =
J, editors. Data, Informatics and Technology: An Inspiration for Improved H=
ealthcare; 2018 Jul 6-8; Athens, Greece. Clifton, VA: IOS Press, Inc.; 2018=
. p. 27-30.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/49424 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Interoperability of health information systems is o=
ne of the key challenges of modern healthcare systems. A weak spot in this =
technology stack of interoperability protocols as defined by HL7 and IHE is=
cross affinity domain exchange of access control information and policies.=
In several industries the Blockchain technology had a major breakthrough. =
The goal of this paper is to elaborate how to exchange cross affinity domai=
n access information enhancing well established IHE networks with block cha=
in technology. METHODS: Using literature analysis and research on current i=
nteroperability standards the state of the art of securely exchanging medic=
al information was elaborated. We enhanced this system with the capabilitie=
s of the peer2peer based Blockchain network elaborating the workflows of ex=
changing the access control specific information. RESULTS: We extended an I=
HE based affinity domain by adding a block chain ledger to the deployment. =
This ledger is fed with XACML based policies which are propagated through t=
he peer2peer based system. Using the Blockchain protocol other affinity dom=
ains are informed of the change and can retrieve the information. Acting as=
an additional source of policies and consents the policy decision point is=
capable of querying this network and building a decision based on the retr=
ieved information.
______________________________________________________
Mannaro K, Baralla G, Pinna A, Ibba S. A blockchain approach applied to a t=
eledermatology platform in the Sardinian Region (Italy). Inform. 2018;9(2):=
44. Epub 2018 Feb 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/2/44
Abstract: The use of teledermatology in primary care has been shown to be r=
eliable, offering the possibility of improving access to dermatological car=
e by using telecommunication technologies to connect several medical center=
s and enable the exchange of information about skin conditions over long di=
stances. This paper describes the main points of a teledermatology project =
that we have implemented to promote and facilitate the diagnosis of skin di=
seases and improve the quality of care for rural and remote areas. Moreover=
, we present a blockchain-based approach which aims to add new functionalit=
ies to an innovative teledermatology platform which we developed and tested=
in the Sardinian Region (Italy). These functionalities include giving the =
patient complete access to his/her medical records while maintaining securi=
ty. Finally, the advantages that this new decentralized system can provide =
for patients and specialists are presented.
______________________________________________________
Manski S, Manski B. No Gods, no masters, no coders? The future of sovereign=
ty in a blockchain world. Law & Critique. 2018;29(2):151-62. Epub 2018 =
May 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10978-018-9225-z Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The building of the blockchain is predicted to harken the end of =
the contemporary sovereign order. Some go further to claim that as a powerf=
ul decentering technology, blockchain contests the continued functioning of=
world capitalism. Are such claims merited? In this paper we consider sover=
eignty and blockchain technology theoretically, posing possible futures for=
sovereignty in a blockchain world. These possibilities include various for=
ms of individual, popular, technological, corporate, and techno-totalitaria=
n state sovereignty. We identify seven structural tendencies of blockchain =
technology and give examples as to how these have manifested in the constru=
ction of new forms of sovereignty. We conclude that the future of sovereign=
ty in a blockchain world will be articulated in the conjuncture of social s=
truggle and technological agency and we call for a stronger alliance betwee=
n technologists and democrats. The building of the blockchain is predicted =
to harken the end of the contemporary sovereign order. Some go further to c=
laim that as a powerful decentering technology, blockchain contests the con=
tinued functioning of world capitalism. Are such claims merited? In this pa=
per we consider sovereignty and blockchain technology theoretically, posing=
possible futures for sovereignty in a blockchain world. These possibilitie=
s include various forms of individual, popular, technological, corporate, a=
nd techno-totalitarian state sovereignty. We identify seven structural tend=
encies of blockchain technology and give examples as to how these have mani=
fested in the construction of new forms of sovereignty. We conclude that th=
e future of sovereignty in a blockchain world will be articulated in the co=
njuncture of social struggle and technological agency and we call for a str=
onger alliance between technologists and democrats.
______________________________________________________
Mao D, Wang F, Hao Z, Li H. Credit evaluation system based on blockchain fo=
r multiple stakeholders in the food supply chain. Int J Environ Res Public =
Health. 2018;15(8). Epub 2018 Aug 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/8/162=
7
Abstract: The food supply chain is a complex system that involves a multitu=
de of "stakeholders" such as farmers, production factories, distributors, r=
etailers and consumers. "Information asymmetry" between stakeholders is one=
of the major factors that lead to food fraud. Some current researches have=
shown that applying blockchain can help ensure food safety. However, they =
tend to study the traceability of food but not its supervision. This paper =
provides a blockchain-based credit evaluation system to strengthen the effe=
ctiveness of supervision and management in the food supply chain. The syste=
m gathers credit evaluation text from traders by smart contracts on the blo=
ckchain. Then the gathered text is analyzed directly by a deep learning net=
work named Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Finally traders' credit results a=
re used as a reference for the supervision and management of regulators. By=
applying blockchain, traders can be held accountable for their actions in =
the process of transaction and credit evaluation. Regulators can gather mor=
e reliable, authentic and sufficient information about traders. The results=
of experiments show that adopting LSTM results in better performance than =
traditional machine learning methods such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) a=
nd Navie Bayes (NB) to analyze the credit evaluation text. The system provi=
des a friendly interface for the convenience of users.
______________________________________________________
Marceglia S, Fontelo P, Rossi E, Ackerman MJ. A standards-based architectur=
e proposal for integrating patient mHealth apps to electronic health record=
systems. Appl Clin Inform. 2015;6(3):488-505. Epub 2015 Aug 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC4586338/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mobile health Applications (mHealth Apps) are opening=
the way to patients' responsible and active involvement with their own hea=
lthcare management. However, apart from Apps allowing patient's access to t=
heir electronic health records (EHRs), mHealth Apps are currently developed=
as dedicated "island systems". OBJECTIVE: Although much work has been done=
on patient's access to EHRs, transfer of information from mHealth Apps to =
EHR systems is still low. This study proposes a standards-based architectur=
e that can be adopted by mHealth Apps to exchange information with EHRs to =
support better quality of care. METHODS: Following the definition of requir=
ements for the EHR/mHealth App information exchange recently proposed, and =
after reviewing current standards, we designed the architecture for EHR/mHe=
alth App integration. Then, as a case study, we modeled a system based on t=
he proposed architecture aimed to support home monitoring for congestive he=
art failure patients. We simulated such process using, on the EHR side, Ope=
nMRS, an open source longitudinal EHR and, on the mHealth App side, the iOS=
platform. RESULTS: The integration architecture was based on the bi-direct=
ional exchange of standard documents (clinical document architecture rel2 -=
CDA2). In the process, the clinician "prescribes" the home monitoring proc=
edures by creating a CDA2 prescription in the EHR that is sent, encrypted a=
nd de-identified, to the mHealth App to create the monitoring calendar. At =
the scheduled time, the App alerts the patient to start the monitoring. Aft=
er the measurements are done, the App generates a structured CDA2-compliant=
monitoring report and sends it to the EHR, thus avoiding local storage. CO=
NCLUSIONS: The proposed architecture, even if validated only in a simulatio=
n environment, represents a step forward in the integration of personal mHe=
alth Apps into the larger health-IT ecosystem, allowing the bi-directional =
data exchange between patients and healthcare professionals, supporting the=
patient's engagement in self-management and self-care.
______________________________________________________
Maslove DM, Klein J, Brohman K, Martin P. Using blockchain technology to ma=
nage clinical trials data: a proof-of-concept study. JMIR Med Inform. 2018;=
6(4):e11949. Epub 2018 Dec 21.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC=
6320404/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Blockchain technology is emerging as an innovative to=
ol in data and software security. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the=
role of blockchain in supporting clinical trials data management and devel=
op a proof-of-concept implementation of a patient-facing and researcher-fac=
ing system. METHODS: Blockchain-based Smart Contracts were built using the =
Ethereum platform. RESULTS: We described BlockTrial, a system that uses a W=
eb-based interface to allow users to run trials-related Smart Contracts on =
an Ethereum network. Functions allow patients to grant researchers access t=
o their data and allow researchers to submit queries for data that are stor=
ed off chain. As a type of distributed ledger, the system generates a durab=
le and transparent log of these and other transactions. BlockTrial could be=
used to increase the trustworthiness of data collected during clinical res=
earch with benefits to researchers, regulators, and drug companies alike. I=
n addition, the system could empower patients to become more active and ful=
ly informed partners in research. CONCLUSIONS: Blockchain technology presen=
ts an opportunity to address some of the common threats to the integrity of=
data collected in clinical trials and ensure that the analysis of these da=
ta comply with prespecified plans. Further technical work is needed to add =
additional functions. Policies must be developed to determine the optimal m=
odels for participation in the system by its various stakeholders.
______________________________________________________
Maxmen A. AI researchers embrace Bitcoin technology to share medical data. =
Nature. 2018;555(7696):293-4. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/article=
s/d41586-018-02641-7
Abstract: [FIRST FEW PARAGRAPHS] Dexter Hadley thinks that artificial intel=
ligence (AI) could do a far better job at detecting breast cancer than doct=
ors do =E2=80=94 if screening algorithms could be trained on millions of ma=
mmograms. The problem is getting access to such massive quantities of data.=
Because of privacy laws in many countries, sensitive medical information r=
emains largely off-limits to researchers and technology companies.
So Hadley, a physician and computational biologist at the University of Cal=
ifornia, San Francisco, is trying a radical solution. He and his colleagues=
are building a system that allows people to share their medical data with =
researchers easily and securely =E2=80=94 and retain control over it. Their=
method, which is based on the blockchain technology that underlies the cry=
ptocurrency Bitcoin, will soon be put to the test. By May, Hadley and his c=
olleagues will launch a study to train their AI algorithm to detect cancer =
using mammograms that they hope to obtain from between three million and fi=
ve million US women.
The team joins a growing number of academic scientists and start-ups who ar=
e using blockchain to make sharing medical scans, hospital records and gene=
tic data more attractive =E2=80=94 and more efficient. Some projects will e=
ven pay people to use their information. The ultimate goal of many teams is=
to train AI algorithms on the data they solicit using the blockchain syste=
ms.
______________________________________________________
McGhin T, Choo KKR, Liu CZ, He D. Blockchain in healthcare applications: re=
search challenges and opportunities. J Netw Comput Appl. 2019;135:62-75. Ep=
ub 2019 Feb 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804519300864 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Blockchain has a range of built-in features, such as distributed =
ledger, decentralized storage, authentication, security, and immutability, =
and has moved beyond hype to practical applications in industry sectors suc=
h as Healthcare. Blockchain applications in the healthcare sector generally=
require more stringent authentication, interoperability, and record sharin=
g requirements, due to exacting legal requirements, such as Health Insuranc=
e Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). Building on existing =
blockchain technologies, researchers in both academia and industry have sta=
rted to explore applications that are geared toward healthcare use. These a=
pplications include smart contracts, fraud detection, and identity verifica=
tion. Even with these improvements, there are still concerns as blockchain =
technology has its own specific vulnerabilities and issues that need to be =
addressed, such as mining incentives, mining attacks, and key management. A=
dditionally, many of the healthcare applications have unique requirements t=
hat are not addressed by many of the blockchain experiments being explored,=
as highlighted in this survey paper. A number of potential research opport=
unities are also discussed in this paper.
______________________________________________________
McGinn D, McIlwraith D, Guo Y. Towards open data blockchain analytics: a Bi=
tcoin perspective. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(8):180298. Epub 2018 Aug 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.180298
Abstract: Bitcoin is the first implementation of a technology that has beco=
me known as a 'public permissionless' blockchain. Such systems allow public=
read/write access to an append-only blockchain database without the need f=
or any mediating central authority. Instead, they guarantee access, securit=
y and protocol conformity through an elegant combination of cryptographic a=
ssurances and game theoretic economic incentives. Not until the advent of t=
he Bitcoin blockchain has such a trusted, transparent, comprehensive and gr=
anular dataset of digital economic behaviours been available for public net=
work analysis. In this article, by translating the cumbersome binary data s=
tructure of the Bitcoin blockchain into a high fidelity graph model, we dem=
onstrate through various analyses the often overlooked social and econometr=
ic benefits of employing such a novel open data architecture. Specifically,=
we show: (i) how repeated patterns of transaction behaviours can be reveal=
ed to link user activity across the blockchain; (ii) how newly mined bitcoi=
n can be associated to demonstrate individual accumulations of wealth; (iii=
) through application of the naive quantity theory of money that Bitcoin's =
disinflationary properties can be revealed and measured; and (iv) how the u=
ser community can develop coordinated defences against repeated denial of s=
ervice attacks on the network. Such public analyses of this open data are e=
xemplary benefits unavailable to the closed data models of the 'private per=
missioned' distributed ledger architectures currently dominating enterprise=
-level blockchain development owing to existing issues of scalability, conf=
identiality and governance.
______________________________________________________
McKernan KJ. The chloroplast genome hidden in plain sight, open access publ=
ishing and anti-fragile distributed data sources. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA M=
app Seq Anal. 2016;27(6):4518-9. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.tan=
dfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/19401736.2015.1101541
Abstract: We sequenced several cannabis genomes in 2011 of June and the fir=
st and the longest contigs to emerge were the chloroplast and mitochondrial=
genomes. Having been a contributor to the Human Genome Project and an eye-=
witness to the real benefits of immediate data release, I have first hand e=
xperience with the potential mal-investment of millions of dollars of tax p=
ayer money narrowly averted due to the adopted global rapid data release po=
licy. The policy was vital in reducing duplication of effort and economic w=
aste. As a result, we felt obligated to publish the Cannabis genome data in=
a similar spirit and placed them immediately on a cloud based Amazon serve=
r in August of 2011. While these rapid data release practices were heralded=
by many in the media, we still find some authors fail to find or reference=
said work and hope to compel the readership that this omission has more pe=
rvasive repercussions than bruised egos and is a regression for our communi=
ty.
______________________________________________________
McKinney SA, Landy R, Wilka R. Smart contracts, blockchain, and the next fr=
ontier of transactional law. Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Ar=
ts. 2018;13(3):313-47. Epub 2018 Jul 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://digital.la=
w.washington.edu/dspace-law/handle/1773.1/1818
Abstract: Smart contracts are an emerging technology that could revolutioni=
ze commercial transactions by eliminating inefficiencies and uncertainty cr=
eated by the current transactional ecosystem of lawyers, courts, regulators=
, banks, and other parties with divergent interests. However, a lack of con=
sensus around how smart contracts are implemented, uncertainty regarding en=
forceability, and scarcity of on point statutes and case law means that a s=
table legal, commercial and technical smart contract landscape has yet to e=
merge. The implementation of universal legal, technical and commercial stan=
dards and best practices will reduce uncertainty and promote widespread ado=
ption and use of smart contracts.
______________________________________________________
McQuinn A, Castro D. A policymaker=E2=80=99s guide to blockchain. Washingto=
n, DC: Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, 2019 Apr 30.
=
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://it=
if.org/publications/2019/04/30/policymakers-guide-blockchain
Abstract: Policymakers can and should do more to support blockchain innovat=
ion and adoption, such as ensuring regulations are targeted and flexible, s=
o as to encourage blockchain experimentation.
* Blockchain is a powerful new technology that creates a distributed digita=
l ledger that allows multiple parties to engage in secure, trusted transact=
ions with one another without an intermediary.
* Blockchain is best suited for certain types of applications, including cr=
yptocurrencies, shared data services, smart contracts applications, decentr=
alized marketplaces, authenticity tracking, and digital identity.
* Governments can and should do more to support blockchain innovation and a=
doption, including by supporting public sector adoption, creating a flexibl=
e regulatory environment to allow experimentation, and using targeted regul=
atory enforcement.
______________________________________________________
Mears J. The rise and rise of ID as a service. Biometric Technology Today. =
2018 February 15:5-8.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969476518300237 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: The concept of Identification as a Service (IDaaS) is radically c=
hanging the way biometric matching and identity services are provided. So w=
hy is this transformation important? Mainly because it is a market disrupti=
on that will propel new growth in the industry. It's also likely to change =
the way we interact with applications requiring strong authentication or id=
entification services, moving from captive, closely held applications into =
efficient and indispensable, widely available utilities.
______________________________________________________
Meinert E, Alturkistani A, Foley KA, Osama T, Car J, Majeed A, et al. Block=
chain implementation in health care: protocol for a systematic review. JMIR=
Res Protoc. 2019;8(2):e10994. Epub 2018 May 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.researchprotocols.org/=
2019/2/e10994/
Abstract: Background: A blockchain is a digitized, decentralized, =
distributed public ledger that acts as a shared and synchronized database t=
hat records cryptocurrency transactions. Despite the shift toward digital p=
latforms enabled by electronic medical records, demonstrating a will to ref=
orm the health care sector, health systems face issues including security, =
interoperability, data fragmentation, timely access to patient data, and si=
los. The application of health care blockchains could enable data interoper=
ability, enhancement of precision medicine, and reduction in prescription f=
rauds through implementing novel methods in access and patient consent.
Objective: To summarize the evidence on the strategies and framew=
orks utilized to implement blockchains for patient data in health care to e=
nsure privacy and improve interoperability and scalability. It is anticipat=
ed this review will assist in the development of recommendations that will =
assist key stakeholders in health care blockchain implementation, and we pr=
edict that the evidence generated will challenge the health care status quo=
, moving away from more traditional approaches and facilitating decision ma=
king of patients, health care providers, and researchers.
Methods:<=
/em> A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest Techno=
logy Collection and Engineering Index will be conducted. Two experienced in=
dependent reviewers will conduct titles and abstract screening followed by =
full-text reading to determine study eligibility. Data will then be extract=
ed onto data extraction forms before using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk =
of Bias Tool to appraise the quality of included randomized studies and the=
Risk of Bias in nonrandomized studies of Interventions to assess the quali=
ty of nonrandomized studies. Data will then be analyzed and synthesized. Results: Database searches will be initiated in September 2018. =
We expect to complete the review in January 2019.
Conclusions:=
This review will summarize the strategies and frameworks used to implement=
blockchains in health care to increase data privacy, interoperability, and=
scalability. This review will also help clarify if the strategies and fram=
eworks required for the operationalization of blockchains in health care en=
sure the privacy of patient data while enabling efficiency, interoperabilit=
y, and scalability.
______________________________________________________
Mendes D, Rodrigues I, Fonseca C, Lopes M, Garc=C3=ADa-Alonso JM, Berrocal =
J. Anonymized distributed PHR using blockchain for openness and non-repudia=
tion guarantee. In: M=C3=A9ndez E, Crestani F, Ribeiro C, David G, Lopes JC=
, editors. International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libra=
ries; 2018 Sep 10-13; Porto, Portugal. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Internat=
ional Publishing; 2018. p. 381-5.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://link.sprin=
ger.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00066-0_45 Subscription required to v=
iew.
Abstract: We introduce our solution developed for data privacy, and specifi=
cally for cognitive security that can be enforced and guaranteed using bloc=
kchain technology in SAAL (Smart Ambient Assisted Living) environments. Usi=
ng our proposal the access to a patient=E2=80=99s clinical process resists =
tampering and ransomware attacks that have recently plagued the HIS (Hospit=
al Information Systems) in various countries. One important side effect of =
this data infrastructure is that it can be accessed in open form, for resea=
rch purposes for instance, since no individual re-identification or group p=
rofiling is possible by any means.
______________________________________________________
Mendes D, Rodrigues IP, Fonseca C, Lopes MJ, Garcia-Alonso JM, Berrocal J. =
Anonymized distributed PHR using blockchain for openness and non-repudiatio=
n guarantee. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2018;255:170-4. Epub 2018 Sep 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/50496
Abstract: We introduce our solution developed for data privacy, and specifi=
cally for cognitive security that can be enforced and guaranteed using bloc=
kchain technology in SAAL (Smart Ambient Assisted Living) environments. Per=
sonal clinical and demographic information segments to various levels that =
assures that it can only be rebuilt at the interested and authorized partie=
s and no profiling can be extracted from the blockchain itself. Using our p=
roposal the access to a patient's clinical process resists tampering and ra=
nsomware attacks that have recently plagued the HIS (Hospital Information S=
ystems) in various countries. The core of the blockchain model assures non-=
repudiation possible by any of the involved information producers thus main=
taining ledger fidelity of the enclosed historical process information. One=
important side effect of this data infrastructure is that it can be access=
ed in open form, for research purposes for instance, since no individual re=
-identification or group profiling is possible by any means.
______________________________________________________
Mense A, Athanasiadis L. Concept for sharing distributed personal Health re=
cords with blockchains. In: Hasman A, Gallos P, Liaskos J, Househ MS, Manta=
s J, editors. Data, Informatics and Technology: An Inspiration for Improved=
Healthcare; 2018 Jul 6-8; Athens, Greece. Clifton, VA: IOS Press, Inc.; 20=
18. p. 7-10.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/49419 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The characteristics of the "blockchain" technology and especially=
its decentralized nature lead to the notion of neutrality, censorship resi=
stance, and absolute truths, which makes the concept interesting for many d=
ifferent domains, such as finance, supply chain management, or the energy s=
ector - of course also for the healthcare area (eHealth). Blockchains also =
offer the possibility for well-known access points for a distributed system=
with easy to use and simple to integrate programming interfaces, which mak=
es it interesting as a central point for electronic healthcare data exchang=
e in a distributed environment. This paper presents a concept for integrati=
ng and sharing distributed personal healthcare records based on smart contr=
acts implemented on an Ethereum blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Mertz L. (Block) chain reaction: a blockchain revolution sweeps into health=
care, offering the possibility for a much-needed data solution. IEEE Pulse=
. 2018;9(3):4-7. Epub 2018 May 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8358054 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Electronic health records may have digitized patient data, but ge=
tting that data from one clinician to another remains a huge challenge, esp=
ecially since patients often have multiple doctors ordering tests, prescrib=
ing drugs, and providing treatment. Many experts now believe that blockchai=
n technology might be just the thing to get a patient's pertinent medical i=
nformation from where it is stored to where it is needed, as well as to all=
ow patients to easily view their own medical histories. In addition, blockc=
hain technology might also be able to help with other aspects of health car=
e, such as improving the insurance claim or other administrative processes =
within healthcare networks and making health-related population data availa=
ble to biomedical researchers.
______________________________________________________
Mertz L. Hospital CIO explains blockchain potential: an interview with Beth=
Israel Deaconess Medical Center's John Halamka. IEEE Pulse. 2018;9(3):8-9.=
Epub 2018 May 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8358056 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Work is already underway to bring blockchain technology to the he=
althcare industry, and hospital administrators are trying to figure out wha=
t it can do for them, their clinicians, and their patients. That includes a=
dministrators at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, a leading academic m=
edical center located in Boston.
______________________________________________________
Mettler M. Blockchain technology in healthcare: the revolution starts here.=
2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applicatio=
ns and Services (Healthcom); 2016 Sep 14-16; Munich, Germany. Piscataway, N=
J: IEEE Healthcom.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/7749510 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain technology has shown its considerable adaptability in =
recent years as a variety of market sectors sought ways of incorporating it=
s abilities into their operations. While so far most of the focus has been =
on the financial services industry, several projects in other service relat=
ed areas such as healthcare show this is beginning to change. Numerous star=
ting points for Blockchain technology in the healthcare industry are the fo=
cus of this report. With examples for public healthcare management, user-or=
iented medical research and drug counterfeiting in the pharmaceutical secto=
r, this report aims to illustrate possible influences, goals and potentials=
connected to this disruptive technology.
______________________________________________________
Mihelj J, Zhang Y, Kos A, Sedlar U. Crowdsourced traffic event detection an=
d source reputation assessment using smart contracts. Sensors (Basel). 2019=
;19(15). Epub 2019 Jul 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/32=
67
Abstract: Real-time data about various traffic events and conditions-offenc=
es, accidents, dangerous driving, or dangerous road conditions-is crucial f=
or safe and efficient transportation. Unlike roadside infrastructure data w=
hich are often limited in scope and quantity, crowdsensing approaches promi=
se much broader and comprehensive coverage of traffic events. However, to e=
nsure safe and efficient traffic operation, assessing trustworthiness of cr=
owdsourced data is of crucial importance; this also includes detection of i=
ntentional or unintentional manipulation, deception, and spamming. In this =
paper, we design and demonstrate a road traffic event detection and source =
reputation assessment system for unreliable data sources. Special care is t=
aken to adapt the system for operation in decentralized mode, using smart c=
ontracts on a Turing-complete blockchain platform, eliminating single autho=
rity over such systems and increasing resilience to institutional data mani=
pulation. The proposed solution was evaluated using both a synthetic traffi=
c event dataset and a dataset gathered from real users, using a traffic eve=
nt reporting mobile application in a professional driving simulator used fo=
r driver training. The results show the proposed system can accurately dete=
ct a range of manipulative and misreporting behaviors, and quickly converge=
s to the final trust score even in a resource-constrained environment of a =
blockchain platform virtual machine.
______________________________________________________
Mikula T, Jacobsen RH. Identity and access management with blockchain in el=
ectronic healthcare records. In: Novotny=CC=81 M, Konofaos N, Skavhaug A, I=
EEE Computer Society, editors. 2018 21st Euromicro Conference on Digital Sy=
stem Design (DSD); 2018 Aug 29-31; Prague, Czech Republic. Los Alamitos, CA=
: IEEE Computer Society; 2018. p. 699-706.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/=
Rune_Jacobsen2/publication/328313216_Identity_and_Access_Management_with_Bl=
ockchain_in_Electronic_Healthcare_Records/links/5be00e76a6fdcc3a8dbedfcf/Id=
entity-and-Access-Management-with-Blockchain-in-Electronic-Healthcare-Recor=
ds.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.=
ieee.org/abstract/document/8491888 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain has proved itself to be tamper resistant and secure. I=
t is increasingly getting attention from companies changing from centralize=
d to decentralized systems. This paper proposes a system for identity and a=
ccess management using blockchain technology to support authentication and =
authorization of entities in a digital system. A prototype demonstrates the=
application of blockchain in identity and access management using the Hype=
rledger Fabric framework. It provides a proof of concept based on a use cas=
e concerning Electronic Health Records from the healthcare domain where an =
immutable and auditable history is desired for data concerning patients. Ba=
sic authentication and authorization operations are able to execute in 2-3 =
seconds with an initial size of blockchain of about 3.8 MB covering physici=
ans in Denmark.
______________________________________________________
Millard C. Blockchain and law: incompatible codes? Comput Law Secur Rev. 20=
18;34(4):843-6. Epub 2018 July 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364918302437
Abstract: Blockchain has recently joined a long line of technological innov=
ations that have been characterised as disruptive to, and possibly even sub=
versive of, fundamental legal principles. This article looks behind the hyp=
e to examine how blockchain might =E2=80=93 or might not =E2=80=93 be compa=
tible with established legal and regulatory models. Data protection is disc=
ussed as an example of an area of law that some have claimed cannot be reco=
nciled with blockchain. Various other conflicts are also identified and con=
cerns about blockchain are placed in the context of wider historical debate=
s about new technologies vs law.
______________________________________________________
Min H. Blockchain technology for enhancing supply chain resilience. Bus Hor=
iz. 2019;62(1):35-45. Epub 2018 Oct 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301472 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: With the soaring value of bitcoin and frenzy over cryptocurrency,=
the blockchain technology that sparked the bitcoin revolution has received=
heightened attention from both practitioners and academics. Blockchain tec=
hnology often causes controversies surrounding its application potential an=
d business ramifications. The blockchain is a peer-to-peer network of infor=
mation technology that keeps records of digital asset transactions using di=
stributed ledgers that are free from control by intermediaries such as bank=
s and governments. Thus, it can mitigate risks associated with intermediari=
es=E2=80=99 interventions, including hacking, compromised privacy, vulnerab=
ility to political turmoil, costly compliance with government rules and reg=
ulation, instability of financial institutions, and contractual disputes. T=
his article unlocks the mystique of blockchain technology and discusses way=
s to leverage blockchain technology to enhance supply chain resilience in t=
imes of increased risks and uncertainty.
______________________________________________________
Minoli D, Sohraby K, Occhiogrosso B. IoT security (IoTSec) mechanisms for e=
-health and ambient assisted living applications. 2017 IEEE/ACM Internation=
al Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Te=
chnologies (CHASE); 2017 July 17-19; Philadelphia, PA. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE=
Computer Society; 2017.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8010568 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The Internet Of Things (IoT) is poised to make substantial inroad=
s in all aspects of modern life before the end of this decade, including ap=
plications in smart grids, smart cities, transportation, crowdsensing, e-he=
alth, ambient assisted living, and home automation, to list just a few. Alt=
hough it is recognized that IoTSec mechanisms and principles are needed acr=
oss the entire IoT ecosystem, many of the intrinsic features of IoT systems=
make the IoT vulnerable to cybersecurity breaches. Firms wonder if the mec=
hanisms required to protect the users and the data are ready for "prime tim=
e", especially in the e-health arena. The field of big data as related to s=
ecurity event processing, is relatively new, especially in the context of I=
oT, challenges include but are not limited to capture, transmission, analys=
is and curation of the data. This article provides a novel IoT protocol arc=
hitecture and examines security tools and techniques that can be leveraged =
as part of the deployment of IoT, these mechanisms are particularly importa=
nt in e-health and assisted living applications.
______________________________________________________
Mi=C5=A1i=C4=87 VB, Mi=C5=A1i=C4=87 J, Chang X. Towards a blockchain-based =
healthcare information system. IEEE International Conference on Communicati=
ons in China; 2019 Aug 11-13; ChangChung, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3345919=
32_Towards_a_Blockchain-Based_Healthcare_Information_System
Abstract: Healthcare information systems are the next big application area =
for Blockchain technology. However, straightforward extensions of existing =
digital cryptocurrency systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum results in syst=
ems that are unsuitable for the challenges posed by healthcare systems. In =
this paper, we propose an architecture for a blockchain-based healthcare in=
formation system in which block validation is performed through collective =
signatures initiated by a designated leader and executed by a pool of witne=
sses. Furthermore, we describe a smart-contract based approach that allows =
data owners to explicitly grant or revoke authorizations for other actors t=
o access healthcare data. All accesses, successful or not, are recorded on =
the blockchain as separate transactions, thus ensuring transparency and pri=
vacy protection.
______________________________________________________
Mohan V. On the use of blockchain-based mechanisms to tackle academic misco=
nduct. Res Policy. 2019;48(9):103805. Epub 2019 Jun 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733319301258
Abstract: Current incentives for publishing in academic journals result in =
a =E2=80=9Cwinner-take-all=E2=80=9D contest-like situation, with significan=
t benefits for publishing research in quality journals. At the same time, e=
mpirically, we observe a greater incidence of research misconduct. The purp=
ose of this paper is to summarize the nature and extent of the misconduct p=
roblem, to show why it may persist in the absence of conscious remedial act=
ion, and to discuss solutions that help lower the likelihood of spurious re=
search escaping undetected. A simple model is constructed to emphasize that=
there exists the potential for a Prisoners=E2=80=99 Dilemma in academia, w=
here scholars engage in misconduct at equilibrium (the Academic Dilemma). T=
he paper then examines why conventional =E2=80=9Ccentralized=E2=80=9D regul=
atory solutions under the current system are not likely to succeed in resol=
ving the problem, analyzes the properties of a decentralized solution utili=
zing blockchains, and argues that once incentive structures in academia are=
factored in, a permissioned blockchain may emerge as an effective middle-g=
round solution for mitigating scientific misconduct. In doing so, the paper=
highlights the importance of new technologies and recent advancements in O=
pen Science for battling misconduct, and takes stock of the evolving nature=
of academic publishing.
______________________________________________________
Mohsin AH, Zaidan AA, Zaidan BB, Albahri OS, Albahri AS, Alsalem MA, et al.=
Based medical systems for patient's authentication: towards a new verifica=
tion secure framework using CIA standard. J Med Syst. 2019;43(7):192. Epub =
2019 May 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.spring=
er.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1264-y Subscription required to vie=
w.
Abstract: In medical systems for patient's authentication, keeping biometri=
c data secure is a general problem. Many studies have presented various way=
s of protecting biometric data especially finger vein biometric data. Thus,=
It is needs to find better ways of securing this data by applying the thre=
e principles of information security aforementioned, and creating a robust =
verification system with high levels of reliability, privacy and security. =
Moreover, it is very difficult to replace biometric information and any lea=
kage of biometrics information leads to earnest risks for example replay at=
tacks using the robbed biometric data. In this paper presented criticism an=
d analysis to all attempts as revealed in the literature review and discuss=
ion the proposes a novel verification secure framework based confidentialit=
y, integrity and availability (CIA) standard in triplex blockchain-particle=
swarm optimization (PSO)-advanced encryption standard (AES) techniques for=
medical systems patient's authentication. Three stages are performed on di=
scussion. Firstly, proposes a new hybrid model pattern in order to increase=
the randomization based on radio frequency identification (RFID) and finge=
r vein biometrics. To achieve this, proposed a new merge algorithm to combi=
ne the RFID features and finger vein features in one hybrid and random patt=
ern. Secondly, how the propose verification secure framework are followed t=
he CIA standard for telemedicine authentication by combination of AES encry=
ption technique, blockchain and PSO in steganography technique based on pro=
posed pattern model. Finally, discussed the validation and evaluation of th=
e proposed verification secure framework.
______________________________________________________
Morkunas VJ, Paschen J, Boon E. How blockchain technologies impact your bus=
iness model. Bus Horiz. 2019;62(3):295-306. Epub 2019 Feb 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681319300096 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: Much of the attention surrounding blockchain today is focused on =
financial services, with very little discussion about nonfinancial services=
firms and how blockchain technology may affect organizations, their busine=
ss models, and how they create and deliver value. In addition, some confusi=
on remains between the blockchain (with definite article) and blockchain (n=
o article), distributed ledger technologies, and their applications. Our ar=
ticle offers a primer on blockchain technology aimed at general managers an=
d executives. The key contributions of this article lie in providing an exp=
lanation of blockchain, including how a blockchain transaction works and a =
clarification of terms, and outlining different types of blockchain technol=
ogies. We also discuss how different types of blockchain impact business mo=
dels. Building on the well-established business model framework by Osterwal=
der and Pigneur, we outline the effect that blockchain technologies can hav=
e on each element of the business model, along with illustrations from firm=
s developing blockchain technology.
______________________________________________________
Motohashi T, Hirano T, Okumura K, Kashiyama M, Ichikawa D, Ueno T. Secure a=
nd scalable mHealth data management using blockchain combined with client h=
ashchain: system design and validation. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(5):e133=
85. Epub 2019 May 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/5/e13385/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Blockchain is emerging as an innovative technology fo=
r secure data management in many areas, including medical practice. A distr=
ibuted blockchain network is tolerant against network fault, and the regist=
ered data are resistant to tampering and revision. The technology has a hig=
h affinity with digital medicine like mobile health (mHealth) and provides =
reliability to the medical data without labor-intensive third-party contrib=
utions. On the other hand, the reliability of the medical data is not insur=
ed before registration to the blockchain network. Furthermore, there are is=
sues with regard to how the clients' mobile devices should be dealt with an=
d authenticated in the blockchain network in order to avoid impersonation. =
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to design and validate an mHealth syste=
m that enables the compatibility of the security and scalability of the med=
ical data using blockchain technology. METHODS: We designed an mHealth syst=
em that sends medical data to the blockchain network via relay servers. The=
architecture provides scalability and convenience of operation of the syst=
em. In order to ensure the reliability of the data from clients' mobile dev=
ices, hash values with chain structure (client hashchain) were calculated i=
n the clients' devices and the results were registered on the blockchain ne=
twork. RESULTS: The system was applied and deployed in mHealth for insomnia=
treatment. Clinical trials for mHealth were conducted with insomnia patien=
ts. Medical data of the recruited patients were successfully registered wit=
h the blockchain network via relay servers along with the hashchain calcula=
ted on the clients' mobile devices. The correctness of the data was validat=
ed by identifying illegal data, which were made by simulating fraudulent ac=
cess. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed mHealth system, blockchain combined with cl=
ient hashchain, ensures compatibility of security and scalability in the da=
ta management of mHealth medical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinica=
l Trials Registry UMIN000032951; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cg=
i-open- bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=3DR000037564 (Archived by WebCit=
e at http://www.webcitation.org/78HP5iFIw).
______________________________________________________
Mougayar W. The business blockchain : promise, practice, and application of=
the next internet technology [Internet]. New York, NY: John Wiley & So=
ns, Incorporated. 2016 [updated 2016 Apr 26; cited 2019 Mar 14]. 141 p. Ava=
ilable from: https://www.wiley=
.com/en-us/The+Business+Blockchain%3A+Promise%2C+Practice%2C+and+Applicatio=
n+of+the+Next+Internet+Technology-p-9781119300311 Purchase required.
Reference Type: Electronic Book
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] If the blockchain has not shocked you yet, I gu=
arantee it will shake you soon. I have not seen anything like this since th=
e start of the Internet, in terms of capturing the imagination of people, a=
small number first, but then spreading rapidly. Welcome to the new world o=
f the blockchain and blockchains. At its core, the blockchain is a technolo=
gy that permanently records transactions in a way that cannot be later eras=
ed but can only be sequentially updated, in essence keeping a never-ending =
historical trail. This seemingly simple functional description has gargantu=
an implications. It is making us rethink the old ways of creating transacti=
ons, storing data, and moving assets, and that's only the beginning. The bl=
ockchain cannot be described just as a revolution. It is a marching phenome=
non, slowly advancing like a tsunami, and gradually enveloping everything a=
long its way by the force of its progression. Plainly, it is the second sig=
nificant overlay on top of the Internet, just as the Web was that first lay=
er back in 1990. That new layer is mostly about trust, so we could call it =
the trust layer. Blockchains are enormous catalysts for change that hit at =
governance, ways of life, traditional corporate models, society and global =
institutions. Blockchain infiltration will be met with resistance, because =
it is an extreme change.
______________________________________________________
Mudliar K, Parekh H, Bhavathankar P, Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, =
IEEE, editors. A comprehensive integration of national identity with blockc=
hain technology. 2018 International Conference on Communication information=
and Computing Technology (ICCICT); 2018 Feb 2-3; Mumbai, India. Piscataway=
, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8325891 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: A blockchain system is different from the hitherto used featuring=
robustness and disintermediation. A blockchain consists of records (blocks=
) recorded in a digital ledger, thoroughly decentralized where transactions=
are recorded in contrast to the tables in the relational database. A trans=
action once recorded in the system is resistant to alteration. The paper pr=
oposed several applications of blockchain system integrating it with the na=
tional identity of an individual. The national identification records of an=
individual must contain the fundamental details regarding the individual a=
long with the biometrics. The available attributes of the national identifi=
cation records can be used efficaciously in applications such as banking, d=
igitizing healthcare, digital voting, etc. An example for such a national i=
dentity is the Aadhar in India which is currently utilized in centralized a=
pplications. Integrating Aadhar with blockchain yields illimitable applicat=
ions in a decentralized, secure and transparent manner.
______________________________________________________
Mulligan C, Zhu Scott J, Warren S, Rangaswami JP. Blockchain beyond the hyp=
e: a practical framework for business leaders. Geneva, Switzerland: World E=
conomic Forum, 2018 Apr 23.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.weforu=
m.org/whitepapers/blockchain-beyond-the-hype
Abstract: This common sense and practical framework is designed to assist e=
xecutives in understanding whether blockchain is an appropriate and helpful=
tool for their business needs. It starts from the premise that blockchain =
is merely a technology =E2=80=93 much like many others that are already use=
d in society =E2=80=93 and like other technologies it is as much about chan=
ge management and careful attention to the economics and business models of=
industries and companies involved as it is about technology evangelism. Fo=
r any organization, blockchain technology should not be a goal in itself bu=
t a tool deployed to achieve specific purposes.
This toolkit is based on real-world experience of blockchain in a variety o=
f projects across a variety of industries that have been analysed by Imperi=
al College London to develop an initial framework. The framework has been r=
eviewed and further developed by members of the 2017 World Economic Forum=
=E2=80=99s Global Future Council on Blockchain and has been trialled throug=
h a variety of means, including with global chief executive officers (CEOs)=
at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2018 in Davos-Klosters. Over th=
e coming months, the World Economic Forum=E2=80=99s Center for the Fourth I=
ndustrial Revolution, in partnership with various institutions, will be rel=
easing customized versions of this toolkit focused on specific sectors and =
use cases.
______________________________________________________
Mulugeta L, Drach A, Erdemir A, Hunt CA, Horner M, Ku JP, et al. Credibilit=
y, replicability, and reproducibility in simulation for biomedicine and cli=
nical applications in neuroscience. Front Neuroinform. 2018;12(18). Epub 20=
18 Apr 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC5911506/
Abstract: Modeling and simulation in computational neuroscience is currentl=
y a research enterprise to better understand neural systems. It is not yet =
directly applicable to the problems of patients with brain disease. To be u=
sed for clinical applications, there must not only be considerable progress=
in the field but also a concerted effort to use best practices in order to=
demonstrate model credibility to regulatory bodies, to clinics and hospita=
ls, to doctors, and to patients. In doing this for neuroscience, we can lea=
rn lessons from long-standing practices in other areas of simulation (aircr=
aft, computer chips), from software engineering, and from other biomedical =
disciplines. In this manuscript, we introduce some basic concepts that will=
be important in the development of credible clinical neuroscience models: =
reproducibility and replicability; verification and validation; model confi=
guration; and procedures and processes for credible mechanistic multiscale =
modeling. We also discuss how garnering strong community involvement can pr=
omote model credibility. Finally, in addition to direct usage with patients=
, we note the potential for simulation usage in the area of Simulation-Base=
d Medical Education, an area which to date has been primarily reliant on ph=
ysical models (mannequins) and scenario-based simulations rather than on nu=
merical simulations.
______________________________________________________
Myers W. Blockchain is coming =E2=80=94 ready or not, expert warns clinical=
research site executives. CenterWatch Weekly. 2018 May 29:1, 4.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://www.centerwatch.co=
m/cwweekly/2018/05/29/blockchain-is-coming-ready-or-not-expert-warns-clinic=
al-research-site-executives/
Abstract: Blockchain technology offers a lot of promise to sites but it can=
also destabilize those companies that don=E2=80=99t properly prepare for i=
t, a site executive warned her fellow professionals Tuesday.
When Wendy Charles, the operations manager and researcher at Rocky Mountain=
Poison & Drug Center at Denver Health asked an audience at the MAGI Cl=
inical Research Conference 2018 East in Arlington, VA, how many had heard o=
f blockchain, very few hands went up. When she asked them how many of their=
companies were already using blockchain in their business, no hands went u=
p.
=E2=80=9CThis is coming,=E2=80=9D Charles said, =E2=80=9Cand blockchain wil=
l be a part of your everyday life in the near future so it=E2=80=99s import=
ant to be aware of what people face.=E2=80=9D
______________________________________________________
Nakasumi M. Information sharing for supply chain management based on block =
chain technology. 2017 IEEE 19th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI); =
2017 Jul 24-27; Thessaloniki, Greece. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.academia.edu/38066792=
/Information_sharing_for_supply_chain_management_based_on_BC?email_work_car=
d=3Dview-paper Open access: https:/=
/ieeexplore.ieee.org/idm.oclc.org/document/8010716 Subscription require=
d to view.
Abstract: Supply Chain Management systems provide information sharing and a=
nalysis to companies and support their planning activities. They are not ba=
sed on the real data because there is asymmetric information between compan=
ies, then leading to disturbance of the planning algorithms. On the other h=
and, sharing data between manufacturers, suppliers and customers becomes ve=
ry important to ensure reactivity towards markets variability. Especially, =
double marginalization is a widespread and serious problem in supply chain =
management. Decentralized systems under wholesale price contracts are inves=
tigated, with double marginalization effects shown to lead to supply insuff=
iciencies, in the cases of both deterministic and random demands. This pape=
r proposes a blockchain based solution to address the problems of supply ch=
ain such as Double Marginalization and Information Asymmetry etc.
______________________________________________________
Nalin M, Baroni I, Faiella G, Romano M, Matrisciano F, Gelenbe E, et al. Th=
e European cross-border health data exchange roadmap: case study in the Ita=
lian setting. J Biomed Inform. 2019;In Press:103183. Epub 2019 Apr 19.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: ht=
tps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046419301017?via%3Dihu=
b Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Health data exchange is a major challenge due to the sensitive in=
formation and the privacy issues entailed. Considering the European context=
, in which health data must be exchanged between different European Union (=
EU) Member States, each having a different national regulatory framework as=
well as different national healthcare system structures/organizations, the=
challenge is even greater. Europe has tried to address this challenge by l=
aunching in 2008, the epSOS ("Smart Open Services for European Patients") p=
roject, which was a European large-scale pilot on cross-border sharing of s=
pecific health data and services. The adoption of the framework for cross-b=
order health data exchange proposed in epSOS is progressing, with most Memb=
er States planning the implementation of this framework by 2020. Yet, this =
framework is quite generic and leaves a wide space to each Member State reg=
arding the definition of roles, processes, workflows and especially the spe=
cific integration with the National Infrastructure for eHealth. The aim of =
this paper is to present the current landscape of the evolving eHealth infr=
astructure for cross-border health data exchange in Europe as a result of p=
ast and ongoing initiatives, and illustrate challenges, open issues and lim=
itations through a specific case study describing how Italy is approaching =
its adoption and accommodates the identified barriers. The paper discusses =
ethical, regulatory and organizational issues, while it focuses technical a=
spects such as interoperability and cybersecurity, as applicable in this co=
ntext. Regarding cybersecurity aspects per se, we present the approach of t=
he KONFIDO EU-funded project, which aims to reinforce trust and security in=
European cross-border health data exchange by leveraging novel approaches =
and cutting-edge technologies, such as homomorphic encryption, photonic Phy=
sical Unclonable Functions (p-PUF), a Security Information and Event Manage=
ment (SIEM) system, and blockchain-based auditing. In particular, we explai=
n how KONFIDO will test its outcomes through a dedicated pilot based on a r=
ealistic scenario, in which Italy is involved in health data exchange with =
other European countries.
______________________________________________________
Naqvi N, Hussain M. Medical education on the blockchain. J Br Blockchain As=
soc. 2018;1(2). Epub 2018 Nov 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: h=
ttps://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/6358-medical-education-on-the-blockch=
ain
Abstract: The traditional medical education ecosystems* are largely central=
ised and confined to the boundaries of academic institutions [1]. Rather th=
an promoting efficiency and global forward thinking, a number of medical in=
stitutions have become inwardly focused, confining themselves to their own =
institutional rules and frameworks [2,3]. In the past two years, the utilit=
y of blockchain in the higher education setting has been extensively studie=
d [4]. A blockchain is essentially a distributed, immutable, trustworthy, d=
ecentralised database that keeps an irreversible, time-stamped record of tr=
ansfer of value between users for every operation that has ever been carrie=
d out on its network [5]. This has traditionally been used in cryptocurrenc=
y transactions, however, with the rise of blockchain based Decentralised Ap=
plications (DApps), the potential benefits of this ground-breaking technolo=
gy in higher education are now being explored [6]. Although still in the ea=
rly developmental stages, blockchain holds promising potential for use in m=
edical education. Some of these are budding hypothesis while in other areas=
, we have witnessed real, tangible progress [7].
This article analyses the potential use cases for blockchain deployment in =
medical education ecosystems, to improve the efficiency, security, function=
ality and effectiveness of existing infrastructures [8]. We conclude the es=
say by proposing how blockchain can eliminate the growing problem of fraudu=
lent academic accreditations.
______________________________________________________
Nasrulin B, Muzammal M, Qu Q. ChainMOB: mobility analytics on blockchain. I=
n. 2018 19th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM);=
2018 Jun 25-28; Aalborg, Denmark. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society; 2=
018. p. 292-3.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8411296 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Mobile devices generate massive amounts of data that is used to g=
et an insight into the user behavior by enterprise systems. Data privacy is=
a concern in such systems as users have little control over the data that =
is generated by them. Blockchain systems offer ways to ensure privacy and s=
ecurity of the user data with the implementation of an access control mecha=
nism. In this demonstration, we present ChainMOB, a mobility analytics appl=
ication that is built on top of blockchain and addresses the fundamental pr=
ivacy and security concerns in enterprise systems. Further, the extent of d=
ata sharing along with the intended audience is also controlled by the user=
. Another exciting feature is that user is part of the business model and i=
s incentivized for sharing the personal mobility data. The system also supp=
orts queries that can be used in a variety of application domains.
______________________________________________________
National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. Ensuring the integ=
rity of elections. In. Securing the vote: protecting American democracy. ed=
. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. p. 180.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25120/securing-the-vote-protecting-american-de=
mocracy
Abstract: We live in a nation that is unique in the tremendous importance i=
t places on free speech. This remarkable privilege was enshrined in the Fir=
st Amendment by the framers of the Constitution. Not only does the Constitu=
tion forbid official censorship, but it invests our government with the ext=
raordinary responsibility of ensuring that all Americans can be heard. In t=
his context, the ability of the citizenry to participate in elections and h=
ave their votes accurately cast and counted is paramount.
Over the course of this study, we were inspired by dedicated and enlightene=
d election officials from across the nation and all levels of government. S=
uch individuals are working tirelessly to improve accessibility, harness ne=
w technologies, and ensure the integrity of the results of elections. Unfor=
tunately, these same officials often lack appropriate staff and resources a=
nd are routinely hampered in their work by a patchwork of laws and regulati=
ons that make it difficult to upgrade and modernize their election systems.=
______________________________________________________
Nguyen B. Exploring applications of blockchain in securing electronic medic=
al records. J Health Care L & Pol'y. 2017;20(1):99-115.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://digitalcommo=
ns.law.umaryland.edu/jhclp/vol20/iss1/5/
Abstract: In the Summer of 2016, a hacker by the name of =E2=80=9Cthedarkov=
erlord=E2=80=9D stole over 650,000 medical records from the databases of th=
ree separate healthcare institutions. The hacker was not only selling the r=
ecords for hundreds of thousands of dollars online, but may also have been =
extorting the institutions by demanding money to prevent further attacks an=
d distribution of records. The value of these medical records is ten to six=
ty times greater than a credit card number on the black market, as the info=
rmation on the records may be used to perpetrate other types of fraud, such=
as filing fraudulent tax returns, making these records a prime target for =
malicious hackers.
Unfortunately, this is not an isolated or uncommon incident. In 2015, nearl=
y 100 million healthcare records were compromised. The attacks affect every=
one, from everyday people to celebrities such as Kanye West. The combinatio=
n of the value of medical records and the relatively low cybersecurity of h=
ealthcare facilities make healthcare records one of the most lucrative targ=
ets for cybercriminals. According to the Department of Health and Human Ser=
vices, more than 113 million records were compromised in 2015, and during t=
he first quarter of 2016, the healthcare industry averaged 4 attacks per we=
ek. In fact, the 2016 IBM Cyber Security Intelligence Index named the healt=
hcare industry the single most attacked industry. Efforts to modernize heal=
thcare facilities to match the rapidly advancing technological landscape ha=
s created and exposed a host of vulnerabilities that are actively targeted =
by malicious parties.
______________________________________________________
Nikoli=C4=87 I, Kolluri A, Sergey I, Saxena P, Hobor A. Finding the greedy,=
prodigal, and suicidal contracts at scale. Proceedings of the 34th Annual =
Computer Security Applications Conference; 2018; San Juan, PR, USA. 3274743=
: ACM.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.06038.pdf Ope=
n access; https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3D32747=
43 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Smart contracts=E2=80=94stateful executable objects hosted on blo=
ckchains like Ethereum=E2=80=94carry billions of dollars worth of coins and=
cannot be updated once deployed. We present a new systematic characterizat=
ion of a class of trace vulnerabilities, which result from analyzing multip=
le invocations of a contract over its lifetime. We focus attention on three=
example properties of such trace vulnerabilities: finding contracts that e=
ither lock funds indefinitely, leak them carelessly to arbitrary users, or =
can be killed by anyone. We implemented MAIAN1, the first tool for precisel=
y specifying and reasoning about trace properties, which employs inter-proc=
edural symbolic analysis and concrete validator for exhibiting real exploit=
s. Our analysis of nearly one million contracts flags 34,200 (2,365 distinc=
t) contracts vulnerable, in 10 seconds per contract. On a subset of 3,759 c=
ontracts which we sampled for concrete validation and manual analysis, we r=
eproduce real exploits at a true positive rate of 89%, yielding exploits fo=
r 3,686 contracts. Our tool finds exploits for the infamous Parity bug that=
indirectly locked 200 million dollars worth in Ether, which previous analy=
ses failed to capture.
______________________________________________________
N=C3=B8rfeldt L, Botker J, Edinger M, Genina N, Rantanen J. Cryptopharmaceu=
ticals: increasing the safety of medication by a blockchain of pharmaceutic=
al products. J Pharm Sci. 2019. Epub 2019 May 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jpharmsci.org/art=
icle/S0022-3549(19)30293-X/pdf Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The future health care system will contain an ever expanding numb=
er of digital elements. The data stored both at a centralized health care l=
evel and at a local, patient level (e.g. on a smartphone) will be core elem=
ents when deciding treatment strategies in a health care scenario with Inte=
rnet of Things (IoT) based elements. The current way of manufacturing pharm=
aceutical products and related existing logistic solutions are not ready fo=
r such a revolution. One of the key challenges is cybersecurity and related=
robust public key infrastructure (PKI) solution. This work introduces one =
element of a potential solution at a prototype level: the concept of crypto=
pharmaceuticals, where pharmaceutical products are connected in a patient-s=
pecific blockchain of individual dosage units. This technology is based on =
the concept where each produced dosage unit has a unique information-rich p=
attern (IRP). A proof of concept smartphone app was applied to demonstrate =
the visualization of this blockchain at different levels. This includes the=
manufacturing of the individualized dosage unit, the patient view for his/=
her personal blockchain, and integration of these products into a health Io=
T system. This unbreakable blockchain of personal medication history will p=
rovide means to avoid counterfeit products and to enable innovative logisti=
c solutions.
______________________________________________________
Nortey RN, Yue L, Agdedanu PR, Adjeisah M. Privacy module for distributed e=
lectronic health records (EHRs) using the blockchain. 2019 IEEE 4th Interna=
tional Conference on Big Data Analytics (ICBDA); 2019 Mar 15-18; Suzhou, Ch=
ina. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Inc.; 2019.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8713188 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Currently, storing patient=E2=80=99s sensitive data by medical he=
althcare into Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) has evolved immensely. Sp=
ecifically, distributed healthcare records have brought ease to how hospita=
ls and other different third parties access the sensitive medical health in=
formation of patients for various uses leading to generation of big data. B=
ig data in healthcare is important as it can be used in the prediction of o=
utcome of diseases, prevention of co-morbidities fatality and saving the co=
st of medical treatment. However, this has also made it easy for security b=
reaches and privacy violations during the data collection process. In this =
paper, we propose a platform which uses the blockchain technology for priva=
cy preservation during collection, management and distribution of EHR data.=
The aim of this paper is to ensure the total privacy, integrity and access=
control of distributed electronic health records to the data owners during=
its distribution on the blockchain. Simulated results demonstrate our prop=
osed system establishes total transparency and ensures perfect privacy with=
in the distributed network of sharing EHRs in the medical setting using the=
blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Nugent T, Upton D, Cimpoesu M. Improving data transparency in clinical tria=
ls using blockchain smart contracts. F1000Res. 2016;5:2541. Epub 2016 Oct 2=
0.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC5357027/
Abstract: The scientific credibility of findings from clinical trials can b=
e undermined by a range of problems including missing data, endpoint switch=
ing, data dredging, and selective publication. Together, these issues have =
contributed to systematically distorted perceptions regarding the benefits =
and risks of treatments. While these issues have been well documented and w=
idely discussed within the profession, legislative intervention has seen li=
mited success. Recently, a method was described for using a blockchain to p=
rove the existence of documents describing pre-specified endpoints in clini=
cal trials. Here, we extend the idea by using smart contracts - code, and d=
ata, that resides at a specific address in a blockchain, and whose executio=
n is cryptographically validated by the network - to demonstrate how trust =
in clinical trials can be enforced and data manipulation eliminated. We sho=
w that blockchain smart contracts provide a novel technological solution to=
the data manipulation problem, by acting as trusted administrators and pro=
viding an immutable record of trial history.
______________________________________________________
Obour Agyekum KO, Xia Q, Sifah EB, Gao J, Xia H, Du X, et al. A secured pro=
xy-based data sharing module in IoT environments using blockchain. Sensors =
(Basel). 2019;19(5). Epub 2019 Mar 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/5/123=
5
Abstract: Access and utilization of data are central to the cloud computing=
paradigm. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), the tendency of=
data sharing on the cloud has seen enormous growth. With data sharing come=
s numerous security and privacy issues. In the process of ensuring data con=
fidentiality and fine-grained access control to data in the cloud, several =
studies have proposed Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) schemes, with Key Po=
licy-ABE (KP-ABE) being the prominent one. Recent works have however sugges=
ted that the confidentiality of data is violated through collusion attacks =
between a revoked user and the cloud server. We present a secured and effic=
ient Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE) scheme that incorporates an Inner-Product En=
cryption (IPE) scheme in which decryption of data is possible if the inner =
product of the private key, associated with a set of attributes specified b=
y the data owner, and the associated ciphertext is equal to zero 0 . We uti=
lize a blockchain network whose processing node acts as the proxy server an=
d performs re-encryption on the data. In ensuring data confidentiality and =
preventing collusion attacks, the data are divided into two, with one part =
stored on the blockchain network and the other part stored on the cloud. Ou=
r approach also achieves fine-grained access control.
______________________________________________________
O'Brien BT, inventor. Computerized network system for initiating, facilitat=
ing, auditing, and managing communications and documents involving professi=
onal expertise. United States patent 16/244,720. 2019 Jun 13.
Reference Type: Patent
Available from: https://patents.google.com/p=
atent/US20190180240A1/en
Abstract: A blockchain network links individual lay users, referred to as =
=E2=80=9Cstandard users,=E2=80=9D with qualified professionals in one or mo=
re disciplines, such as law, medicine, engineering, accounting and architec=
ture, who are referred to as =E2=80=9Cparticipating professionals.=E2=80=9D=
Business entities, such as corporations, partnerships and limited liabilit=
y companies, can also participate as =E2=80=9Centerprise users,=E2=80=9D wi=
th linkage through the network to both standard users and participating pro=
fessionals. The network enables standard users, participating professionals=
and enterprise users to communicate, share information, conduct studies, a=
nd negotiate and/or create documents relating to the professional disciplin=
es.
______________________________________________________
Ocheja P, Flanagan B, Ueda H, Ogata H. Managing lifelong learning records t=
hrough blockchain. Res Pract Technol Enhanc Learn. 2019;14(1):4. Epub 2019 =
Mar 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://telrp.s=
pringeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41039-019-0097-0
Abstract: It is a common practice to issue a summary of a learner=E2=80=99s=
learning achievements in form of a transcript or certificate. However, det=
ailed information on the depth of learning and how learning or teachings we=
re conducted is not present in the transcript of scores. This work presents=
the first practical implementation of a new platform for keeping track of =
learning achievements beyond transcripts and certificates. This is achieved=
by maintaining digital hashes of learning activities and managing access r=
ights through the use of smart contracts on the blockchain. The blockchain =
of learning logs (BOLL) is a platform that enable learners to move their le=
arning records from one institution to another in a secure and verifiable f=
ormat. This primarily solves the cold-start problem faced by learning data =
analytic platforms when trying to offer personalized experience to new lear=
ners. BOLL enables existing learning data analytic platforms to access the =
learning logs from other institutions with the permission of the learners a=
nd/or institution who originally have ownership of the logs. The main contr=
ibution of this paper is to investigate how learning records could be conne=
cted across institutions using BOLL. We present an overview of how the impl=
ementation has been carried out, discuss resource requirements, and compare=
the advantages BOLL has over other similar tools.
______________________________________________________
O'Donoghue O, Vazirani AA, Brindley D, Meinert E. Design choices and trade-=
offs in health care blockchain implementations: systematic review. J Med In=
ternet Res. 2019;21(5):e12426.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/5/e12426/
Abstract: Background: A blockchain is a list of records that uses =
cryptography to make stored data immutable; their use has recently been pro=
posed for electronic medical record (EMR) systems. This paper details a sys=
tematic review of trade-offs in blockchain technologies that are relevant t=
o EMRs. Trade-offs are defined as =E2=80=9Ca compromise between two desirab=
le but incompatible features.=E2=80=9D
Objective: This review=
=E2=80=99s primary research question was: =E2=80=9CWhat are the trade-offs =
involved in different blockchain designs that are relevant to the creation =
of blockchain-based electronic medical records systems?=E2=80=9D
Me=
thods: Seven databases were systematically searched for relevant artic=
les using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Ana=
lyses (PRISMA). Papers published from January 1, 2017 to June 15, 2018 were=
selected. Quality assessments of papers were performed using the Risk Of B=
ias In Non-randomized Studies=E2=80=94of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool and =
the Critical Assessment Skills Programme (CASP) tool. Database searches ide=
ntified 2885 articles, of which 15 were ultimately included for analysis. <=
br>Results: A total of 17 trade-offs were identified impacting the=
design, development, and implementation of blockchain systems; these trade=
-offs are organized into themes, including business, application, data, and=
technology architecture.
Conclusions: The key findings conclu=
ded the following: (1) multiple trade-offs can be managed adaptively to imp=
rove EMR utility; (2) multiple trade-offs involve improving the security of=
blockchain systems at the cost of other features, meaning EMR efficacy hig=
hly depends on data protection standards; and (3) multiple trade-offs resul=
t in improved blockchain scalability. Consideration of these trade-offs wil=
l be important to the specific environment in which electronic medical reco=
rds are being developed. This review also uses its findings to suggest usef=
ul design choices for a hypothetical National Health Service blockchain. In=
ternational Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/10994
______________________________________________________
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. Justi=
fications of estimates for appropriations committee. U.S. Department of Hea=
lth and Human Services, 2018.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/site=
s/default/files/combined-onc.pdf
Abstract: A successful health system relies on interoperable health IT to c=
ollect, share, and use information to transform healthcare from volume-base=
d fiscal incentives towards more outcomes-based care. The goal is a system =
that promotes high-quality care, increases accessibility, lowers costs, and=
encourages free market innovation to empower individual patients and consu=
mers. Through the passage of the HITECH Act, HHS has increased adoption of =
EHRs and stimulated demand for a growing range of health IT and health info=
rmation exchange (HIE) products and services. Achieving interoperability re=
quires a technical, policy and stakeholder engagement driven approach. ONC =
is working towards meeting this demand through high level coordination betw=
een government and the private sector, advancing federally recognized stand=
ards, enhancing our certification program, and delivering key policy direct=
ives. ONC is continuing to leverage its existing authorities and responsibi=
lities, which include technical standards coordination and harmonization wo=
rk and a regulatory certification program. These are in addition to ONC=E2=
=80=99s core function of coordinating federal health IT policy through mult=
iple mechanisms, including the Federal Health IT Coordinating Council which=
manages the development of the Health IT Strategic Plan, and the facilitat=
ion of our federal advisory committee.
______________________________________________________
Ogiela MR, Majcher M. Security of distributed ledger solutions based on blo=
ckchain technologies. In: Barolli L, Fukuoka Institute of Technology Japan,=
IEEE Technical Committee on Distributed Processing, editors. 2018 IEEE 32n=
d International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applicati=
ons (AINA); 2018 May 16-18; Krakow, Poland. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer=
Society; 2018. p. 1089-95.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8432358 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Distributed Ledger technology and its most notable implementation=
, the Blockchain, is disrupting today's industry in extremely fast pace wit=
h a potential to change the world. The security posture of Blockchain remai=
ns one of key topics in today's industry and distributed services. On and o=
n, we can embrace the attempts to implement the Blockchain technology in se=
nsitive areas of our daily life like finance [1], insurance services [2], h=
ealth care [3] etc. It is therefore crucial raise awareness of its limitati=
ons, possible improvements, as well as embedded compensations. In this pape=
r, we provide a holistic view on the security aspects of the Blockchain tec=
hnology. We identify the most notable security threats applicable in the ab=
ove context and reveal technology-specific challenges that need to be taken=
into account. Our analysis lists the security features already embedded in=
the Blockchain and sample uses in nowadays industry. Our results lead to s=
everal observations, recommendations, and open points that could be conside=
red in ongoing development of the technology.
______________________________________________________
=C3=98lnes S, Ubacht J, Janssen M. Blockchain in government: Benefits and i=
mplications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing. Gov I=
nf Q. 2017;34(3):355-64. Epub 2017 Oct 29.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X17303155
Abstract: Blockchain refers to a range of general purpose technologies to e=
xchange information and transact digital assets in distributed networks. Th=
e core question addressed in this paper is whether blockchain technology wi=
ll lead to innovation and transformation of governmental processes. To addr=
ess this question we present a critical assessment of the often exaggerated=
benefits of blockchain technology found in the literature and discuss thei=
r implications for governmental organizations and processes. We plea for a =
shift from a technology-driven to need-driven approach in which blockchain =
applications are customized to ensure a fit with requirements of administra=
tive processes and in which the administrative processes are changed to ben=
efit from the technology. Having sound governance models are found to be a =
condition for realizing benefits. Based on a critical assessment we offer d=
irections for further research into the potential benefits of BC applicatio=
ns in e-government and the role of governance of BC architectures and appli=
cations to comply with societal needs and public values.
______________________________________________________
Orel A, Bernik I. GDPR and health personal data; tricks and traps of compli=
ance. In: Mantas J, Sonicki Z, Cri=C5=9Fan-Vida M, Fi=C5=A1ter F, H=C3=A4gg=
lund M, Kolokathi A, et al., editors. Special Topic Conference of the Europ=
ean Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI STC); 2018 Oct 15-16; Zagreb, =
Croatia. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press BV; 2018. p. 155-9.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/50493
Abstract: The GDPR fixes general rules applying to any kind of personal dat=
a processing as well as specific rules applying to the processing of specia=
l categories of personal data such as health data taking place in the conte=
xt of scientific research or clinical software development. A short overvie=
w of new rules about how to consider where scientific and professional proj=
ects include the processing of personal health data, genetic data or biomet=
ric data and other kinds of sensitive information whose use is strictly reg=
ulated by the GDPR is provided. Some key facts to researchers and developer=
s to adapt their practices and ensure compliance to the EU laws are include=
d.
______________________________________________________
Orman H. Blockchain: the emperors new PKI? IEEE Internet Comput. 2018;22(2)=
:23-8. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8345567 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: I would like to jump on the blockchain bandwagon. I would like to=
be able to say that blockchain is the solution to the longstanding problem=
of secure identity on the Internet. I would like to say that everyone in t=
he world will soon have a digital identity. Put yourself on the blockchain =
and never again ask yourself, Who am I? - you are your blockchain address.<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Ortega DR, Oikonomou CM, Ding HJ, Rees-Lee P, Jensen GJ. ETDB-Caltech: a bl=
ockchain-based distributed public database for electron tomography. PLoS On=
e. 2019;14(4):e0215531. Epub 2019 Apr 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https=
://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=3D10.1371/journal.pone.0215531<=
br>
Abstract: Three-dimensional electron microscopy techniques like electron to=
mography provide valuable insights into cellular structures, and present si=
gnificant challenges for data storage and dissemination. Here we explored a=
novel method to publicly release more than 11,000 such datasets, more than=
30 TB in total, collected by our group. Our method, based on a peer-to-pee=
r file sharing network built around a blockchain ledger, offers a distribut=
ed solution to data storage. In addition, we offer a user-friendly browser-=
based interface, https://etdb.caltech.edu, for anyone interested t=
o explore and download our data. We discuss the relative advantages and dis=
advantages of this system and provide tools for other groups to mine our da=
ta and/or use the same approach to share their own imaging datasets.
______________________________________________________
Othman A, Callahan J, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Internationa=
l Neural Networks Society, editors. The Horcrux Protocol: a method for dece=
ntralized biometric-based self-sovereign identity. 2018 International Joint=
Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN); 2018 Jul 8-13; Rio de Janeiro, Braz=
il. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computational Intelligence Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07127 Open access=
; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/do=
cument/8489316 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Most user authentication methods and identity proving systems rel=
y on a centralized database. Such information storage presents a single poi=
nt of compromise from a security perspective. If this system is compromised=
it poses a direct threat to users digital identities. This paper proposes =
a decentralized authentication method, called the Horcrux protocol, in whic=
h there is no such single point of compromise. The protocol relies on decen=
tralized identifiers (DIDs) under development by the W3C Verifiable Claims =
Community Group and the concept of self-sovereign identity. To accomplish t=
his, we propose specification and implementation of a decentralized biometr=
ic credential storage option via blockchains using DIDs and DID documents w=
ithin the IEEE 2410=E2=80=932017 Biometric Open Protocol Standard (BOPS). T=
he term =E2=80=9Chorcrux=E2=80=9D comes from the Harry Potter book series i=
n which the antagonist (Lord Voldemort) places copies of his soul into phys=
ical objects. Each object is scattered and/or hidden to disparate places ar=
ound the world. He cannot be killed until all horcruxes are found and destr=
oyed.
______________________________________________________
Ozercan HI, Ileri AM, Ayday E, Alkan C. Realizing the potential of blockcha=
in technologies in genomics. Genome Res. 2018;28(9):1255-63. Epub 2018 Aug =
3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://genome.cshlp.org/content/=
28/9/1255.long
Abstract: Genomics data introduce a substantial computational burden as wel=
l as data privacy and ownership issues. Data sets generated by high-through=
put sequencing platforms require immense amounts of computational resources=
to align to reference genomes and to call and annotate genomic variants. T=
his problem is even more pronounced if reanalysis is needed for new version=
s of reference genomes, which may impose high loads to existing computation=
al infrastructures. Additionally, after the compute-intensive analyses are =
completed, the results are either kept in centralized repositories with acc=
ess control, or distributed among stakeholders using standard file transfer=
protocols. This imposes two main problems: (1) Centralized servers become =
gatekeepers of the data, essentially acting as an unnecessary mediator betw=
een the actual data owners and data users; and (2) servers may create singl=
e points of failure both in terms of service availability and data privacy.=
Therefore, there is a need for secure and decentralized platforms for data=
distribution with user-level data governance. A new technology, blockchain=
, may help ameliorate some of these problems. In broad terms, the blockchai=
n technology enables decentralized, immutable, incorruptible public ledgers=
. In this Perspective, we aim to introduce current developments toward usin=
g blockchain to address several problems in omics, and to provide an outloo=
k of possible future implications of the blockchain technology to life scie=
nces.
______________________________________________________
Paglialonga A, Keshavjee K. Use of alternative currencies, blockchain techn=
ology, and predictive analytics for chronic disease prevention: a conceptua=
l model. In: Ohno-Machado L, S=C3=A9roussi B, editors. MEDINFO: Health and =
Wellbeing e-Networks for All; 2019 Aug 24 - 30; Lyon, France. International=
Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) and IOS Press; 2019. p. 1872-3.
=
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/52455
Abstract: This contribution outlines a conceptual model of a novel approach=
to chronic disease prevention and management: Preventative Health Account =
Supported by Electronic Medical Records (PHASE). The PHASE model combines p=
redictive computation of risk scores for chronic disease and use of alterna=
tive currencies on blockchain technology to build a preventative health acc=
ount to help individuals invest in a healthier lifestyle, reduce their risk=
scores and, in turn, reduce the related potential cost to the healthcare s=
ystem.
______________________________________________________
Panarello A, Tapas N, Merlino G, Longo F, Puliafito A. Blockchain and IoT i=
ntegration: a systematic survey. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(8). Epub 2018 Aug=
6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/257=
5
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of sma=
rt devices to collect data and make intelligent decisions. However, a lack =
of intrinsic security measures makes IoT vulnerable to privacy and security=
threats. With its "security by design," Blockchain (BC) can help in addres=
sing major security requirements in IoT. BC capabilities like immutability,=
transparency, auditability, data encryption and operational resilience can=
help solve most architectural shortcomings of IoT. This article presents a=
comprehensive survey on BC and IoT integration. The objective of this pape=
r is to analyze the current research trends on the usage of BC-related appr=
oaches and technologies in an IoT context. This paper presents the followin=
g novelties, with respect to related work: (i) it covers different applicat=
ion domains, organizing the available literature according to this categori=
zation, (ii) it introduces two usage patterns, i.e., device manipulation an=
d data management (open marketplace solution), and (iii) it reports on the =
development level of some of the presented solutions. We also analyze the m=
ain challenges faced by the research community in the smooth integration of=
BC and IoT, and point out the main open issues and future research directi=
ons. Last but not least, we also present a survey about novel uses of BC in=
the machine economy.
______________________________________________________
Papadis N, Borst S, Walid A, Grissa M, Tassiulas L. Stochastic models and w=
ide-area network measurememts for blockchain design and analysis. In. IEEE =
INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications; 2018 Apr 16-19; =
Honolulu, HI. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Communications Society; 2018. p. 2546-54=
.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8485982 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The Blockchain paradigm provides a popular mechanism for establis=
hing trust and consensus in distributed environments. While Blockchain tech=
nology is currently primarily deployed in crypto-currency systems like Bitc=
oin, the concept is also expected to emerge as a key component of the Inter=
net-of-Things (IoT), enabling novel applications in digital health, smart e=
nergy, asset tracking and smart transportation. As Blockchain networks evol=
ve to industrial deployments with large numbers of geographically distribut=
ed nodes, the block transfer and processing delays arise as a critical issu=
e which may create greater potential for forks and vulnerability to adversa=
rial attacks. Motivated by these issues, we develop stochastic network mode=
ls to capture the Blockchain evolution and dynamics and analyze the impact =
of the block dissemination delay and hashing power of the member nodes on B=
lockchain performance in terms of the overall block generation rate and req=
uired computational power for launching a successful attack. The results pr=
ovide useful insight in crucial design issues, e.g., how to adjust the `dif=
ficulty-of-work' in the presence of delay so as to achieve a target block g=
eneration rate or appropriate level of immunity from adversarial attacks. W=
e employ a combination of analytical calculations and simulation experiment=
s to investigate both stationary and transient performance features, and de=
monstrate close agreement with measurements on a wide-area network testbed =
running the Ethereum protocol.
______________________________________________________
Paranjape K, Parker M, Houlding D, Car J. Implementation considerations for=
blockchain in healthcare institutions. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]=
. 2019 Jul 9 [cited 2019 Sep 3]; 2(114):[13 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.=
com/index.php/journal/article/view/114
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Objective: This article aims to provide a primer on bloc=
kchain technology and implementation considerations for blockchain at healt=
hcare institutions.
Results: After research and interviews, we=
developed a primer and a high-level implementation guide for healthcare sy=
stems exploring the use of blockchain technology.
Conclusions:=
The use of blockchain technology in health care is at a promising stage in=
development but blockchain-based applications are yet to be demonstrated a=
s a viable platform for exchanging and reviewing information. Healthcare sy=
stems should be cautiously optimistic regarding the potential of blockchain=
and do a thorough business and technical diligence that is driven by targe=
ted use cases to be successful.
______________________________________________________
Park HJ, Park HJ. Blockchain security in cloud computing: use cases, challe=
nges, and solutions. Symmetry (Basel). 2017;9(8):164. Epub 2017 Aug 18.
=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/9/8/164=
Abstract: Blockchain has drawn attention as the next-generation financial t=
echnology due to its security that suits the informatization era. In partic=
ular, it provides security through the authentication of peers that share v=
irtual cash, encryption, and the generation of hash value. According to the=
global financial industry, the market for security-based blockchain techno=
logy is expected to grow to about USD 20 billion by 2020. In addition, bloc=
kchain can be applied beyond the Internet of Things (IoT) environment; its =
applications are expected to expand. Cloud computing has been dramatically =
adopted in all IT environments for its efficiency and availability. In this=
paper, we discuss the concept of blockchain technology and its hot researc=
h trends. In addition, we will study how to adapt blockchain security to cl=
oud computing and its secure solutions in detail.
______________________________________________________
Park JS, Youn TY, Kim HB, Rhee KH, Shin SU. Smart contract-based review sys=
tem for an IoT data marketplace. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(10). Epub 2018 Oc=
t 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/10/35=
77
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT)-based devices, especially those used for=
home automation, consist of their own sensors and generate many logs durin=
g a process. Enterprises producing IoT devices convert these log data into =
more useful data through secondary processing; thus, they require data from=
the device users. Recently, a platform for data sharing has been developed=
because the demand for IoT data increases. Several IoT data marketplaces a=
re based on peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, and in this type of marketplace, i=
t is difficult for an enterprise to trust a data owner or the data they wan=
t to trade. Therefore, in this study, we propose a review system that can c=
onfirm the reputation of a data owner or the data traded in the P2P data ma=
rketplace. The traditional server-client review systems have many drawbacks=
, such as security vulnerability or server administrator's malicious behavi=
or. However, the review system developed in this study is based on Ethereum=
smart contracts; thus, this system is running on the P2P network and is mo=
re flexible for the network problem. Moreover, the integrity and immutabili=
ty of the registered reviews are assured because of the blockchain public l=
edger. In addition, a certain amount of gas is essential for all functions =
to be processed by Ethereum transactions. Accordingly, we tested and analyz=
ed the performance of our proposed model in terms of gas required.
______________________________________________________
Park YR, Lee E, Na W, Park S, Lee Y, Lee JH. Is blockchain technology suita=
ble for managing personal health records? Mixed-methods study to test feasi=
bility. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(2):e12533. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/2/e12533/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are many perspectives on the advantages of intr=
oducing blockchain in the medical field, but there are no published feasibi=
lity studies regarding the storage, propagation, and management of personal=
health records (PHRs) using blockchain technology. OBJECTIVE: The purpose =
of this study was to investigate the usefulness of blockchains in the medic=
al field in relation to transactions with and propagation of PHRs in a priv=
ate blockchain. METHODS: We constructed a private blockchain network using =
Ethereum version 1.8.4 and conducted verification using the de-identified P=
HRs of 300 patients. The private blockchain network consisted of one hospit=
al node and 300 patient nodes. In order to verify the effectiveness of bloc=
kchain-based PHR management, PHRs at a time were loaded in a transaction be=
tween the hospital and patient nodes and propagated to the whole network. W=
e obtained and analyzed the time and gas required for data transaction and =
propagation on the blockchain network. For reproducibility, these processes=
were repeated 100 times. RESULTS: Of 300 patient records, 74 (24.7%) were =
not loaded in the private blockchain due to the data block size of the tran=
saction block. The remaining 226 individual health records were classified =
into groups A (80 patients with outpatient visit data less than 1 year old)=
, B (84 patients with outpatient data from between 1 and 3 years before dat=
a collection), and C (62 patients with outpatient data 3 to 5 years old). W=
ith respect to mean transaction time in the blockchain, C (128.7 seconds) h=
ad the shortest time, followed by A (132.2 seconds) and then B (159.0 secon=
ds). The mean propagation times for groups A, B, and C were 1494.2 seconds,=
2138.9 seconds, and 4111.4 seconds, respectively; mean file sizes were 5.6=
KB, 18.6 KB, and 45.38 KB, respectively. The mean gas consumption values w=
ere 1,900,767; 4,224,341; and 4,112,784 for groups A, B, and C, respectivel=
y. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that it is possible to exchange PHR dat=
a in a private blockchain network. However, to develop a blockchain-based P=
HR platform that can be used in practice, many improvements are required, i=
ncluding reductions in data size, improved personal information protection,=
and reduced operating costs.
______________________________________________________
Parry D. From fax to blockchain: sharing health information democratically =
and safely. In: Ohno-Machado L, S=C3=A9roussi B, editors. MEDINFO 2019: Hea=
lth and Wellbeing e-Networks for All; Lyon, France. Clifton, VA: Internatio=
nal Medical Informatics Association and IOS Press; 2019. p. 1747-8.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/52393
Abstract: Information sharing in healthcare remains an unsolved problem des=
pite a plethora of standards and architectures. Effective information shari=
ng is difficult because of the heterogeneity of health information users an=
d data sources, organisational, ethical and legislative constraints and the=
very demanding requirements of clinical practice. This paper argues that t=
he key requirement of a viable sharing architecture is to support trust in =
the system and between stakeholders. It uses the concept of a "democratic" =
approach where citizens can control and verify the use and sharing of data =
about them and identify ways that some of the value extracted from the data=
could be assigned to the patient themselves. The reasons for the survival =
of obsolescent methods are used to inform the design of a proposed citizen-=
centric architecture using blockchain technology.
______________________________________________________
Pastor M, Feneratorius D. Looking backward 2143-1943: The rise and fall of =
the RCT. Value Health. 2019;22(5):607-10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.10=
.009
Abstract: Editor=E2=80=99s note (January 4, 2144): The following commentary=
was accepted for publication in December 2143. Although it is not particul=
arly well written, little has been published in scholarly journals discussi=
ng the demise of stand-alone human clinical experiments. The title alludes =
to the enormously popular 1888 science fiction novel Looking Backward: 2000=
-1887 by Edward Bellamy.
In the fall of 1943, British scientist healer Philip D=E2=80=99Arcy Hart wa=
s asked to investigate whether the fungus Penicillium patulum, administered=
by nasal spray, could =E2=80=9Ccure=E2=80=9D a low-morbidity respiratory d=
isease known as =E2=80=9Ccoryza,=E2=80=9D which was a viral syndrome largel=
y caused by enterovirii and subsequently eradicated after the introduction =
of the late 21st-century nano-atomospheric cleansing procedures and modern-=
day global approaches to atmospheric regulation. This now eradicated and la=
rgely forgotten ailment, also called =E2=80=9Cthe common cold,=E2=80=9D aff=
licted human populations living in densely populated conditions, such as ur=
ban dwellers and soldiers in close quarters, as recently as the mid-21st ce=
ntury. Although not fatal, coryza inflicted maddening discomforts to large =
numbers of individuals; anecdotal evidence before that experiment led some =
to believe that the patulin formula would end the host=E2=80=99s symptoms a=
nd alleviate suffering.1 To investigate whether this was true, Hart conduct=
ed the first blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the 20th century=
=E2=80=94an approach through which subjects and matched controls could be s=
tudied and results analyzed without previous knowledge of treatment assignm=
ent by either the subjects or the researchers.
______________________________________________________
Patel V. A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imagin=
g data via blockchain consensus. Health Inform J. 2018;doi: 10.1177/1460458=
218769699. Epub 2018 Apr 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.sa=
gepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1460458218769699 Subscription required to vie=
w.
Abstract: The electronic sharing of medical imaging data is an important el=
ement of modern healthcare systems, but current infrastructure for cross-si=
te image transfer depends on trust in third-party intermediaries. In this w=
ork, we examine the blockchain concept, which enables parties to establish =
consensus without relying on a central authority. We develop a framework fo=
r cross-domain image sharing that uses a blockchain as a distributed data s=
tore to establish a ledger of radiological studies and patient-defined acce=
ss permissions. The blockchain framework is shown to eliminate third-party =
access to protected health information, satisfy many criteria of an interop=
erable health system, and readily generalize to domains beyond medical imag=
ing. Relative drawbacks of the framework include the complexity of the priv=
acy and security models and an unclear regulatory environment. Ultimately, =
the large-scale feasibility of such an approach remains to be demonstrated =
and will depend on a number of factors which we discuss in detail.
______________________________________________________
Pauwels E, Grevatt N. The social benefits of blockchain for health data: se=
curing patient privacy & control. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Intern=
ational Center for Scholars, 2017 Dec 5.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/pu=
blication/the-social-benefits-blockchain-for-health-data-securing-patient-p=
rivacy-and-control
Abstract: A blockchain system for electronic health records (EHRs), framed =
as a protocol through which to access and maintain health data, guarantees =
security and privacy through empowering the user with control of their own =
data. While using a blockchain architecture approaches interoperability thr=
ough centralization of data, the use of Ethereum=E2=80=99s smart contracts =
enables an unprecedented ease of data sharing which transcends in simplicit=
y of use and security. Despite this potential, these advancements depend on=
patients=E2=80=99 ability to own their health data and the establishment o=
f a structure for identity verification. Furthermore, the establishment of =
these systems is contingent on the ability of patients to navigate these sy=
stems with competence. Separate even from patient use, the viability of a b=
lockchain solution is determined by the security and standardization of the=
existing EHR systems. And aside from the security of a blockchain solution=
, there are few incentives for individual hospitals to work to make their E=
HRs accessible through a blockchain, and thus the government must lead this=
endeavor.
______________________________________________________
Peck ME. Blockchain world - do you need a blockchain? This chart will tell =
you if the technology can solve your problem. IEEE Spectr. 2017;54(10):38-6=
0. Epub 2017 Sep 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8048838 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: According to a study released this July by Juniper Research, more=
than half the world's largest companies are now researching blockchain tec=
hnologies with the goal of integrating them into their products. Projects a=
re already under way that will disrupt the management of health care record=
s, property titles, supply chains, and even our online identities. But befo=
re we remount the entire digital ecosystem on blockchain technology, it wou=
ld be wise to take stock of what makes the approach unique and what costs a=
re associated with it. Blockchain technology is, in essence, a novel way to=
manage data. As such, it competes with the data-management systems we alre=
ady have. Relational databases, which orient information in updatable table=
s of columns and rows, are the technical foundation of many services we use=
today. Decades of market exposure and well-funded research by companies li=
ke Oracle Corp. have expanded the functionality and hardened the security o=
f relational databases. However, they suffer from one major constraint: The=
y put the task of storing and updating entries in the hands of one or a few=
entities, whom you have to trust won't mess with the data or get hacked.
______________________________________________________
Peck ME. Blockchains: how they work and why they'll change the world. IEEE =
Spectr. 2017;54(10):26-35. Epub 2017 Sep 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8048836 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Bitcoin was hatched as an act of defiance. Unleashed in the wake =
of the Great Recession, the cryptocurrency was touted by its early champion=
s as an antidote to the inequities and corruption of the traditional financ=
ial system. They cherished the belief that as this parallel currency took o=
ff, it would compete with and ultimately dismantle the institutions that ha=
d brought about the crisis. Bitcoin's unofficial catchphrase, "In cryptogra=
phy we trust," left no doubt about who was to blame: It was the middlemen, =
the bankers, the "trusted" third parties who actually couldn't be trusted. =
These humans simply got in the way of other humans, skimming profits and co=
mplicating transactions.
______________________________________________________
Peck ME, Moore SK. The blossoming of the blockchain. IEEE Spectr. 2017;54(1=
0):24-5. Epub 2017 Sep 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.or=
g/abstract/document/8048835/ Subscription required to view.
Abstract: When bitcoin was unleashed on the world eight years ago, it fille=
d a specific need, for a digital currency that wasn't under anybody's contr=
ol. But it wasn't long before people realized the technology behind Bitcoin=
-the blockchain-could do much more than record monetary transactions. That =
realization has lately blossomed into a dazzling and often bewildering arra=
y of startup companies, initiatives, corporate alliances, and research proj=
ects. Collectively, they're facing a question that will have an enormous im=
pact: What can the blockchain do better than conventional databases? Billio=
ns of dollars will hinge on the answer in the next several years. Can the t=
echnology link neighborhood buyers and sellers of rooftop-generated solar e=
lectricity? Can it keep track of property titles, academic transcripts, ene=
rgy market credits, and state licenses for health care providers? Can it ch=
eck the status of airline flights-and make reparations to weary travelers i=
f their flights are delayed? We'll soon see: All of those proposals have be=
en embodied in blockchain-based agreements called smart contracts, which ar=
e being tested right now.
______________________________________________________
Peltoniemi T, Ihalainen J. Evaluating blockchain for the governance of the =
plasma derivatives supply chain: how distributed ledger technology can miti=
gate plasma supply chain risks. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2019 M=
ay 6 [cited 2019 May 9]; 2(107):[13 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/inde=
x.php/journal/article/view/107
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Objective: This exploratory study examines how distribut=
ed ledger technologies could be used within the plasma derivatives supply c=
hain. The plasma derivatives are used increasingly in the pharmaceutical ma=
rket and the supply chain is global. However, there are significant risks r=
elating to the governance of the supply. The risks include unclear origin o=
f plasma and the propagation of contaminated or poor-quality blood to the p=
harmaceutical production process. From an ethical perspective, the risk is =
that vulnerable individuals are exploited in the donation process. Finally,=
the plasma supply chain currently depends on only a few exporters of plasm=
a, which presents a supply chain risk.
Design: The blockchain t=
echnology is piloted in other areas of pharmaceutical supply chains and in =
this study we examine those solutions and conceptualize how a similar solut=
ion can be applied to the plasma supply chain. We identify risks within the=
plasma supply chain and discuss how blockchain-based solutions can mitigat=
e those risks.
Results: Drawing on existing literature within t=
he pharmaceutical blockchain arena, we introduce a solution to verify the o=
rigin of plasma. We also model how the blockchain technology can be used to=
tackle ethical and supply chain risks.
Conclusions: Blockchain=
can have a role in mitigating plasma supply chain risks. The area is, howe=
ver, novel and requires more research.
______________________________________________________
P=C3=A9rez-Sol=C3=A0 C, Delgado-Segura S, Navarro-Arribas G, Herrera-Joanco=
marti J. Another coin bites the dust: an analysis of dust in UTXO-based cry=
ptocurrencies. R Soc Open Sci. 2019;6(1):180817. Epub 2019 Jan 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.180817
Abstract: Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs) are the internal mechanism us=
ed in many cryptocurrencies to represent coins. Such representation has som=
e clear benefits, but also entails some complexities that, if not properly =
handled, may leave the system in an inefficient state. Specifically, ineffi=
ciencies arise when wallets (the software responsible for transferring coin=
s between parties) do not manage UTXOs properly when performing payments. I=
n this paper, we study three cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Li=
tecoin, by analysing the state of their UTXO sets, that is, the status of t=
heir sets of spendable coins. These three cryptocurrencies are the top-3 UT=
XO-based cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. Our analysis shows that=
the usage of each cryptocurrency presents some differences, and led to dif=
ferent results. Furthermore, it also points out that the management of the =
transactions has not always been performed efficiently and therefore, the c=
urrent state of the UTXO sets is far from ideal.
______________________________________________________
Pesch U, Ishmaev G. Fictions and frictions: promises, transaction costs and=
the innovation of network technologies. Soc Stud Sci. 2019;49(2):264-77. E=
pub 2019 Mar 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.s=
agepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0306312719838339
Abstract: New network technologies are framed as eliminating 'transaction c=
osts', a notion first developed in economic theory that now drives the desi=
gn of market systems. However, the actual promise of the elimination of tra=
nsaction costs seems unfeasible, because of a cyclical pattern in which net=
work technologies that make that promise create processes of institutionali=
zation that create new forms transaction costs. Nonetheless, the promises l=
egitimize the exemption of innovations of network technologies from critica=
l scrutiny.
______________________________________________________
Peters AW, Till BM, Meara JG, Afshar S. Blockchain technology in health car=
e: a primer for surgeons. Bull Am Coll Surg. 2017;12:1-5. Epub 2017 Dec 6.<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://bulletin.facs.org/2017/12/blockchain-technology-in-hea=
lth-care-a-primer-for-surgeons/
Abstract: Blockchain technology=E2=80=94the platform underpinning Bitcoin, =
a global digital payment system=E2=80=94has attracted more than $1.2 billio=
n of investment from some of the world=E2=80=99s leading corporations for i=
ts security and immutability.1 More than 130 million secure Bitcoin transac=
tions have occurred since the digital currency launched in 2009.2 Today, Bi=
tcoin can be used to make purchases from Microsoft, buy food in neighborhoo=
d cafes, book flights and hotel rooms, and even pay for medical care.
For the health care industry, blockchain technoology stands to revolutioniz=
e the interoperability, security, and accountability of electronic health r=
ecords (EHR) and health information technology (HIT), medical supply chains=
, payment methodologies, research capabilities, and data ownership. In fact=
, in the 2015 report =E2=80=9CConnecting Health and Care for the Nation, a =
Shared Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap,=E2=80=9D the Office of the Nati=
onal Coordinator for Health Information Technology set a goal of establishi=
ng full EHR interoperability by 2024.
As blockchain technology continues to develop, it is important that surgeon=
s and other stakeholders understand both its capabilities and its limitatio=
ns. This article describes blockchain technology=E2=80=99s implications for=
health care, research, and the practice of surgery, and introduces the ter=
m =E2=80=9Celectronic health chain=E2=80=9D (EHC).
______________________________________________________
Pilkington M. Blockchain technology: principles and applications. In: Oller=
os FX, Zhegu M, editors. Research handbook on digital transformations [Inte=
rnet]. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 2015 Sep 18. cited 2019 Feb 27]. [39]=
. Available from: https://papers.ss=
rn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3D2662660
Reference Type: Electronic Book Section
Abstract: This paper expounds the main principles behind blockchain technol=
ogy and some of its cutting-edge applications. Firstly, we present the core=
concepts at the heart of the blockchain, and we discuss the potential risk=
s and drawbacks of public distributed ledgers, and the shift toward hybrid =
solutions. Secondly, we expose the main features of decentralized public le=
dger platforms. Thirdly, we show why the blockchain is a disruptive and fou=
ndational technology, and fourthly, we sketch out a list of important appli=
cations, bearing in mind the most recent evolutions.
______________________________________________________
Pilkington M. Can blockchain improve healthcare management? Consumer medica=
l electronics and the IoMT. SSRN. 2017. Epub 2017 Aug 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://papers.ssrn=
.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3D3025393
Abstract: We set out to examine the relevance of blockchain technology for =
healthcare management in general, and for consumer medical electronics and =
the portable devices connected in particular. After considering the shortco=
mings of private and centralized organizations for access to patient data i=
n a fist part, we analyze the transformative role of blockchain for the man=
agement of electronic health records (EHRs). We evoke the role of public pr=
ivate partnerships for the design of healthcare blockchain strategies, and =
we address the fast-growing segment of consumer medical electronics and the=
Internet of Medical Things.
______________________________________________________
Pirtle C, Ehrenfeld J. Blockchain for healthcare: the next generation of me=
dical records? J Med Syst. 2018;42(9):172. Epub 2018 Aug 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-1025-3
Abstract: At this point last year, most of us had little idea what =E2=80=
=9CBlockchain=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9CBitcoin=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9CCryptocurrency=
=E2=80=9D, or a =E2=80=9CHyperledger=E2=80=9D were. However, thanks to the =
recent rise of cryptocurrencies in media outlets and social media, most of =
the public, including medical professionals, are able to catch a glimpse of=
a technology that could potentially improve some portions of the medical d=
ata conundrum.
What is blockchain and why would we use it in the healthcare system? =E2=80=
=9CBlockchain is a shared, immutable record of peer-to-peer transactions bu=
ilt from linked transaction blocks and stored in a digital ledger=E2=80=9D =
[1]. To put more simply, blockchain offers a record of peer-to-peer transac=
tions kept out in the open so that everyone can see each of the transaction=
s.
______________________________________________________
Pop C, Antal M, Cioara T, Anghel I, Sera D, Salomie I, et al. Blockchain-ba=
sed scalable and tamper-evident solution for registering energy data. Senso=
rs (Basel). 2019;19(14). Epub 2019 Jul 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/30=
33
Abstract: Nowadays, it has been recognized that blockchain can provide the =
technological infrastructure for developing decentralized, secure, and reli=
able smart energy grid management systems. However, an open issue that slow=
s the adoption of blockchain technology in the energy sector is the low sca=
lability and high processing overhead when dealing with the real-time energ=
y data collected by smart energy meters. Thus, in this paper, we propose a =
scalable second tier solution which combines the blockchain ledger with dis=
tributed queuing systems and NoSQL (Not Only SQL database) databases to all=
ow the registration of energy transactions less frequently on the chain wit=
hout losing the tamper-evident benefits brought by the blockchain technolog=
y. At the same time, we propose a technique for tamper-evident registration=
of smart meters' energy data and associated energy transactions using digi=
tal fingerprinting which allows the energy transaction to be linked hashed-=
back on-chain, while the sensors data is stored off-chain. A prototype was =
implemented using Ethereum and smart contracts for the on-chain components =
while for the off-chain components we used Cassandra database and RabbitMQ =
messaging broker. The prototype proved to be effective in managing a settle=
ment of energy imbalances use-case and during the evaluation conducted in s=
imulated environment shows promising results in terms of scalability, throu=
ghput, and tampering of energy data sampled by smart energy meters.
______________________________________________________
Pop C, Cioara T, Antal M, Anghel I, Salomie I, Bertoncini M. Blockchain bas=
ed decentralized management of demand response programs in smart energy gri=
ds. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(1). Epub 2018 Jan 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/1/162=
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the use of decentralized blockchain=
mechanisms for delivering transparent, secure, reliable, and timely energy=
flexibility, under the form of adaptation of energy demand profiles of Dis=
tributed Energy Prosumers, to all the stakeholders involved in the flexibil=
ity markets (Distribution System Operators primarily, retailers, aggregator=
s, etc.). In our approach, a blockchain based distributed ledger stores in =
a tamper proof manner the energy prosumption information collected from Int=
ernet of Things smart metering devices, while self-enforcing smart contract=
s programmatically define the expected energy flexibility at the level of e=
ach prosumer, the associated rewards or penalties, and the rules for balanc=
ing the energy demand with the energy production at grid level. Consensus b=
ased validation will be used for demand response programs validation and to=
activate the appropriate financial settlement for the flexibility provider=
s. The approach was validated using a prototype implemented in an Ethereum =
platform using energy consumption and production traces of several building=
s from literature data sets. The results show that our blockchain based dis=
tributed demand side management can be used for matching energy demand and =
production at smart grid level, the demand response signal being followed w=
ith high accuracy, while the amount of energy flexibility needed for conver=
gence is reduced.
______________________________________________________
Popielarski M. Blockchain research: bitcoins, cryptocurrency, and distribut=
ed ledgers. Colorado Lawyer. 2018 June:10-4.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: h=
ttps://www.cobar.org/Portals/COBAR/TCL/June%202018/CL_June_Departments_LRC.=
pdf
Abstract: The rapid development and implementation of blockchain technology=
throughout the global economy has created many new opportunities for inves=
ting, purchasing goods and services, compensating employees, and streamlini=
ng business processes. However, like many technological developments that h=
ave occurred over the past several decades, the legal system has struggled =
to keep pace. This unsettled landscape has created unique challenges for at=
torneys tasked with advising clients on the many potential legal implicatio=
ns posed by the increased proliferation of virtual currencies and the repur=
posing of blockchain technology for other economic uses. This article expla=
ins this new technology, examines its legal and economic implications, and =
provides a roadmap for researching these issues.
______________________________________________________
Pouwelse J, de Kok A, Fleuren J, Hoogendoorn P, Vliegendhart R, de Vos M. L=
aws for creating trust in the blockchain age. Eur Prop Law J. 2017;6(3):321=
-56. Epub 2017 Dec 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://pure.tudelft.nl/ws/fi=
les/41225519/article.pdf Open access; https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/eplj.2017.=
6.issue-3/eplj-2017-0022/eplj-2017-0022.xml Subscription required to vi=
ew.
Abstract: Humanity=E2=80=99s notion of trust is shaped by new platforms ope=
rating in the emerging sharing economy, acting as intermediate matchmaker f=
or ride sharing, housing facilities or freelance labour, effectively creati=
ng an environment where strangers trust each other. While millions of peopl=
e worldwide rely on online sharing activities, such services are often faci=
litated by a few predatory companies, managing trust relations. This centra=
lization of responsibility raises questions about ethical and political iss=
ues like regulatory compliance, data portability and monopolistic behaviour=
. Recently, blockchain technology has gathered a significant amount of supp=
ort and adoption, due to its inherent decentralized and tamper-proof struct=
ure. We present a blockchain-powered blueprint for a shared and public prog=
rammable economy. The focus of our architecture is on four essential primit=
ives: digital identities, blockchain-based trust, programmable money and ma=
rketplaces. Trust is established using only historical interactions between=
strangers to estimate trustworthiness. Every component of our proposed tec=
hnology stack is designed according to the defining principles of the Inter=
net itself: self-governance, autonomy and shared ownership. Real-world viab=
ility of each component is demonstrated with a functional prototype or runn=
ing code. Our vision is that the highlighted technology stack devises trust=
, new acts, principles and rules beyond the possibilities in current econom=
ic, legal and political systems.
______________________________________________________
Prasannan K, Varghese B, Thomas SC. Evaluation of supply chain management b=
ased on block chain technology and homomorphism encryption. Int J Inf Syst =
Comput Sci. 2019;8(2):63-6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://warse.org/IJISC=
S/static/pdf/file/ijiscs15822019.pdf
Abstract: Information sharing, analysis of various company and customer dem=
ands, planning activities etc can be coordinated and monitored with the hel=
p of supply chain management system. The planning algorithms are disturbed =
with the asymmetric information between companies. One of the major problem=
in supply chain management is double marginalization. This paper proposes =
a block chain based solution and homomorphism encryption to address the pro=
blems of supply chain such as double marginalization and information asymme=
try etc.
______________________________________________________
Price E. Regulatory divergence could hamper blockchain. Int Financ Law Rev.=
2016;35(41):1. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://s=
earch.proquest.com/openview/bc1594ace75fc74f55660832a0e3e1c0/1 Subscrip=
tion required to view.
Abstract: The article focuses on a revelation by a World Economic Forum (WE=
F) that financial infrastructure could be reformed by blockchain. It is men=
tioned that by lowering operating costs, increasing security and revolution=
izing payment networks, blockchain could change financial intermediation. I=
t is noted that existing regulatory requirements would not be abolished by =
blockchain although it could render some market infrastructure redundant.
______________________________________________________
Priisalu J, Ottis R. Personal control of privacy and data: Estonian experie=
nce. Health Technol (Berl). 2017;7(4):441-51. Epub 2017 Jun 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC=
5741780/
Abstract: The Republic of Estonia leads Europe in the provision of public d=
igital services. The national communications and transactions platform allo=
ws for twenty-first century governance by allowing for transparency, e-safe=
ty (inter alia privacy), e-security, entrepreneurship and, among other thin=
gs, rising levels of prosperity, and well-being for all its Citizens. Howev=
er, a series of Information Infrastructure attacks against the Estonian e-s=
ociety infrastructure in 2007 became one of best known incidents and experi=
ences that fundamentally changed both Estonian and international discussion=
s about Cyber Security and Privacy. Estonian experience shows that an open =
and transparent attitude provides a good foundation for trust between the C=
itizen and the State, and gives more control to the real owner of the data =
- the Citizen. Another important lesson is that the Citizen needs to be con=
fident in the government's ability to keep their data safe -- in terms of c=
onfidentiality, integrity and availability - establishing a strong link bet=
ween privacy and information security. This paper discusses certain critica=
l choices, context, and events connected to the birth and growth of the Est=
onian e-society in terms of Privacy.
______________________________________________________
Pusti=C5=A1ek M, Dolenc D, Kos A. LDAF: low-bandwidth distributed applicati=
ons framework in a use case of blockchain-enabled IoT devices. Sensors (Bas=
el). 2019;19(10):2337. Epub 2019 May 21.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/10/23=
37
Abstract: In this paper, we present Low-Bandwidth Distributed Applications =
Framework (LDAF)-an application-aware gateway for communication-constrained=
Internet of things (IoT) devices. A modular approach facilitates connectin=
g to existing cloud backend servers and managing message formats and APIs' =
native application logic to meet the communication constraints of resource-=
limited end devices. We investigated options for positioning the LDAF serve=
r in fog computing architectures. We demonstrated the approach in three use=
cases: (i) a simple domain name system (DNS) query from the device to a DN=
S server, (ii) a complex interaction of a blockchain-based IoT device with =
a blockchain network, and (iii) difference based patching of binary (system=
) files at the IoT end devices. In a blockchain smart meter use case we eff=
ectively enabled decentralized applications (DApp) for devices that without=
our solution could not participate in a blockchain network. Employing the =
more efficient binary content encoding, we reduced the periodic traffic fro=
m 16 kB/s to ~1.1 kB/s, i.e., 7% of the initial traffic. With additional op=
timization of the application protocol in the gateway and message filtering=
, the periodic traffic was reduced to ~1% of the initial traffic, without a=
ny tradeoffs in the application's functionality or security. Using a functi=
on of binary difference we managed to reduce the size of the communication =
traffic to the end device, at least when the binary patch was smaller than =
the patching file.
______________________________________________________
Pusti=C5=A1ek M, Umek A, Kos A. Approaching the communication constraints o=
f ethereum-based decentralized applications. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(11). =
Epub 2019 Jun 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/26=
47
Abstract: Those working on Blockchain technologies have described several n=
ew innovative directions and novel services in the Internet of things (IoT)=
, including decentralized trust, trusted and verifiable execution of smart =
contracts, and machine-to-machine communications and automation that reach =
beyond the mere exchange of data. However, applying blockchain principles i=
n the IoT is a challenge due to the constraints of the end devices. Because=
of fierce cost pressure, the hardware resources in these devices are usual=
ly reduced to the minimum necessary for operation. To achieve the high cove=
rage needed, low bitrate mobile or wireless technologies are frequently app=
lied, so the communication is often constrained, too. These constraints mak=
e the implementation of blockchain nodes for IoT as standalone end-devices =
impractical or even impossible. We therefore investigated possible design a=
pproaches to decentralized applications based on the Ethereum blockchain fo=
r the IoT. We proposed and evaluated three application architectures differ=
ing in communication, computation, storage, and security requirements. In a=
pilot setup we measured and analyzed the data traffic needed to run the bl=
ockchain clients and their applications. We found out that with the appropr=
iate designs and the remote server architecture we can strongly reduce the =
storage and communication requirements imposed on devices, with predictable=
security implications. Periodic device traffic is reduced to 2400 B/s (HTT=
P) and 170 B/s (Websocket) from about 18 kB/s in the standalone-device full=
client architecture. A notification about a captured blockchain event and =
the corresponding verification resulted in about 2000 B of data. A transact=
ion sent from the application to the client resulted in an about 500 B (HTT=
P) and 300 B message (Websocket). The key store location, which affects the=
serialization of a transaction, only had a small influence on the transact=
ion-related data. Raw transaction messages were 45 B larger than when passi=
ng the JSON transaction objects. These findings provide directions for fog/=
cloud IoT application designers to avoid unrealistic expectations imposed u=
pon their IoT devices and blockchain technologies, and enable them to selec=
t the appropriate system design according to the intended use case and syst=
em constraints. However, for very low bit-rate communication networks, new =
communication protocols for device to blockchain-client need to be consider=
ed.
______________________________________________________
Puthal D, Malik N, Mohanty SP, Kougianos E, Das G. Everything you wanted to=
know About the blockchain: its promise, components, processes, and problem=
s. IEEE Trans Consum Electron. 2018;7(4):6-14. Epub 2018 Jun 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: htt=
ps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saraju_Mohanty/publication/326102908_Ever=
ything_You_Wanted_to_Know_About_the_Blockchain_Its_Promise_Components_Proce=
sses_and_Problems/links/5b394ed74585150d23ee03a7/Everything-You-Wanted-to-K=
now-About-the-Blockchain-Its-Promise-Components-Processes-and-Problems.pdf<=
/a> Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.or=
g/abstract/document/8386948 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In 2008, the emergence of the blockchain as the foundation of the=
first-ever decentralized cryptocurrency not only revolutionized the financ=
ial industry but proved a boon for peer-to-peer (P2P) information exchange =
in the most secure, efficient, and transparent manner. The blockchain is a =
public ledger that works like a log by keeping a record of all transactions=
in chronological order, secured by an appropriate consensus mechanism and =
providing an immutable record. Its exceptional characteristics include immu=
tability, irreversibility, decentralization, persistence, and anonymity.
______________________________________________________
Qi J, Wang Z, Xu B, Wu M, Gao Z, Sun Y. QoS-driven adaptive trust service c=
oordination in the industrial internet of things. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(=
8). Epub 2018 Jul 27.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/244=
9
Abstract: The adaptive coordination of trust services can provide highly de=
pendable and personalized solutions for industrial requirements in the serv=
ice-oriented industrial internet of things (IIoT) architecture to achieve e=
fficient utilization of service resources. Although great progress has been=
made, trust service coordination still faces challenging problems such as =
trustless industry service, poor coordination, and quality of service (QoS)=
personalized demand. In this paper, we propose a QoS-driven and adaptive t=
rust service coordination method to implement Pareto-efficient allocation o=
f limited industrial service resources in the background of the IIoT. First=
, we established a Pareto-effective and adaptive industrial IoT trust servi=
ce coordination model and introduced a blockchain-based adaptive trust eval=
uation mechanism to achieve trust evaluation of industrial services. Then, =
taking advantage of a large and complex search space for solution efficienc=
y, we introduced and compared multi-objective gray-wolf algorithms with the=
particle swarm optimization (PSO) and dragonfly algorithms. The experiment=
al results showed that by judging and blacklisting malicious raters quickly=
and accurately, our model can efficiently realize self-adaptive, personali=
zed, and intelligent trust service coordination under the given constraints=
, improving not only the response time, but also the success rate in coordi=
nation.
______________________________________________________
Qu C, Tao M, Yuan R. A hypergraph-based blockchain model and application in=
internet of things-enabled smart homes. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(9). Epub =
2018 Aug 24.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/278=
4
Abstract: With the fast development and expansion of the Internet of Things=
(IoT), billions of smart devices are being continuously connected, and sma=
rt homes, as a typical IoT application, are providing people with various c=
onvenient applications, but face security and privacy issues. The idea of B=
lockchain (BC) theory has brought about a potential solution to the IoT sec=
urity problem. The emergence of blockchain technology has brought about a c=
hange of decentralized management, providing an effective solution for the =
protection of network security and privacy. On the other hand, the smart de=
vices in IoT are always lightweight and have less energy and memory. This m=
akes the application of blockchain difficult. Against this background, this=
paper proposes a blockchain model based on hypergraphs. The aims of this m=
odel are to reduce the storage consumption and to solve the additional secu=
rity issues. In the model, we use the hyperedge as the organization of stor=
age nodes and convert the entire networked data storage into part network s=
torage. We discuss the design of the model and security strategy in detail,=
introducing some use cases in a smart home network and evaluating the stor=
age performance of the model through simulation experiments and an evaluati=
on of the network.
______________________________________________________
Queiroz MM, Fosso Wamba S. Blockchain adoption challenges in supply chain: =
an empirical investigation of the main drivers in India and the USA. Int J =
Inf Manage. 2019;46:70-82. Epub 2018 Dec 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401218309447 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: The digitalization phenomenon is leveraging new relationship mode=
ls through the entire supply chain network. In this outlook, blockchain is =
a cutting-edge technology that is already transforming and remodeling the r=
elationships between all members of logistics and supply chain systems. Yet=
, while studies on blockchain have gained a relative pace over the recent y=
ears, the literature on this topic does not report sufficient research case=
s on blockchain adoption behavior at the individual level. The present stud=
y, therefore, aims to bridge this gap, notably by helping understand the in=
dividual blockchain adoption behavior in the logistics and supply chain fie=
ld in India and the USA. Drawing on the emerging literature on blockchain, =
supply chain and network theory, as well as on technology acceptance models=
(TAMs), we have developed a model based on a slightly-altered version of t=
he classical unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). Th=
e model being developed was then estimated using the Partial least squares =
structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). As the model was eventually support=
ed, the results obtained revealed the existence of distinct adoption behavi=
ors between India-based and USA-based professionals. In parallel, the findi=
ngs appear as a useful contribution to and a sign of progress for the liter=
ature on IT adoption, SCM, and blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Queiroz MM, Telles R, Bonilla SH. Blockchain and supply chain management in=
tegration: a systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Manag [Inter=
net]. 2018 Dec 6 [cited 2019 Mar 12]:[14 p.]. Available from: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108=
/SCM-03-2018-0143 Subscription required to view.
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Purpose: This paper aims to identify, analyse and organi=
se the literature about blockchains in supply chain management (SCM) contex=
t (blockchain-SCM integration) and proposes an agenda for future research. =
This study aims to shed light on what the main current blockchain applicati=
ons in SCM are, what the main disruptions and challenges are in SCM because=
of blockchain adoption and what the future of blockchains holds in SCM. Design/methodology/approach: This study followed the systematic =
review approach to analyse and synthesise the extant literature on blockcha=
in-SCM integration. The review analysed 27 papers between 2008 and 2018 in =
peer-reviewed journals.
Findings: Blockchain-SCM integration i=
s still in its infancy. Scholars and practitioners are not fully aware of t=
he potential of blockchain technology to disrupt traditional business model=
s. However, the electric power industry seems to have a relatively mature u=
nderstanding of blockchain-SCM integration, demonstrated by the use of smar=
t contracts. Additionally, the disintermediation provided by blockchain app=
lications has the potential to disrupt traditional industries (e.g. health =
care, transportation and retail).
Research limitations/implications=
: The limitations of this study are represented mainly by the scarcity=
of studies on blockchain-SCM integration in leading journals and databases=
.
Practical implications: This study highlights examples of bl=
ockchain-SCM integration, emphasising the need to rethink business models t=
o incorporate blockchain technology.
Originality/value: This s=
tudy is the first attempt to synthesise existing publications about the blo=
ckchain-SCM integration, shedding light on the disruption caused by, and th=
e necessity of, the SCM reconfigurations.
______________________________________________________
Rabah K. Challenges and opportunities for blockchain powered healthcare sys=
tems: a review. MR Res J Med Health Sci. 2017;1(1):45-52. Epub 2017 Oct 16.=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://medicine.=
mrjournals.org/index.php/medicine/article/view/6
Abstract: Blockchain, the technology that began with Bitcoin in 2009, today=
promises to provide the safe, interoperable sharing of real-time data betw=
een providers, payers and patients in the healthcare industry. Majorly, blo=
ckchain's automated data verification capabilities, in particular, are able=
to resolve many of the trust issues regarding pulling data from disparate =
sources. Applications of the technology in healthcare shows promise for sol=
ving issues such as its used in EHR distribution of data and nationwide int=
eroperability. The use of blockchain in healthcare is expected to reinvent =
the ecosystem in limitless ways to benefit the patient and advancements in =
treatments, outcomes, security and costs. In effect, blockchain technology =
has the potential to transform healthcare delivery, placing patient at the =
center of the healthcare ecosystems and the capability to increase the secu=
rity, privacy, and interoperability of healthcare data. It=E2=80=99s envisa=
ged that this technology is expected to provide a new model for health info=
rmation exchanges (HIE) by making electronic medical records more efficient=
, disintermediated, and secure. One of blockchain technology=E2=80=99s core=
offerings that make it a no-brainer for supply chains across industries is=
its immutable, time-stamped, tamper-proof ledger, accessible by its all or=
pre-approved participants. In this review paper we=E2=80=99re to step thro=
ugh how blockchain aid in the providing efficiency, security and privacy to=
management of patient care.
______________________________________________________
Radanovi=C4=87 I, Liki=C4=87 R. Opportunities for use of blockchain technol=
ogy in medicine. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2018;16(5):583-90. Epub 20=
18 Jul 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s40258-018-0412-8 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain technology is a decentralized database that stores a r=
egistry of assets and transactions across a peer-to-peer computer network, =
which is secured through cryptography, and over time, its history gets lock=
ed in blocks of data that are cryptographically linked together and secured=
. So far, there have been use cases of this technology for cryptocurrencies=
, digital contracts, financial and public records, and property ownership. =
It is expected that future uses will expand into medicine, science, educati=
on, intellectual property, and supply chain management. Likely applications=
in the field of medicine could include electronic health records, health i=
nsurance, biomedical research, drug supply and procurement processes, and m=
edical education. Utilization of blockchain is not without its weaknesses a=
nd currently, this technology is extremely immature and lacks public or eve=
n expert knowledge, making it hard to have a clear strategic vision of its =
true future potential. Presently, there are issues with scalability, securi=
ty of smart contracts, and user adoption. Nevertheless, with capital invest=
ments into blockchain technology projected to reach US$400 million in 2019,=
health professionals and decision makers should be aware of the transforma=
tive potential that blockchain technology offers for healthcare organizatio=
ns and medical practice.
______________________________________________________
Raghavendra M. Can blockchain technologies help tackle the opioid epidemic:=
a narrative review. Pain Med. 2019. Epub 2019 Mar 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine=
/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pm/pny315/5372439?redirectedFrom=3Dfu=
lltext Subscription required to view.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To introduce the basic concepts of blockchain technolo=
gies in tackling the opioid epidemic. DESIGN: A narrative review. SETTING/B=
ACKGROUND: The opioid epidemic is taking a big toll in terms of lives and l=
ivelihood in America. Various public and private sector agencies are active=
ly implementing different strategies to contain the epidemic. Development o=
f robust real-time databases that are secure and easily accessible to the s=
takeholders in the opioid/paincare ecosystem is essential. Blockchain techn=
ologies, with their inherent features of decentralization, immutability, an=
d easy access are well suited to achieving these goals. Some practical appl=
ications of blockchain technologies include data collection/aggregation/ana=
lysis, patient/provider identification, traceability/monitoring of opioids,=
supply chain provenance, prescription monitoring, licensure and credential=
ing, interoperability, seamless integration/communication, development of o=
pioid alternatives, and research incentivization. CONCLUSIONS: Blockchain t=
echnologies may help support the efforts of different agencies in curtailin=
g the opioid epidemic.
______________________________________________________
Rahimzadeh V. Ethics governance outside the box: reimagining blockchain as =
a policy tool to facilitate single ethics review and data sharing for the '=
omics' sciences. Blockchain Healthc Today [Internet]. 2018 Mar 27 [cited 20=
18 Jul 18]; 1(18):[10 p.]. Available from: https://blockchainhealthcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/a=
rticle/view/18
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Clinical research and health information data sharing are but rip=
ples in a growing wave of reimagined applications of distributed ledger tec=
hnologies beyond the digital marketplace for which they were originally cre=
ated. This paper explores the use of distributed ledger technologies to fac=
ilitate single institutional ethics review of multi-site, collaborative stu=
dies in the data-intensive sciences such as genetics and genomics. Immutabl=
e record-keeping, automatable protocol amendments and direct connectivity b=
etween stakeholders in the research enterprise (e.g., researchers, research=
ethics committees, institutions, funders and regulators) comprise several =
of the conceptual and technological advantages of distributed ledger techno=
logies to research ethics review. This novel-use proposal dovetails recent =
policy reforms to research ethics review across North America that mandate =
a single ethics review for any study that takes place across more than one =
research site. Such reforms in the United States, Canada and Australia repl=
ace prior institution-by-institution approval mechanisms that contributed t=
o significant research delays and duplicative procedures for collaborative =
research worldwide. While this paper centers on the Common Rule revision in=
the United States, the single ethics review mandate is a noteworthy exampl=
e of regulation evolving in parallel with advances in the data-intensive sc=
iences it governs. The informational exchange capacities of distributed led=
ger technologies align well with the procedural goals of streamlining the e=
thics review system under the new Common Rule ahead of its official impleme=
ntation on January 19, 2020. The ethical, legal and social implications of =
applying such technologies to ethics review will be explored in this concep=
t paper. Namely, the paper proposes how administrative data from research e=
thics committees (REC) could be protected and shared responsibly, as well a=
s interinstitutional cooperation negotiated within a centralized network of=
research ethics committees using the blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Rahmadika S, Rhee KH. Blockchain technology for providing an architecture m=
odel of decentralized personal health information. Int J Eng Bus Manag. 201=
8;10:1847979018790589. Epub 2018 Aug 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.s=
agepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1847979018790589
Abstract: The personal health information (PHI) is an activity among the he=
alth-care providers and the patients in terms of managing the data which is=
sensitive to the parties. The PHI data have been maintained by multiple he=
alth-care providers, thus resulting in separated data. Moreover, the PHI da=
ta are stored in the provider?s database, hence the patients have no author=
ity to manage their own information. Therefore, in this article, we propose=
a conceptual model for managing the PHI data which is derived from several=
health-care providers by relying on the blockchain technology in the peer-=
to-peer overlay network. In addition, we elaborate the security analysis th=
at might be occurring in the proposed model. By leveraging on our model, it=
allows the patients and the providers to collect effectively the PHI data =
onto a single view as well guarantee of data integrity. The blockchain offe=
rs an immutable of the data record without having to trust a third party. T=
he experimental results show that the proposed approach is promising to be =
developed due to the high success rate in terms of data dissemination.
<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Rahman MA, Hossain MS, Hassanain E, Rashid M, Barnes S. Spatial blockchain-=
based secure mass screening framework for children with dyslexia. IEEE Acce=
ss. 2018;2875242:1-11. Epub 2018 Oct 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8488459
Abstract: In this manuscript, we present a novel method, process and system=
for calculating dyslexic symptoms, generating metric data for an individua=
l user, community or group in general. We present a mobile multimedia Inter=
net of Things (IoT) based environment, which can capture multimodal smartph=
one or tab-based user interaction data during dyslexia testing and share it=
via a mobile edge network, which employs auto-grading algorithms to find d=
yslexia symptoms. In addition to algorithm-based auto-grading, the captured=
mobile multimedia payload is stored in a decentralized repository, which c=
an be shared with a medical practitioner for replay and further manual anal=
ysis purposes. Since the framework is language-independent and based on Blo=
ckchain and a decentralized big data repository, dyslexic patterns and a ma=
ssive amount of captured multimedia IoT test data can be shared for further=
clinical research, statistical analysis, and quality assurance. Notwithsta=
nding, our proposed Blockchain and off-chain based decentralized and secure=
dyslexia data storage, management and sharing framework will allow securit=
y, anonymity, and multimodal visualization of the captured test data for mo=
bile users. This paper presents the detailed design, implementation and tes=
t results, which demonstrate the strong potential for wider adoption of the=
dyslexia mobile health management globally.
______________________________________________________
Randall D, Goel P, Abujamra R. Blockchain applications and use cases in hea=
lth information technology. J Health Med Informat [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2=
019 Feb 22]; 8(276):[4 p.]. Available from: http://arapi.org/?news=3Dblockch=
ain-applications-and-use-cases-in-health-information-technology
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Blockchain technology and the associated cryptocurrencies have th=
e ability to transform industries including healthcare. We suggest the dece=
ntralized and programmable nature of blockchain applications can be used to=
change health information technology to gain greater efficiency in public =
and private health care systems. Current public health information technolo=
gy systems such as eligibility, enrollment and electronic health records ha=
ve documented issues with interoperability and are slow to adapt to changin=
g program and technology demands. We suggest that blockchain can potentiall=
y solve these issues. We argue that a public program such as the U.S. Medic=
aid program with $553 Billion in total program costs and over $25 Billion s=
pent on health information technology and administration last fiscal year c=
ould benefit from the use of blockchain based distributed ledger and smart =
contracts. We finally argue that a decentralized benefits administration sy=
stem can provide greater efficiency to enrollment, eligibility, claims paym=
ent and adjudication processes thus driving efficiency and reducing systemi=
c fraud.
______________________________________________________
Rathee G, Sharma A, Iqbal R, Aloqaily M, Jaglan N, Kumar R. A blockchain fr=
amework for securing connected and autonomous vehicles. Sensors (Basel). 20=
19;19(14). Epub 2019 Jul 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/31=
65
Abstract: Recently, connected vehicles (CV) are becoming a promising resear=
ch area leading to the concept of CV as a Service (CVaaS). With the increas=
e of connected vehicles and an exponential growth in the field of online ca=
b booking services, new requirements such as secure, seamless and robust in=
formation exchange among vehicles of vehicular networks are emerging. In th=
is context, the original concept of vehicular networks is being transformed=
into a new concept known as connected and autonomous vehicles. Autonomous =
vehicular use yields a better experience and helps in reducing congestion b=
y allowing current information to be obtained by the vehicles instantly. Ho=
wever, malicious users in the internet of vehicles may mislead the whole co=
mmunication where intruders may compromise smart devices with the purpose o=
f executing a malicious ploy. In order to prevent these issues, a blockchai=
n technique is considered the best technique that provides secrecy and prot=
ection to the control system in real time conditions. In this paper, the is=
sue of security in smart sensors of connected vehicles that can be compromi=
sed by expert intruders is addressed by proposing a blockchain framework. T=
his study has further identified and validated the proposed mechanism based=
on various security criteria, such as fake requests of the user, compromis=
e of smart devices, probabilistic authentication scenarios and alteration i=
n stored user's ratings. The results have been analyzed against some existi=
ng approach and validated with improved simulated results that offer 79% su=
ccess rate over the above-mentioned issues.
______________________________________________________
Rauchs M, Glidden A, Gordon B, Pieters G, Recanatini M, Rostand F, et al. D=
istributed ledger technology systems: a conceptual framework. Cambridge, Un=
ited Kingdom: Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, 2018.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.jbs.ca=
m.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/research/centres/alternative-finance/download=
s/2018-10-26-conceptualising-dlt-systems.pdf
Abstract: [FIRST TWO PARAGRAPHS] Terms such as cryptocurrency, blockchain, =
and distributed ledger technology (DLT) have gradually entered our daily le=
xicon, featured prominently in news and media, and fuelled discussion and d=
ebate among communities, industry practitioners and policymakers. Neverthel=
ess, there is no rigorously defined set of terminologies or commonly accept=
able taxonomy available. As a result, people are often talking past each ot=
her, and these terms are often misconstrued, misused, and misinterpreted.
Without undertaking a systematic and holistic approach, attention and analy=
sis can be narrowly devoted to fractions, parts, and the surface of the phe=
nomenon, rather than the whole. Consequently, people =E2=80=98can=E2=80=99t=
see the forest for the trees=E2=80=99 and they are more susceptible to bia=
s, misunderstanding, inflated claims, or conflicted views.
______________________________________________________
Reed D, Sporny M, Longley D, Allen C, Grant R, Sabadello M. Decentralized i=
dentifiers (DIDs): data model and syntaxes for decentralized identifiers. B=
oston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artif=
icial Intelligence Laboratory, 2019 Mar 30. Report No.: v0.12.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-spec/
Abstract: Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) are a new type of identifier for=
verifiable, "self-sovereign" digital identity. DIDs are fully under the co=
ntrol of the DID subject, independent from any centralized registry, identi=
ty provider, or certificate authority. DIDs are URLs that relate a DID subj=
ect to means for trustable interactions with that subject. DIDs resolve to =
DID Documents =E2=80=94 simple documents that describe how to use that spec=
ific DID. Each DID Document may contain at least three things: proof purpos=
es, verification methods, and service endpoints. Proof purposes are combine=
d with verification methods to provide mechanisms for proving things. For e=
xample, a DID Document can specify that a particular verification method, s=
uch as a cryptographic public key or pseudonymous biometric protocol, can b=
e used to verify a proof that was created for the purpose of authentication=
. Service endpoints enable trusted interactions with the DID controller.
This document specifies a common data model, format, and operations that al=
l DIDs support.
______________________________________________________
Ren Y, Leng Y, Zhu F, Wang J, Kim HJ. Data storage mechanism based on block=
chain with privacy protection in wireless body area network. Sensors (Basel=
). 2019;19(10):2395. Epub 2019 May 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/10/23=
95
Abstract: Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are expected to play a vital =
role in the field of patient-health monitoring shortly. They provide a conv=
enient way to collect patient data, but they also bring serious problems wh=
ich are mainly reflected in the safe storage of the collected data. The pri=
vacy and security of data storage in WBAN devices cannot meet the needs of =
WBAN users. Therefore, this paper adopts blockchain technology to store dat=
a, which improves the security of the collected data. Moreover, a storage m=
odel based on blockchain in WBAN is proposed in our solution. However, bloc=
kchain storage brings new problems, for example, that the storage space of =
blockchain is small, and the stored content is open to unauthorized attacke=
rs. To solve the problems above, this paper proposed a sequential aggregate=
signature scheme with a designated verifier (DVSSA) to ensure that the use=
r's data can only be viewed by the designated person and to protect the pri=
vacy of the users of WBAN. In addition, the new signature scheme can also c=
ompress the size of the blockchain storage space.
______________________________________________________
Ren YJ, Leng Y, Cheng YP, Wang J. Secure data storage based on blockchain a=
nd coding in edge computing. Math Biosci Eng. 2019;16(4):1874-92. Epub 2019=
Mar 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.aimspress.com/art=
icle/10.3934/mbe.2019091
Abstract: Edge computing is an important tool for smart computing, which br=
ings convenience to data processing as well as security problems. In partic=
ular, the security of data storage under edge computing has become an obsta=
cle to its widespread use. To solve the problem, the mechanism combing bloc=
kchain with regeneration coding is proposed to improve the security and rel=
iability of stored data under edge computing. Our contribution is as follow=
s. 1) According to the three-tier edge computing architecture and data secu=
rity storage requirements, we proposed hybrid storage architecture and mode=
l specifically adapted to edge computing. 2) Making full use of the data st=
orage advantages of edge network devices and cloud storage servers, we buil=
d a global blockchain in the cloud service layer and local blockchain is bu=
ilt on the terminals of the Internet of things. Moreover, the regeneration =
coding is utilized to further improve the reliability of data storage in bl=
ockchains. 3) Our scheme provides a mechanism for periodically validating h=
ash values of data to ensure the integrity of data stored in global blockch=
ain.
______________________________________________________
Renuka K, Kumari S, Li X. Design of a secure three-factor authentication sc=
heme for smart healthcare. J Med Syst. 2019;43(5):133. Epub 2019 Apr 3.
=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-019-1251-3 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Now-a-days, the society is witnessing a keen urge to enhance the =
quality of healthcare services with the intervention of technology in the h=
ealth sector. The main focus in transforming traditional healthcare to smar=
t healthcare is on facilitating the patients as well as medical professiona=
ls. However, this changeover is not easy due to various issues of security =
and integrity associated with it. Security of patient=E2=80=99s personal he=
alth record and privacy can be handled well by permitting only authorized a=
ccess to the confidential health-data via suitably designed authentication =
scheme. In pursuit to contribute in this direction, we came across the role=
of Universal Serial Bus (USB), the most widely accepted interface, in enab=
ling communication between peripheral devices and a host controller like la=
ptop, personal computer, smart phone, tablet etc. In the process, we analys=
ed a recently proposed a three-factor authentication scheme for consumer US=
B Mass Storage Devices (MSD) by He et al. In this paper, we demonstrate tha=
t He et al.=E2=80=99s scheme is vulnerable to leakage of temporary but sess=
ion specific information attacks, late detection of message replay, forward=
secrecy attacks, and backward secrecy attacks. Then motivated with the ben=
efits of USB, we propose a secure three-factor authentication scheme for sm=
art healthcare.
______________________________________________________
Research 2 Guidance. mHealth app developer economics 2017: current status a=
nd trends of the mHealth app market. Berlin, Germany: 2017 Nov.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: htt=
p://research2guidance.com/r2g/r2g-mHealth-App-Developer-Economics-2017.pdf<=
/a>
Abstract: The mHealth Economics program has been exploring the developments=
of digital health for 7 years now, and counting. Since the first report on=
the mobile health app market, a total of 6.7 million data points have been=
revealed, which illustrate mHealth and digital health market developments =
dating back as far as 2010. The mHealth Economics program is the largest di=
gital health research program globally, with more than 15,000 participants =
since its beginnings. The aim of the program is to reveal current market co=
nditions, and future trends in the digital health arena. It examines how su=
ccessful mHealth app publishers are operating, how the market is changing, =
and where it is heading. In doing so, the report helps stakeholders to unde=
rstand current and future market developments. Each year the program emphas=
izes several trending topics relevant to digital health. For 2017, trending=
topics include; digital health business models, typical project budgets an=
d digital health accelerator programs. Also new to this years=E2=80=99 prog=
ram is the release of not only one, but several free-to-download reports. T=
his year more than 2,400 decision makers and experts in mobile and digital =
health have partaken in the market survey and have contributed to this year=
=E2=80=99s report.
______________________________________________________
Ribitzky R, St. Clair J, Houlding DI, McFarlane CT, Ahier B, Gould M, et al=
. Pragmatic, interdisciplinary perspectives on blockchain and distributed l=
edger technology: paving the future for healthcare. Blockchain Healthc Toda=
y [Internet]. 2018 Mar 23 [cited 2018 Jul 18]; 1(24):[15 p.]. Available fro=
m: https://blockchainheal=
thcaretoday.com/index.php/journal/article/view/24
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Background: Blockchain and distributed ledger technology=
is a disruptive force in healthcare.
Methods: This article pro=
vides a globally relevant, interdisciplinary perspective intended to aid di=
sparate group of actors, participants, and users that represent the diverse=
stakeholders of an increasingly complex and technologically reliant health=
care system. Domain expertise reinforced by literature published via indust=
ry, technical, and academic venues was used to inform these perspectives. <=
br>Results: Key characteristics of blockchain and distributed ledg=
er technology are highlighted and framed for a readership ranging from heal=
thcare executive to policy makers to researchers. Antecedent application of=
blockchain in the financial sector is explored followed by the technical, =
security, and interoperability considerations specific to healthcare.
<=
em>Conclusion: Blockchain remains an emerging technology both fraught =
with unanticipated challenges and the promise of unrealized potential in he=
althcare.
______________________________________________________
Rifi N, Rachkidi E, Agoulmine N, Taher NC. Towards using blockchain technol=
ogy for eHealth data access management. 2017 Fourth International Conferenc=
e on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME); 2017 Oct 19-21; Beirut, L=
ebanon. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8167555 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: eHealth is a technology that is growing in importance over time, =
varying from remote access to Medical Records, such as Electronic Health Re=
cords (EHR), or Electronic Medical Records (EMR), to real-time data exchang=
e from different on-body sensors coming from different patients. With this =
huge amount of critical data being exchanged, problems and challenges arise=
. Privacy and confidentiality of this critical medical data are of high con=
cern to the patients and authorized persons to use this data. On the other =
hand, scalability and interoperability are also important problems that sho=
uld be considered in the final solution. This paper illustrates the specifi=
c problems and highlights the benefits of the blockchain technology for the=
deployment of a secure and a scalable solution for medical data exchange i=
n order to have the best performance possible.
______________________________________________________
Risius M, Spohrer K. A blockchain research framework. Bus Inf Syst Eng. 201=
7;59(6):385-409. Epub 2017 Dec 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio=
n/321539709_A_Blockchain_Research_Framework_What_We_don't_Know_Where_We_Go_=
from_Here_and_How_We_Will_Get_There; Open access; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12599-017-0=
506-0 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: While blockchain technology is commonly considered potentially di=
sruptive in various regards, there is a lack of understanding where and how=
blockchain technology is effectively applicable and where it has mentionab=
le practical effects. This issue has given rise to critical voices that jud=
ge the technology as over-hyped. Against this backdrop, this study adapts a=
n established research framework to structure the insights of the current b=
ody of research on blockchain technology, outline the present research scop=
e as well as disregarded topics, and sketch out multidisciplinary research =
approaches. The framework differentiates three groups of activities (design=
and features, measurement and value, management and organization) at four =
levels of analysis (users and society, intermediaries, platforms, firms and=
industry). The review shows that research has predominantly focused on tec=
hnological questions of design and features, while neglecting application, =
value creation, and governance. In order to foster substantial blockchain r=
esearch that addresses meaningful questions, this study identifies several =
avenues for future studies. Given the breadth of open questions, it shows w=
here research can benefit from multidisciplinary collaborations and present=
s data sources as starting points for empirical investigations.
______________________________________________________
Rivera R, Robledo JG, Larios VM, Avalos JM. How digital identity on blockch=
ain can contribute in a smart city environment. 2017 International Smart Ci=
ties Conference (ISC2); 2017 Sep 14-17; Wuxi, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE P=
ower & Energy Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8090839 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Nowadays, in this digital world, one of the biggest concerns for =
business and many other public entities, is to know precisely the =E2=80=9C=
identity=E2=80=9D of the users that are behind of their systems. Since the =
data can define a person, there have been many tries to develop technology =
to determine accurately who the users are and certify their basics attribut=
es like name, address, credit record, as well as other personal characteris=
tics like health status, hobbies and others. That is why Digital Identity h=
as taken a significantly important role in this area and becoming as a cruc=
ial security measure in this interconnected environment. This research is a=
systematic mapping review with the goal of collecting all relevant existin=
g research of Digital Identity on Blockchain technology implemented in a sm=
art city environment. The objective of this paper is to understand the curr=
ent research topics, challenges and future directions of these areas from t=
he technical point of view. It is expected that this paper can stimulate in=
terest in theory and practice to further discussions and research in these =
areas.
______________________________________________________
Roehrs A, da Costa CA, da Rosa Righi R. OmniPHR: a distributed architecture=
model to integrate personal health records. J Biomed Inform. 2017;71:70-81=
. Epub 2017 May 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046417301089
Abstract: The advances in the Information and Communications Technology (IC=
T) brought many benefits to the healthcare area, especially to digital stor=
age of patients=E2=80=99 health records. However, it is still a challenge t=
o have a unified viewpoint of patients=E2=80=99 health history, because typ=
ically health data is scattered among different health organizations. Furth=
ermore, there are several standards for these records, some of them open an=
d others proprietary. Usually health records are stored in databases within=
health organizations and rarely have external access. This situation appli=
es mainly to cases where patients=E2=80=99 data are maintained by healthcar=
e providers, known as EHRs (Electronic Health Records). In case of PHRs (Pe=
rsonal Health Records), in which patients by definition can manage their he=
alth records, they usually have no control over their data stored in health=
care providers=E2=80=99 databases. Thereby, we envision two main challenges=
regarding PHR context: first, how patients could have a unified view of th=
eir scattered health records, and second, how healthcare providers can acce=
ss up-to-date data regarding their patients, even though changes occurred e=
lsewhere. For addressing these issues, this work proposes a model named Omn=
iPHR, a distributed model to integrate PHRs, for patients and healthcare pr=
oviders use. The scientific contribution is to propose an architecture mode=
l to support a distributed PHR, where patients can maintain their health hi=
story in a unified viewpoint, from any device anywhere. Likewise, for healt=
hcare providers, the possibility of having their patients data interconnect=
ed among health organizations. The evaluation demonstrates the feasibility =
of the model in maintaining health records distributed in an architecture m=
odel that promotes a unified view of PHR with elasticity and scalability of=
the solution.
______________________________________________________
Roehrs A, da Costa CA, da Rosa Righi R, da Silva VF, Goldim JR, Schmidt DC.=
Analyzing the performance of a blockchain-based personal health record imp=
lementation. J Biomed Inform. 2019;92:103140. Epub 2019 Mar 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ww=
w.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/PDF/ArticleToJBI-version15.pdf Open acces=
s; http://www.sciencedirect.co=
m/science/article/pii/S1532046419300589 Subscription required to view.<=
br>
Abstract: Background The Personal Health Record (PHR) and Electronic Health=
Record (EHR) play a key role in more efficient access to health records by=
health professionals and patients. It is hard, however, to obtain a unifie=
d view of health data that is distributed across different health providers=
. In particular, health records are commonly scattered in multiple places a=
nd are not integrated. Objective This article presents the implementation a=
nd evaluation of a PHR model that integrates distributed health records usi=
ng blockchain technology and the openEHR interoperability standard. We thus=
follow OmniPHR architecture model, which describes an infrastructure that =
supports the implementation of a distributed and interoperable PHR. Methods=
Our method involves implementing a prototype and then evaluating the integ=
ration and performance of medical records from different production databas=
es. In addition to evaluating the unified view of records, our evaluation c=
riteria also focused on non-functional performance requirements, such as re=
sponse time, CPU usage, memory occupation, disk, and network usage. Results=
We evaluated our model implementation using the data set of more than 40 t=
housand adult patients anonymized from two hospital databases. We tested th=
e distribution and reintegration of the data to compose a single view of he=
alth records. Moreover, we profiled the model by evaluating a scenario with=
10 superpeers and thousands of competing sessions transacting operations o=
n health records simultaneously, resulting in an average response time belo=
w 500=E2=80=AFms. The blockchain implemented in our prototype achieved 98% =
availability. Conclusion Our performance results indicated that data distri=
buted via a blockchain could be recovered with low average response time an=
d high availability in the scenarios we tested. Our study also demonstrated=
how OmniPHR model implementation can integrate distributed data into a uni=
fied view of health records.
______________________________________________________
Roman-Belmonte JM, De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Rodriguez-Merchan EC. How block=
chain technology can change medicine. Postgrad Med. 2018;130(4):420-7. Epub=
2018 May 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.tan=
dfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00325481.2018.1472996 Subscription require=
d to view.
Abstract: Although the best-known use of blockchain technology (BCT) is in =
the field of economics and cryptocurrencies in general, its usefulness is e=
xtending to other fields, including the biomedical field. The purpose of th=
is article is to clarify the role that BCT can play in the field of medicin=
e. We have performed a narrative review of the literature on BCT in general=
and on medicine in particular. The great advantage of BCT in the health ar=
ena is that it allows development of a stable and secure data set with whic=
h users can interact through transactions of various types. This environmen=
t allows the entry and operation of clinical data without compromising othe=
r sensitive data. Another important advantage of BCT is that the entire net=
work is decentralized and is maintained by the users themselves; thus, ther=
e is no need to rely on organizations for storage. The Blockchain code is o=
pen source and can be used, modified and revised by its users. BCT literatu=
re is scarce so far. This article describes the basics of this technology a=
nd summarizes the various aspects in which BCT could change the paradigm of=
current medicine. The great potential of BCT, as well as its many applicat=
ions in the field of health sciences, encompasses the fields of legal medic=
ine, research, electronic medical records, medical data analysis (big data)=
, teaching and the regulation of payment for medical services. If technolog=
ical advances continue along these lines, it could bring about a revolution=
in medicine as we know it.
______________________________________________________
Rouse WB, Johns MME, Pepe KM. Service supply chains for population health: =
Overcoming fragmentation of service delivery ecosystems. Learn Health Sys. =
2019;3(2):e10186. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary=
.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lrh2.10186
Abstract: Abstract Introduction Population health involves integration of h=
ealth, education, and social services to keep a defined population healthy,=
to address health challenges holistically, and to assist with the realitie=
s of being mortal. The fragmentation of the US population health delivery s=
ystem is addressed. The impacts of this fragmentation on the treatment of s=
ubstance abuse in the United States are considered. Innovations needed to o=
vercome this fragmentation are proposed. Approach Treatment capacity issues=
, including scheduling practices, are discussed. Costs of treatment and lac=
k of treatment are considered. Models of integrated care delivery are revie=
wed. Potential innovations from systems science, behavioral economics, and =
social networks are considered. The implications of these innovations are d=
iscussed in terms of information technology (IT) systems and governance. Co=
nclusions Enormous savings are possible with more integrated treatment. Bas=
ed on a range of empirical findings, it is argued that investments of these=
resources in integrated delivery of care have the potential to dramaticall=
y improve health outcomes, thereby significantly reducing the costs of popu=
lation health.
______________________________________________________
Ruotsalainen P, Blobel B. Digital pHealth - problems and solutions for ethi=
cs, trust and privacy. In: Blobel B, Giacomin M, editors. pHealth 2019; 201=
9 Jun 10 -12; Genoa, Italy. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press; 2019. p.=
31-46.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/51508
Abstract: The penetration of digital platforms and ecosystem based business=
-model together with the use algorithm and machine leaning are changing the=
environment where pHealth takes place. Traditional pHealth is changing to =
Digital pHealth. This development brings new ethical, privacy and trust pro=
blems which have to solve to make Digital pHealth successful. In this paper=
ethical, privacy and trust problems in Digital pHealth are studied at conc=
eptual level. Concerns caused by the use novel ICT-technology and regulator=
y environment are also discussed. The starting point is that the Digital pH=
ealth as a system and its applications and algorithms should be ethically a=
cceptable, trustworthy and enable the service user to set own context-aware=
privacy policies. Mutual trust is needed between application and all stake=
holders. Solution proposed for trustworthy Digital pHealth include ethical =
design, policy based privacy management and on-line calculation of privacy =
and trust levels using proven mathematical methods. In the future, novel so=
lutions such as algorithm based access control and data sharing, and algori=
thm based privacy prediction together with cryptography based blockchain se=
ems to have potential to change the way privacy is managed in Digital pHeal=
th. Technology alone cannot solve current privacy and trust problems. New r=
egulations which not only give users of the Digital pHealth right to set pe=
rsonal privacy polies but also force pHealth service providers and platform=
owners to prove regulatory compliance of their services are needed.
______________________________________________________
Ryan P. Smart contract relations in e-commerce: Legal implications of excha=
nges conducted on the blockchain. Technol Innov Manag Rev. 2017;7(10):10-7.=
Epub 2017 Oct 27.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handl=
e/10453/127958
Abstract: Much of the discussion around blockchain-based smart contracts ha=
s focused on whether or not they operate in the same way as legal contracts=
. However, it is argued that most contracts are social rather than legal in=
nature and are entered into because the parties trust each other to perfor=
m the agreed exchange. Little has been written to address how the blockchai=
n=E2=80=99s trust protocol can enable the kind of social contracting that c=
haracterized the way exchanges were conducted before the Internet. This art=
icle aims to fill that gap by exploring blockchain-based smart contracts pr=
imarily as non-contractual social exchanges.
______________________________________________________
Sadu I. Auditing blockchain: internal auditors need to focus on new risks a=
nd opportunities posed by blockchain technologies. Intern Audit. 2018 Dec:1=
7-8.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: htt=
ps://iaonline.theiia.org/2018/Pages/Internal-Audit-and-the-Blockchain.aspx<=
/a> Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Businesses and government agencies alike are pursuing blockchain'=
s promise of greater accuracy, transparency, and efficiency. Accounting fir=
ms are investing more than $3 billion a year on blockchain technology, whil=
e IBM predicts that two-thirds of all banks will have blockchain products b=
y 2020. These organizations are attracted to blockchain's ability to record=
relevant details of every transaction in a distributed network.
Like other new technologies, blockchain presents challenges and opportuniti=
es for internal auditors. Blockchain carries the typical IT risks such as u=
nauthorized access and threats to confidentiality, but it also could impact=
traditional audit procedures. Yet, blockchain may enable auditors to be mo=
re innovative and efficient.
______________________________________________________
=C5=9Eahan S, Furkan Ekici A, Bahtiyar =C5=9E. A multi-factor authenticatio=
n framework for secure access to blockchain. In. Proceedings of the 2019 5t=
h International Conference on Computer and Technology Applications; 2019 Ap=
r 16-17; Istanbul, Turkey. 3324083: ACM; 2019. p. 160-4.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=
=3D3324083
Abstract: Recently, blockchain has been a disruptive technology for many sy=
stems, such as finance, e-health, supply-chain, and etc. Secure access to b=
lockchain is the grand challenge for many systems. Key management is one of=
challenges to ensure secure access to blockchain. In this paper, we propos=
e a framework for secure accessing to blockchain via multi-factor authentic=
ation. We combine both biometric and password authentications to secure pri=
vate keys of users. The framework contains a secure device which has a biom=
etric sensor to ensure secure access to private keys that extends the usabi=
lity for secure accessing to blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Salahuddin MA, Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Shuaib K, Sallabi F. Softwarization =
of internet of things infrastructure for secure and smart healthcare. Compu=
ter. 2017;50(7):74-9. Epub 2018 May 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.11011 Open access=
; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/do=
cument/7971867 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: We propose an agile softwarized infrastructure for flexible, cost=
effective, secure and privacy preserving deployment of Internet of Things =
(IoT) for smart healthcare applications and services. It integrates state-o=
f-the-art networking and virtualization techniques across IoT, fog and clou=
d domains, employing Blockchain, Tor and message brokers to provide securit=
y and privacy for patients and healthcare providers. We propose a novel pla=
tform using Machine-to-Machine (M2M) messaging and rule-based beacons for s=
eamless data management and discuss the role of data and decision fusion in=
the cloud and the fog, respectively, for smart healthcare applications and=
services.
______________________________________________________
Saleem JJ, Savoy A, Etherton G, Herout J. Investigating the need for clinic=
ians to use tablet computers with a newly envisioned electronic health reco=
rd. Int J Med Inform. 2018;110:25-30. Epub 2017 Nov 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3D1119&a=
mp;context=3Dveterans Open access; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S13865056173042=
76 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has deployed =
a large number of tablet computers in the last several years. However, litt=
le is known about how clinicians may use these devices with a newly planned=
Web-based electronic health record (EHR), as well as other clinical tools.=
The objective of this study was to understand the types of use that can be=
expected of tablet computers versus desktops. METHODS: Semi-structured int=
erviews were conducted with 24 clinicians at a Veterans Health Administrati=
on (VHA) Medical Center. RESULTS: An inductive qualitative analysis resulte=
d in findings organized around recurrent themes of: (1) Barriers, (2) Facil=
itators, (3) Current Use, (4) Anticipated Use, (5) Patient Interaction, and=
(6) Connection. CONCLUSIONS: Our study generated several recommendations f=
or the use of tablet computers with new health information technology tools=
being developed. Continuous connectivity for the mobile device is essentia=
l to avoid interruptions and clinician frustration. Also, making a physical=
keyboard available as an option for the tablet was a clear desire from the=
clinicians. Larger tablets (e.g., regular size iPad as compared to an iPad=
mini) were preferred. Being able to use secure messaging tools with the ta=
blet computer was another consistent finding. Finally, more simplicity is n=
eeded for accessing patient data on mobile devices, while balancing the imp=
ortant need for adequate security.
______________________________________________________
Sangeetha R, Harshini B, Shanmugapriya A, Rajagopal TKP. Electronic health =
record system using blockchain. Int Res J Multidiscip Technovation [Interne=
t]. 2019 Mar 25 [cited 2019 Apr 9]; 1(3):[57-61 pp.]. Available from: https://mapletreejournals.com/index.php=
/irjmt/article/view/201
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: This paper deals with the Electronic Health Records for storing i=
nformation of the patient which consist of the medical reports. Electronic =
Health Records (EHRs) are entirely controlled by Hospitals instead of patie=
nts, which complicates seeking medical advices from different hospitals. In=
the existing system of storing details of the patients are very dependent =
on the servers of the organization. In the proposed all the information of =
the patient are stored in the blockchain by using the Metamask and these de=
tails are stored in the block chain as a blocks of data. Each block consist=
s of the data which is encrypted data. Electronic Health Record (EHR) syste=
ms record health-related information on an individual so that it can be con=
sulted by clinicians or staff for patient care. The data is encrypted by th=
e algorithm known as SHA-256 which is used to encrypt all the data of the p=
atients into a single line 256 bit encrypted text which will be stored in t=
he block at etherscan. These records for not only useful for the consultati=
on but also for creation of historic family health information tree that ke=
eps track of genetic health issues and diseases it can also be used for any=
health service with the authorization from both the patient and medical or=
ganization.
______________________________________________________
Sanyal V. Blockchain technology and mental health care in India. Yourstoryi=
n. 2018 Sep 3.
Reference Type: Newspaper Article
Available from: https://=
yourstory.com/2018/09/blockchain-impact-mental-health-care-india
Abstract: There are a lot of mixed feelings about the possible introduction=
of blockchain in the Indian market. A lot of research and development is c=
urrently being conducted and countless man hours being invested in making b=
lockchain technology accessible and user-friendly. The aim of this article =
is to understand the basic principles of the technology, the role it can pl=
ay in the mental health arena, and some of the perceived advantages and dis=
advantages of using the technology. It is important to mention that it is d=
ifficult to fully ascertain the benefits of blockchain at this point in tim=
e.
Until and unless the technology is widely accepted and used, we will not be=
able to come to a realistic conclusion of its effectiveness.
______________________________________________________
Saraf C, Sabadra S. Blockchain platforms: a compendium. 2018 IEEE Internati=
onal Conference on Innovative Research and Development (ICIRD); 2018 May 11=
-12; Bangkok, Thailand. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8376323 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In recent years, cryptocurrencies gained popularity with Bitcoin.=
The main promising technology behind Bitcoin was `Blockchain'. Blockchain =
provided unique features like transactional privacy, system transparency, i=
mmutability of data, security with cryptography, etc. These features paved =
way for Blockchain in advancing many technologies like voting systems, IOT =
applications, supply chain management, banking, healthcare, insurance, etc.=
Blockchain development was boosted with the increasing demand of the techn=
ological update. Many blockchain platforms are available like Hyperledger f=
abric, Ethereum, corda, etc. We always end up with perplexity while choosin=
g a platform for blockchain development. Through our survey, we provide a c=
omparative analysis of all the Hyperledger platforms, Ethereum, Corda to ma=
ke a choice of the platform easily according to the requirement.
______________________________________________________
Saravanan M, Shubha R, Marks AM, Iyer V. SMEAD: a secured mobile enabled as=
sisting device for diabetics monitoring. 2017 IEEE International Conference=
on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS); 2017 Dec 17-20=
; Bhubaneswar, India. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Communications Society.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8384099 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Wearable health devices, mobile apps and diagnostic tools revolut=
ionize the medical field by introducing new assisting devices for patients =
in a way to create comfort, communication and augmented intelligence. Inter=
net of Things involved in this transformation to provide an environment whe=
re a patient's vital parameters get transmitted by sensor devices via a gat=
eway onto secure cloud-based platforms where it is stored, aggregated and a=
nalyzed. It also helps to store data for millions of patients and performs =
analysis in real time, ultimately promoting an evidence-based medicine syst=
em. Privacy and security are concerns in this environment. Based on the lat=
est trends, this paper introduces a new healthcare paradigm named as SMEAD =
by developing an end-to-end secured system for assisting diabetic patients.=
It includes wearables to monitor different parameters thus observe and pre=
dict the diabetes status of the patient. The proposed system employs a MEDI=
BOX which is used to configure the dosage required and provides an alert to=
the users reminding them to take medication on time. In this case, the ins=
ulin dosage is maintained at suitable cooling conditions and is continuousl=
y monitored using the mentioned system. To keep all the data secure and to =
enable access to this data by the doctor and other trusted parties, a Block=
chain-based disruptive technology is implemented which facilitates cryptogr=
aphic security and formalized data access through smart contracts for medic=
al communities. In case of an emergency like missing a dosage, abnormal blo=
od sugar levels or any security lapse, an alert is sent to the caretakers v=
ia social networks like Twitter, Facebook or WhatsApp using mobile as a gat=
eway which can continuously communicate the data over the internet that cou=
ld save patients from fatal effects of the disease.
______________________________________________________
Sato T, Himura Y. Smart-contract based system operations for permissioned b=
lockchain. 2018 9th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobi=
lity and Security (NTMS); 2018 Feb 26-28; Paris, France. Red Hook, NY: Curr=
an Associates, Inc.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8328745 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Enterprises have paid attention to blockchain (BC), recently perm=
issioned BC characterized with smart-contract, where business transactions =
among inter-authorized companies (forming consortium) can automatically be =
executed based on distributed consensus protocol over user-defined business=
logics pre-built with program codes. A single BC system will be built acro=
ss multiple management domains having different operational policies, e.g.,=
datacenter of each organization; this will trigger a problem that its syst=
em operations (e.g., backup) will become time-consuming and costly due to t=
he difficulty in unifying and/or adjusting operational policy, schedule, et=
c. Toward solving the problem, we propose an operations execution method fo=
r BC systems; a primary idea is to define operations as smart-contract so t=
hat unified and synchronized cross-organizational operations can be execute=
d effectively by using BC-native features. We de-sign the proposed method a=
s hybrid architecture including in-BC consensus establishment and out-BC ev=
ent-based instruction execution, in order to be adaptable to the recent het=
erogeneous BC architecture. Performance evaluation using a prototype with H=
yperledger Fabric v1.0 shows that the proposed method can start executing o=
perations within 5 seconds. Furthermore, cost evaluation using model-based =
estimation shows that the total yearly cost of monthly operations on a 5-or=
ganizational BC system could be reduced by 61 percent compared to a convent=
ional manual method.
______________________________________________________
Savelyev A. Copyright in the blockchain era: Promises and challenges. Compu=
t Law Secur Rev. 2017;34(3):550-61. Epub 2017 Dec 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364917303783 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: The paper focuses on various legal-related aspects of the applica=
tion of blockchain technologies in the copyright sphere. Specifically, it o=
utlines the existing challenges for distribution of copyrighted works in th=
e digital environment, how they can be solved with blockchain, and what ass=
ociated issues need to be addressed in this regard. It is argued that block=
chain can introduce long-awaited transparency in matters of copyright owner=
ship chain; substantially mitigate risks of online piracy by enabling contr=
ol over digital copy and creating a civilized market for =E2=80=9Cused=E2=
=80=9D digital content. It also allows to combine the simplicity of applica=
tion of creative commons/open source type of licenses with revenue streams,=
and thus facilitate fair compensation of authors by means of cryptocurrenc=
y payments and Smart contracts. However, these benefits do not come without=
a price: many new issues will need to be resolved to enable the potential =
of blockchain technologies. Among them are: where to store copyrighted cont=
ent (on blockchain or =E2=80=9Coff-chain=E2=80=9D) and the associated need =
to adjust the legal status of online intermediaries; how to find a right ba=
lance between immutable nature of blockchain records and the necessity to a=
djust them due to the very nature of copyright law, which assigns ownership=
based on a set of informal facts, not visible to the public. Blockchain as=
a kind of time stamping service cannot itself ensure the trustworthiness o=
f facts, which originate =E2=80=9Coff-chain=E2=80=9D. More work needs to be=
done on the legal side: special provisions aimed at facilitating user's tr=
ust in blockchain records and their good faith usage of copyrighted works b=
ased on them need to be introduced and transactions with cryptocurrencies h=
ave to be legalized as well as the status of Smart contracts and their lega=
l consequences. Finally, the economics of blockchain copyright management s=
ystems need to be carefully considered in order to ensure that they will ha=
ve necessary network effects. If those issues are resolved in a satisfactor=
y way, blockchain has the potential to rewrite how the copyright industry f=
unctions and digital content is distributed.
______________________________________________________
Schanzenbach M, Bramm G, Sch=C3=BCtte J. ReclaimID: secure, self-sovereign =
identities using name systems and attribute-based encryption. arXiv [Intern=
et]. 2018 May 16 [cited 2019 Feb 17]; 1805.06253:[12 p.]. Available from: <=
a href=3D"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.06253" class=3D"external-link" rel=3D"=
nofollow">https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.06253
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: In this paper we present reclaimID: An architecture that allows u=
sers to reclaim their digital identities by securely sharing identity attri=
butes without the need for a centralised service provider. We propose a des=
ign where user attributes are stored in and shared over a name system under=
user-owned namespaces. Attributes are encrypted using attribute-based encr=
yption (ABE), allowing the user to selectively authorize and revoke access =
of requesting parties to subsets of his attributes. We present an implement=
ation based on the decentralised GNU Name System (GNS) in combination with =
ciphertext-policy ABE using type-1 pairings. To show the practicality of ou=
r implementation, we carried out experimental evaluations of selected imple=
mentation aspects including attribute resolution performance. Finally, we s=
how that our design can be used as a standard OpenID Connect Identity Provi=
der allowing our implementation to be integrated into standard-compliant se=
rvices.
______________________________________________________
Schatsky D, Muraskin C. Beyond bitcoin: blockchain is coming to disrupt you=
r industry. Westlake, TX: 2015 Dec 7. Contract No.: May 26.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www2.deloitte.com/insigh=
ts/us/en/focus/signals-for-strategists/trends-blockchain-bitcoin-security-t=
ransparency.html
Abstract: Blockchain technology can potentially make a great many things mo=
re secure and accountable: financial transactions, micropayments, IoT appli=
cations, health records, corporate audits, and more. If you=E2=80=99re not =
up to speed on blockchain, you need to be.
______________________________________________________
Scheuer E. Health information traceability foundation: a blockchain-based o=
nline marketplace for personal health data. HIT Foundation Zug, 2017 Dec 3.=
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://hi=
t.foundation/wp-content/uploads/hit_foundation_tge_terms.pdf
Abstract: The Health Information Traceability (HIT) Foundation offers a dis=
tributed online marketplace for personal health data that allows users and =
patients to trace data usage and participate in its monetization. The user/=
patient is the one granting access to his data under a smart contract that =
determines the conditions of the data usage by information seekers such as =
market researchers, academic institutions or hospitals. HIT Foundation is t=
he first ecosystem that allows everybody to get rewarded for sharing health=
information digitally instead of paying others to process or store it. The=
HIT token is used as an incentive and aligns the motivation of all network=
participants. At the same time, blockchain technology allows to maintain t=
he privacy of the user/patient. The distributed system supports the global =
execution of new or existing business cases for information seekers on top =
of the HIT platform without the need for intermediaries.
______________________________________________________
Schneider N. Decentralization: an incomplete ambition. J Cult Econ. 2019:1-=
21. Epub 2019 Apr 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.20=
19.1589553 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Decentralization is a term widely used in a variety of contexts, =
particularly in political science and discourses surrounding the Internet. =
It is popular today among advocates of blockchain technology. While frequen=
tly employed as if it were a technical term, decentralization more reliably=
appears to operate as a rhetorical strategy that directs attention toward =
some aspects of a proposed social order and away from others. It is called =
for far more than it is theorized or consistently defined. This non-specifi=
city has served to draw diverse participants into common political and tech=
nological projects. Yet even the most apparently decentralized systems have=
shown the capacity to produce economically and structurally centralized ou=
tcomes. The rhetoric of decentralization thus obscures other aspects of the=
re-ordering it claims to describe. It steers attention from where concentr=
ations of power are operating, deferring worthwhile debate about how such p=
ower should operate. For decentralization to be a reliable concept in formu=
lating future social arrangements and related technologies, it should come =
with high standards of specificity. It also cannot substitute for anticipat=
ing centralization with appropriate mechanisms of accountability.
______________________________________________________
Sch=C3=B6ner MM, Kourouklis D, Sandner P, Gonzalez E, F=C3=B6rster J. Block=
chain technology in the pharmaceutical industry. Frankfurt am Main, Germany=
: Frankfurt School Blockchain Center, 2017.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: http://explore-ip.com/2017_Blockchain-Technology-in-the-Pharmaceutical-I=
ndustry.pdf
Abstract: With this paper, we present a blockchain-based solution to increa=
se supply chain security for the pharmaceutical industry. Supply chain secu=
rity is one aspect that has recently won attention, when the Drug Supply Ch=
ain Security Act (DSCSA) has been implemented in the U.S to, amongst others=
, fight the counterfeit drug problem. During the second "{Life Science} mee=
ts IT" hackathon in Heidelberg a team of enthusiastic young professionals a=
nd students developed a prototype solution that is able to guard people=E2=
=80=99s life with a patient-empowering blockchain solution and won the firs=
t price with their prototype LifeCrypter.
______________________________________________________
Schwerin S. Blockchain and privacy protection in the case of the European G=
eneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A delphi study. J Br Blockchain A=
ssoc. 2018;1(1). Epub 2018 Apr 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/3554-blockchain-and-privacy-pro=
tection-in-the-case-of-the-european-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr=
-a-delphi-study
Abstract: The present work deals with the interrelationships of blockchain =
technology and the new European General Data Protection Regulation, that wi=
ll be intact after May 28th, 2018. The regulation harmonizes personal data =
protection across the European Union and aims to return the ownership of pe=
rsonal data to the individual. This thesis, therefore, addresses the questi=
on how this new technology that is characterized by decentralization, immut=
ability and truly digitized values will be affected by the strict privacy r=
egulation and vice versa. The aim of this work is to clarify whether blockc=
hains can comply with the new regulation on the one hand and to identify ho=
w blockchain could support its compliance, on the other hand. The questions=
are validated through an extensive literature review and are further inves=
tigated by using a Delphi study that asks a panel of 25 renowned experts to=
find opportunities, limitations and general suggestions aboutboth topics. =
In addition, a framework is proposed to support the assessment of privacy a=
nd related risks of blockchains.As a result, it becomes apparent that block=
chains can become more privacy friendly and comply with the regulation if a=
n active dialogue between blockchain developers and regulatory authorities =
helps to strengthen their mutual understanding and work. With the support o=
f this work and the blockchain Privacy Impact Assessment canvas a foundatio=
n for the necessary next steps is laid to overcome the challenges of defini=
ng a data controller or deleting personal data within a blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Scriber BA. A framework for determining blockchain applicability. IEEE Soft=
w. 2018;35(4):70-7. Epub 2018 Jul 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8405623 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Researchers analyzed 23 blockchain implementation projects, each =
tracked for design decisions and architectural alignment showing benefits, =
detriments, or no effects from blockchain use. The results provide the basi=
s for a framework that lets engineers, architects, investors, and project l=
eaders evaluate blockchain technology's suitability for a given application=
. This analysis also led to an understanding of why some domains are inhere=
ntly problematic for blockchains. Blockchains can be used to solve some tru=
st-based problems but aren't always the best or optimal technology. Some pr=
oblems that can be solved using them can also be solved using simpler metho=
ds that don't necessitate as big an investment.
______________________________________________________
Sebastian MP. Smart hospitals: challenges and opportunities. Kozhikode, Ker=
ala, India,: Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, 2019 Mar. Report No.=
: 315.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://EconPapers.repec.org/Re=
PEc:iik:wpaper:315
Abstract: Smart healthcare technologies are widely in use for the preventio=
n and early diagnosis of diseases and are instrumental in transforming conv=
entional medical care to patient-centric care. However, the traditional hos=
pitals cannot entirely be replaced by home health systems, rather forcing t=
hem to become smart. The future smart hospitals are expected to have artifi=
cial intelligence (AI) tools for performing the patient diagnosis and robot=
s for performing surgeries. The physicians will have the managing role, whi=
ch could be performed through a touchscreen. This paper explores the challe=
nges and opportunities associated with smart hospitals, and how they contri=
bute to the objective of quality healthcare for everyone. The methodology u=
sed for the research is literature review. Machines do not have the common =
sense and blindly do what human beings instruct them to do. Thus, in spite =
of the digitalization and technology transformation of the healthcare proce=
sses, we cannot have hospitals without the human element.
______________________________________________________
Shabani M. Blockchain-based platforms for genomic data sharing: a de-centra=
lized approach in response to the governance problems? J Am Med Inform Asso=
c. 2019;26(1):76-80. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://academic.=
oup.com/jamia/article-abstract/26/1/76/5211361 Subscription required to=
view.
Abstract: Blockchain-based platforms are emerging to provide solutions for =
technical and governance challenges associated with genomic data sharing. P=
roviding capabilities for distributed data stewardship and participatory ac=
cess control along with effective ways for enforcement of the data access a=
greements and data ownership are among the major promises of these platform=
s.
______________________________________________________
Shae Z, Tsai J. Transform blockchain into distributed parallel computing ar=
chitecture for precision medicine. In: IEEE Computer Society, editor. 2018 =
IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)=
; 2018 Jul 2-6; Vienna, Austria. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society; 201=
8. p. 1290-9.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8416392 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: This paper provides a vision and proposes mechanisms to transform=
the blockchain duplicated computing into distributed parallel computing ar=
chitecture by transforming smart contract which features data driven from t=
he ground up to support moving computing to native data strategy. This new =
distributed parallel computing architecture can be employed to build a larg=
e size of data set from various distributed hosted medical data sets which =
might consist of personal electronic medical record (EMR) and various medic=
al data. This large medical data set will enable researchers to jump start =
the deep learning research for medical domain. Distributed data management,=
distributed data sharing, and distributed learning are the core mechanisms=
in the new architecture. The required new researches and developments to e=
mploy Google federated learning and transfer learning algorithms in this ne=
w architecture are discussed. The approach and mechanism enabled by the new=
architecture is illustrated to build a real world evidence of clinical tri=
al toward personal and precision medicine. Research issues and technical ch=
allenges are provided.
______________________________________________________
Shae Z, Tsai JJP. On the design of a blockchain platform for clinical trial=
and precision medicine. In: Musaev A, Ferreira JE, Higashino T, IEEE Compu=
ter Society, editors. 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distribute=
d Computing Systems (ICDCS); 2017 Jun 5-8; Atlanta, GA. Piscataway, NJ: IEE=
E Computer Society; 2017. p. 1972-80.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/7980138 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: This paper proposes a blockchain platform architecture for clinic=
al trial and precision medicine and discusses various design aspects and pr=
ovides some insights in the technology requirements and challenges. We iden=
tify 4 new system architecture components that are required to be built on =
top of traditional blockchain and discuss their technology challenges in ou=
r blockchain platform: (a) a new blockchain based general distributed and p=
arallel computing paradigm component to devise and study parallel computing=
methodology for big data analytics, (b) blockchain application data manage=
ment component for data integrity, big data integration, and integrating di=
sparity of medical related data, (c) verifiable anonymous identity manageme=
nt component for identity privacy for both person and Internet of Things (I=
oT) devices and secure data access to make possible of the patient centric =
medicine, and (d) trust data sharing management component to enable a trust=
medical data ecosystem for collaborative research.
______________________________________________________
Shahaab A, Lidgey B, Hewage C, Khan I. Applicability and appropriateness of=
distributed ledgers consensus protocols in public and private sectors: a s=
ystematic review. IEEE Access. 2019;7:43622-36. Epub 2019 Mar 21.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8672572
Abstract: Advancement of consensus protocols in recent years has enabled di=
stributed ledger technologies (DLTs) to find its application and value in s=
ectors beyond cryptocurrencies. Here we reviewed 66 known consensus protoco=
ls and classified them into philosophical and architectural categories, als=
o providing a visual representation. As a case study, we focus on the publi=
c sector and highlighted potential protocols. We have also listed these pro=
tocols against basic features and sector preference in a tabular format to =
facilitate selection. We argue that no protocol is a silver bullet, therefo=
re should be selected carefully, considering the sector requirements and en=
vironment.
______________________________________________________
Shbair WM, Steichen M, Fran=C3=A7ois J, State R. Blockchain orchestration a=
nd experimentation framework: a case study of KYC. NOMS 2018 - 2018 IEEE/IF=
IP Network Operations and Management Symposium; 2018 Apr 23-27; Taipei, Tai=
wan. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: http://publications.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/35467/1/blockchai=
n-orchestration-experimentation.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8406327 Subscription required to =
view.
Abstract: Conducting experiments to evaluate blockchain applications is a c=
hallenging task for developers, because there is a range of configuration p=
arameters that control blockchain environment. Many public testnets (e.g. R=
inkeby Ethereum) can be used for testing, however, we cannot adjust their p=
arameters (e.g. Gas limit, Mining difficulty) to further the understanding =
of the application in question and of the employed blockchain. This paper p=
roposes an easy to use orchestration framework over the Grid'5000 platform.=
Grid'5000 is a highly reconfigurable and controllable large-scale testbed.=
We developed a tool that facilitates nodes reservation, deployment and blo=
ckchain configuration over the Grid'5000 platform. In addition, our tool ca=
n fine-tune blockchain and network parameters before and between experiment=
s. The proposed framework offers insights for private and consortium blockc=
hain developers to identify performance bottlenecks and to assess the behav=
ior of their applications in different circumstances.
______________________________________________________
Shen B, Guo J, Yang Y. MedChain: efficient healthcare data sharing via bloc=
kchain. Appl Sci. 2019;9(6):1207. Epub 2019 Mar 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/6/1207=
Abstract: Healthcare information exchange is an important research topic, w=
hich can benefit both healthcare providers and patients. In healthcare data=
sharing, many cloud-based solutions have been proposed, but the trustworth=
iness of a third-party cloud service is questionable. Recently, blockchain =
has been introduced in healthcare record sharing, which does not rely on tr=
usting a third party. However, existing approaches only focus on the record=
s collected from medical examination. They are not efficient in sharing dat=
a streams continuously generated from sensors and other monitoring devices.=
Today, IoT devices have been widely deployed and sensors and mobile applic=
ations can monitor patients & body conditions. The collected data are s=
hared to laboratories and institutions for diagnosis and further study. Mor=
eover, existing approaches are too rigid to efficiently support metadata ch=
ange. In this paper, an efficient data-sharing scheme is proposed, called M=
edChain, which combines blockchain, digest chain, and structured P2P networ=
k techniques to overcome the above efficiency issues in the existing approa=
ches for sharing both types of healthcare data. Based on MedChain, a sessio=
n-based healthcare data-sharing scheme is devised, which brings flexibility=
in data sharing. The evaluation results show that MedChain can achieve hig=
her efficiency and satisfy the security requirements in data sharing.
______________________________________________________
Shen Y, Chen D, Tang B, Yang M, Lei K. EAPB: entropy-aware path-based metri=
c for ontology quality. J Biomed Semantics. 2018;9(1):20. Epub 2018 Aug 10.=
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://j=
biomedsem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13326-018-0188-7
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Entropy has become increasingly popular in computer s=
cience and information theory because it can be used to measure the predict=
ability and redundancy of knowledge bases, especially ontologies. However, =
current entropy applications that evaluate ontologies consider only single-=
point connectivity rather than path connectivity, and they assign equal wei=
ghts to each entity and path. RESULTS: We propose an Entropy-Aware Path-Bas=
ed (EAPB) metric for ontology quality by considering the path information b=
etween different vertices and textual information included in the path to c=
alculate the connectivity path of the whole network and dynamic weights bet=
ween different nodes. The information obtained from structure-based embeddi=
ng and text-based embedding is multiplied by the connectivity matrix of the=
entropy computation. EAPB is analytically evaluated against the state-of-t=
he-art criteria. We have performed empirical analysis on real-world medical=
ontologies and a synthetic ontology based on the following three aspects: =
ontology statistical information (data quantity), entropy evaluation (data =
quality), and a case study (ontology structure and text visualization). The=
se aspects mutually demonstrate the reliability of the proposed metric. The=
experimental results show that the proposed EAPB can effectively evaluate =
ontologies, especially those in the medical informatics field. CONCLUSIONS:=
We leverage path information and textual information to enrich the network=
representational learning and aid in entropy computation. The analytics an=
d assessments of semantic web can benefit from the structure information bu=
t also the text information. We believe that EAPB is helpful for managing o=
ntology development and evaluation projects. Our results are reproducible a=
nd we will release the source code and ontology of this work after publicat=
ion. (Source code and ontology: https://=
github.com/AnonymousResearcher1/ontologyEvaluate ).
______________________________________________________
Shen Y, Yuan K, Yang M, Tang B, Li Y, Du N, et al. KMR: knowledge-oriented =
medicine representation learning for drug-drug interaction and similarity c=
omputation. J Cheminform. 2019;11(1):22. Epub 2019 Mar 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://jch=
eminf.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13321-019-0342-y
Abstract: Efficient representations of drugs provide important support for =
healthcare analytics, such as drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction and dr=
ug-drug similarity (DDS) computation. However, incomplete annotated data an=
d drug feature sparseness create substantial barriers for drug representati=
on learning, making it difficult to accurately identify new drug properties=
prior to public release. To alleviate these deficiencies, we propose KMR, =
a knowledge-oriented feature-driven method which can learn drug related kno=
wledge with an accurate representation. We conduct series of experiments on=
real-world medical datasets to demonstrate that KMR is capable of drug rep=
resentation learning. KMR can support to discover meaningful DDI with an ac=
curacy rate of 92.19%, demonstrating that techniques developed in KMR signi=
ficantly improve the prediction quality for new drugs not seen at training.=
Experimental results also indicate that KMR can identify DDS with an accur=
acy rate of 88.7% by facilitating drug knowledge, outperforming existing st=
ate-of-the-art drug similarity measures.
______________________________________________________
Shifrin M, Khavtorin A, Stepurin V, Zingerman B. Blockchain as a process co=
ntrol tool for healthcare. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2019;262:172-5. Epub=
2019 Jul 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/51707 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The blockchain is one of the most popular information technologie=
s and, at the same time, it was discredited by stories about crashes of mul=
tiple cryptocurrency projects. Even though this technology has recently fou=
nd application in many areas not related to cryptocurrencies, mainly for se=
curity purposes, the attitude towards it remains wary. Herein we shall try =
to demonstrate that blockchain is something going far beyond cryptocurrency=
and security issues, and may become one of the fundamental information tec=
hnologies in future healthcare.
______________________________________________________
Shuaib K, Saleous H, Shuaib K, Zaki N. Blockchains for secure digitized med=
icine. J Pers Med. 2019;9(3). Epub 2019 Jul 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/9/3/35
Abstract: Blockchain as an emerging technology has been gaining in populari=
ty, with more possible applications to utilize the technology in the near f=
uture. With the offer of a decentralized, distributed environment without t=
he need for a third trusted party (TTP), blockchains are being used to solv=
e issues in systems that are susceptible to cyberattacks. One possible fiel=
d that could benefit from blockchains that researchers have been focusing o=
n is healthcare. Current healthcare information systems face several challe=
nges, such as fragmented patient data, centralized systems which are viewed=
as single points of attacks, and the lack of patient-oriented services. In=
this paper, we investigate and analyze recent literature related to the us=
e of blockchains to tackle issues found in modern healthcare information sy=
stems. This is done to understand issues that researchers commonly focus on=
, to discover remaining areas of concern in any proposed solution, and to u=
nderstand the possible directions of the integration of blockchains in heal=
thcare and personalized medicine. Background information regarding blockcha=
ins and existing healthcare information systems is reviewed, followed by th=
e methodology used in the preparation of this review, where the research qu=
estions to consider are stated. Afterwards, an analysis of the results is p=
rovided, concluding with a discussion of the remaining issues that need to =
be focused on, and how blockchains could benefit the healthcare sector and =
empower personalized medicine.
______________________________________________________
Shubbar S. Ultrasound medical imaging systems using telemedicine and blockc=
hain for remote monitoring of responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in wome=
n's breast cancer: concept and implementation [Master's Thesis]: Kent State=
University; 2017.
Reference Type: Thesis
Available from: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=3Dke=
nt1493646959335823&disposition=3Dattachment
Abstract: Malignant tumors are a worldwide concern. Breast cancer is the mo=
st common cause of death among women and is ranked as the second most serio=
us malignant tumor in women, after lung cancer. Consequently, different tec=
hniques and technologies have been studied, researched, and developed to de=
tect breast cancer at an early stage. Early diagnosis contributes to the pr=
eservation of lives in both developed and developing countries. The surviva=
l rate increases dramatically when the cancer tumors are discovered via a s=
creening process before the appearance of cancer symptoms. Therefore, monit=
oring the responses of breast cancer patients and detecting the presence of=
new lesions are the main intended outcomes of this research. In this resea=
rch, we use a breast ultrasound imaging technique to monitor the response o=
f breast cancer patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (the systemic=
therapy of breast cancer before surgical therapy), as well as detecting ne=
w tumors which may arise during treatment. In this technique, the Support V=
ector Machine (SVM) algorithm is used for image classification, and the reg=
ionprops tool in Matlab is used for calculating the tumor size. SVM is a su=
pervised learning method that is used for classification and regression pre=
dictive problems. In this work, SVM is considered as a binary classifier by=
which the abnormalities in the breast tissues can be distinguished, and th=
en it can be determined whether these abnormalities are cancerous or not. T=
o establish remote healthcare to monitor cancerous tumors treatments, telec=
ommunication infrastructure through primarily Teleradiology and blockchain =
technology along with smart contract will be used. Blockchain technology is=
deemed as one of the main components of Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The smart =
contract concept is a collection of code that is governing something import=
ant or valuable in the blockchain. This remote healthcare will be achieved =
through specialized medical centers as well as technologies in patient home=
s. Based on prior research in the area of medical imaging techniques, the S=
upport Vector Machines algorithm has the capability to achieve precise appr=
oximations with fast convergence. Additionally, the SVM algorithm has other=
features (e.g., it is computationally less expensive and yields good resul=
ts based on strong mathematical foundations) which satisfy the best require=
ments of breast imaging technology.
______________________________________________________
Siyal AA, Junejo ZA, Zawish M, Ahmed K, Khalil A, Soursou G. Applications o=
f blockchain technology in medicine and healthcare: challenges and future p=
erspectives. Cryptography. 2019;3(1):1-16. Epub 2019 Jan 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/3/1/3
=
Abstract: Blockchain technology has gained considerable attention, with an =
escalating interest in a plethora of numerous applications, ranging from da=
ta management, financial services, cyber security, IoT, and food science to=
healthcare industry and brain research. There has been a remarkable intere=
st witnessed in utilizing applications of blockchain for the delivery of sa=
fe and secure healthcare data management. Also, blockchain is reforming the=
traditional healthcare practices to a more reliable means, in terms of eff=
ective diagnosis and treatment through safe and secure data sharing. In the=
future, blockchain could be a technology that may potentially help in pers=
onalized, authentic, and secure healthcare by merging the entire real-time =
clinical data of a patient's health and presenting it in an up-to-date secu=
re healthcare setup. In this paper, we review both the existing and latest =
developments in the field of healthcare by implementing blockchain as a mod=
el. We also discuss the applications of blockchain, along with the challeng=
es faced and future perspectives.
______________________________________________________
Skiba DJ. The potential of blockchain in education and health care. Nurs Ed=
uc Perspect. 2017;38(4):220-1. Epub 2017 Jun 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://journals.lww.com/neponline/Citation/2017=
/07000/The_Potential_of_Blockchain_in_Education_and.17.aspx Subscriptio=
n required to view.
Abstract: In our nursing program, we require a transcript for every course =
taken at any university or college, and it is always frustrating when we ha=
ve to wait for copies to arrive before making our decisions. To be honest, =
if a candidate took Religion 101 at a community college and later transferr=
ed to the BSN program, I would be willing to pass on the community college =
transcript, but the admissions office is less flexible. And, although we us=
ed to be able to ask the student to have another copy sent if we did not ha=
ve a transcript in the file, we now must wait for the student to have the c=
ollege upload the transcript into an admissions system and wait for verific=
ation. I can assure you, most nurses, like other students today, take a lot=
of courses across many colleges without getting a degree. I sometimes have=
as many as 10 transcripts to review.
When I saw an article titled =E2=80=9CBlockchain: Letting Students Own Thei=
r Credentials=E2=80=9D (Schaffnauser, 2017), I was therefore intrigued. I h=
ad already heard of blockchain as a tool to take the middleman out of the l=
oop when doing financial transactions with Bitcoin. Now the thought of stud=
ents owning their own credentials got me thinking about the movement toward=
new forms of credentialing from professional organizations (e.g., badges, =
certification documents). Hence, my decision to explore blockchain and its =
potential.
______________________________________________________
Smith KJ, Dhillon G. Blockchain for digital crime prevention: the case of h=
ealth informatics. In. Proceedings of the 23rd Americas Conference on Infor=
mation Systems; 2017 Aug 10-12; Boston, MA. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates=
, Inc.; 2017. p. 2135-44.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ai=
sel.aisnet.org/amcis2017/InformationSystems/Presentations/1/
Abstract: Blockchain implementation in Health Informatics is a significant =
challenge in a rapidly evolving era of privacy and security concerns. Deali=
ng with such concerns, healthcare institutions are presented with a serious=
problem in how to manage new technology and allocate finite resources to m=
aximize value. It is important to understand how organizations address thes=
e concerns by exploring blockchain implementation management in the context=
of cybersecurity. The problem question is twofold: First, how can objectiv=
es that are important based on the strategic values of an organization with=
regard to the implementation of blockchain technology be used to ensure pr=
ivacy and security of vulnerable patient data? Second, how can these object=
ives then be used to evaluate proposed solutions for blockchain implementat=
ion in electronic medical record systems? In this paper we utilize Keeney's=
(1992) value focused thinking to demonstrate how the process can occur to =
maximize value-add within healthcare organizations.
______________________________________________________
Stawicki S, Firstenberg M, Papadimos T. What's new in academic medicine? Bl=
ockchain technology in health-care: bigger, better, fairer, faster, and lea=
ner. Int J Acad Med. 2018;4(1):1-11. Epub 2018 Apr 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.ijam-web.org/text.a=
sp?2018/4/1/1/230844
Abstract: Computers and other electronic devices permeate our lives. The wo=
rld as we know it would not be possible without the increasingly pervasive =
incorporation of technological advances into essentially every single facet=
of our daily routines. Although steady and relentless progress in this are=
a can be traced back to the 1950's, accelerated growth began in the late 19=
90s and early 2000s with the so-called =E2=80=9Cinternet revolution.=E2=80=
=9D As a result, previously unforeseen increases in productivity, automatio=
n, and standards of living became possible. Beyond obvious economic effects=
of this tremendous paradigm shift, the incorporation of technological adva=
nces into various aspects of our daily lives led to the transformation of o=
ur social fabric and the way we see (and interact with) the world.
Inherent to the widespread adoption of ever more efficient electronic devic=
es was the systemic capacity to create a distributed database of records, a=
=E2=80=9Cpublic ledger=E2=80=9D or sorts, where all transactions or =E2=80=
=9Cdigital events=E2=80=9D that have occurred are shared among participatin=
g parties. A blockchain is such a functionality, where information =E2=80=
=93 once entered =E2=80=93 can never be erased, where each transaction in t=
his =E2=80=9Cpublic ledger=E2=80=9D is verified by consensus of a system-wi=
de majority of participants. It has been postulated that the blockchain tec=
hnology is one of the most innovative and disruptive developments in histor=
y, effectively creating =E2=80=9C=E2=80=A6a public ledger of value transfer=
=E2=80=A6=E2=80=9D readily applicable to =E2=80=9C=E2=80=A6information, cop=
yright, deeds, wills, almost anything you think of=E2=80=A6.=E2=80=9D
As academic physicians, it is only natural for us to ask, =E2=80=9CHow coul=
d this technology be of benefit to the academic medical community?=E2=80=9D=
In this Editorial, we will present a brief overview of the blockchain tech=
nology, its current and future applications in medicine and academia, as we=
ll as the potential to revolutionize how medical care, insurance and paymen=
t systems, academic recognition, and scientific merit can all be objectiviz=
ed globally through implementing existing blockchain-based solutions.
______________________________________________________
Stawicki SP, Galwankar SC, Clarke S, Craig I, Larionovs A, Wyszynski M, et =
al. Roadmap for the development of academic and medical applications of blo=
ckchain technology: joint statement from OPUS 12 Global and Litecoin Cash F=
oundation. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2019;12(1):64-7. Epub 2019 May 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC6496988/
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] Technological progress is reshaping multiple do=
mains of human activity, from financial transactions to medical care. This =
paradigm shift represents a global movement that will transform our lives f=
or generations to come. The democratization of decision-making capacity, in=
cluding consensus-based mechanisms for transaction verification, will enabl=
e global implementation of projects that were previously not feasible becau=
se of the requirement for centralized control. Blockchain represents a dece=
ntralized ledger technology that operates by consensus and serves to democr=
atize decision-making processes and to disintermediate traditionally unders=
tood intermediaries. According to Deutsche Bank forecasts, by mid-2020's, a=
pproximately 10% of the worldwide gross domestic product could be regulated=
by blockchain-based solutions. It is estimated that more than $400 billion=
will be invested in this technology in 2019 to advance its capabilities. W=
ithin this broader context, it is important to understand that cryptocurren=
cies and financial transactions constitute only one small aspect of the blo=
ckchain concept, which also incorporates areas like verification, transpare=
ncy, encryption, and maintenance of data integrity.
______________________________________________________
Steinwandter V, Herwig C. Provable data integrity in the pharmaceutical ind=
ustry based on version control systems and the blockchain. PDA J Pharm Sci =
Technol. 2019. Epub 2019 Feb 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http=
://journal.pda.org/content/early/2019/02/05/pdajpst.2018.009407.abstract Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In the pharmaceutical industry, process validation tasks are base=
d on the generated process raw and derived analytical results. Risks to fai=
l in process validation, affect both, the patient's safety as well as the e=
conomic success of the manufacturing company. Hence, data integrity is high=
ly critical in this area. Regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, reacted to =
past data integrity breaches, by publishing new guidelines on data integrit=
y for the correct handling of data in the pharmaceutical context. In this c=
ontribution, we want to show how data integrity can be improved on a techno=
logical level, removing the need for trusted third parties and centralized =
systems for this task. Therefore, we implemented an approach that uses exis=
ting tools, today mostly used by software developers, and combined them wit=
h a new smart contract built on top of the Ethereum blockchain. In a case s=
tudy, we test how data manipulation or back-dating of results can be easily=
detected and how regulatory agencies can audit the complete data flow, fro=
m the regulatory report back to the original raw data. The results of this =
contribution outline a possible roadmap for the development of production-r=
eady tools, like versioned database systems that natively interoperate with=
distributed ledgers. This will improve the trustworthiness of pharmaceutic=
al manufacturing data by doing both, protecting the intellectual property o=
f the industrial company and improving the safety of the patients.
______________________________________________________
Stewart I, Ilie D, Zamyatin A, Werner S, Torshizi MF, Knottenbelt WJ. Commi=
tting to quantum resistance: a slow defence for bitcoin against a fast quan=
tum computing attack. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(6):180410. Epub 2018.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://royalsoci=
etypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.180410
Abstract: Quantum computers are expected to have a dramatic impact on numer=
ous fields due to their anticipated ability to solve classes of mathematica=
l problems much more efficiently than their classical counterparts. This pa=
rticularly applies to domains involving integer factorization and discrete =
logarithms, such as public key cryptography. In this paper, we consider the=
threats a quantum-capable adversary could impose on Bitcoin, which current=
ly uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to sign tran=
sactions. We then propose a simple but slow commit-delay-reveal protocol, w=
hich allows users to securely move their funds from old (non-quantum-resist=
ant) outputs to those adhering to a quantum-resistant digital signature sch=
eme. The transition protocol functions even if ECDSA has already been compr=
omised. While our scheme requires modifications to the Bitcoin protocol, th=
ese can be implemented as a soft fork.
______________________________________________________
Sulkowski AJ. Blockchain, business supply chains, sustainability, and law: =
the future of governance, legal frameworks, and lawyers? Del J Corp L [Inte=
rnet]. 2018 Oct 7 [cited 2019 Feb 27]; 43(Forthcoming):[25 p.]. Available f=
rom: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3D3262291
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: Blockchain technology has been hailed as the next disruptive leap=
forward in data sciences. Most legal scholarship related to the topic has =
focused on its relevance to finance, but it could revolutionize business su=
pply chains. Specifically, blockchain-enabled solutions are expected to imp=
rove the reliability of data related to supply chains and to help businesse=
s eliminate fraud, inefficiencies, waste, and harms to people and the envir=
onment. Despite the surrounding hype, this paper will explain why the promi=
se of distributed electronic ledgers will only be realized in the context o=
f effective governance and legal frameworks. This paper draws upon scholarl=
y articles and the opinions of entrepreneurs actively engaged in bringing b=
lockchain-enabled technologies to market to arrive at two sets of related c=
onclusions. First, that the benefits of the technology =E2=80=94 including =
its potential to help businesses prosper while eliminating societal and env=
ironmental harms =E2=80=94 will only be realized in the context of enabling=
frameworks of law. Second, the author articulates how the role of the lega=
l profession vis-=C3=A0-vis business clients will evolve in the era of bloc=
kchain-enabled business supply chain optimization.
______________________________________________________
Sullivan C, Burger E. E-residency and blockchain. Comput Law Secur Rev. 201=
7;33(4):470-81. Epub 2017 May 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364917300845 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: In December 2014, Estonia became the first nation to open its dig=
ital borders to enable anyone, anywhere in the world to apply to become an =
e-Resident. Estonian e-Residency is essentially a commercial initiative. Th=
e e-ID issued to Estonian e-Residents enables commercial activities with th=
e public and private sectors. It does not provide citizenship in its tradit=
ional sense, and the e-ID provided to e-Residents is not a travel document.=
However, in many ways it is an international =E2=80=98passport=E2=80=99 to=
the virtual world. E-Residency is a profound change and the recent announc=
ement that the Estonian government is now partnering with Bitnation to offe=
r a public notary service to Estonian e-Residents based on blockchain techn=
ology is of significance. The application of blockchain to e-Residency has =
the potential to fundamentally change the way identity information is contr=
olled and authenticated. This paper examines the legal, policy, and technic=
al implications of this development.
______________________________________________________
Sun Y, Zhang R, Wang X, Gao K, Liu L. A decentralizing attribute-based sign=
ature for healthcare blockchain. 2018 27th International Conference on Comp=
uter Communication and Networks (ICCCN); 2018 Jul 30-Aug 2; Hangzhou, China=
. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8487349 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain is one of the technology innovations for sharing data =
across organizations through a peer to peer overlay network. Many blockchai=
n- based data sharing applications, such as sharing Electronic Health Recor=
ds (EHRs) among different Care Delivery Organizations (CDOs), require priva=
cy preserving verification services with dual capabilities. On one hand, th=
e users want to verify the authenticity of EHR data as well as the identity=
of the signer. On the other hand, the signer wants to keep his real identi=
ty private such that others cannot trace and infer his identity information=
. However, typical blockchain systems that use pseudonyms as public keys, s=
uch as Bitcoin's blockchain, cannot support such privacy-preserving verific=
ation. In such systems, it is hard to verify the authenticity of signer's i=
dentity, and adversaries or curious parties can guess the real identity fro=
m the series of statements and actions taken with a specific pseudonym thro=
ugh inference attacks, such as by transaction graph analysis. In this paper=
, we propose a decentralized attribute- based signature scheme for healthca=
re blockchain, which provides efficient privacy-preserving verification of =
authenticity of EHR data and signer's identity. We also describe a holistic=
on-chain and off- chain collaborative storage system for efficient storage=
and verification EHR data. The analysis and experiments show that our sche=
me is effective and deployable.
______________________________________________________
Sutherland WJ, Barnard P, Broad S, Clout M, Connor B, Cote IM, et al. A 201=
7 horizon scan of emerging issues for global conservation and biological di=
versity. Trends Ecol Evol. 2017;32(1):31-40. Epub 2016 Dec 9.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http=
s://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(16)30218-X
Abstract: We present the results of our eighth annual horizon scan of emerg=
ing issues likely to affect global biological diversity, the environment, a=
nd conservation efforts in the future. The potential effects of these novel=
issues might not yet be fully recognized or understood by the global conse=
rvation community, and the issues can be regarded as both opportunities and=
risks. A diverse international team with collective expertise in horizon s=
canning, science communication, and conservation research, practice, and po=
licy reviewed 100 potential issues and identified 15 that qualified as emer=
ging, with potential substantial global effects. These issues include new d=
evelopments in energy storage and fuel production, sand extraction, potenti=
al solutions to combat coral bleaching and invasive marine species, and blo=
ckchain technology.
______________________________________________________
Svikhart RT. Blockchain=E2=80=99s big hurdle. Stan L Rev Online. 2017;70:10=
0-11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://review.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploa=
ds/sites/3/2017/11/70-Stan.-L.-Rev.-Online-100-Svikhart.pdf
Abstract: Blockchain technology can maintain accurate chains of title to se=
curities and other legal instruments in a reliable electronic form. As priv=
ate industries begin to recognize the cost-saving and risk-reducing potenti=
al of this technology, state legislatures are responding. Arizona=E2=80=99s=
H.B. 2417 is a prototypical state solution. In essence, the law requires p=
arties to treat blockchain-secured records, signatures, and smart contract =
terms as =E2=80=9Celectronic signatures=E2=80=9D under Arizona=E2=80=99s ve=
rsion of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), which prohibits pa=
rties from denying electronic signatures legal effect because of their elec=
tronic form. This important categorization lends the infant technology lega=
l legitimacy and invites world-changing innovation.
______________________________________________________
Swan M. Blockchain thinking: the brain as a DAC (decentralized autonomous o=
rganization). Texas Bitcoin Conference; 2015 Mar 29; Austin, TX.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: ht=
tps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ac86/2c394d5233d7fea85cdf45848b354b0a12b4.pd=
f
Abstract: Blockchains are a new form of information technology that could h=
ave several important future applications. One is blockchain thinking, form=
ulating thinking as a blockchain process. This could have benefits for both=
artificial intelligence and human enhancement, and their potential integra=
tion. Blockchain thinking is outlined here as an input-processing- output c=
omputational system. Its benefits might include the ability to orchestrate =
digital mindfile uploads, advocate for digital intelligences in future time=
frames, implement smart- contract based utility functions, instantiate thin=
king as a power law, and facilitate the enactment of Friendly AI. Blockchai=
n thinking might give rise to new forms of consensus models such as self-mi=
ning ecologies and proof of intelligence, and make use of demurrage princip=
les to redistribute brain currencies like ideas and potentiation. Blockchai=
n thinking might be a tool for the immediate progress of intelligence, and =
also for the longer-term transition to a world of multispecies intelligence=
living cohesively and productively in digital societies.
______________________________________________________
Sylim P, Liu F, Marcelo A, Fontelo P. Blockchain technology for detecting f=
alsified and substandard drugs in distribution: pharmaceutical supply chain=
intervention. JMIR Res Protoc. 2018;7(9):e10163. Epub 2018 Sep 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.researchprotocols.or=
g/2018/9/e10163/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Drug counterfeiting is a global problem with signific=
ant risks to consumers and the general public. In the Philippines, 30% of i=
nspected drug stores in 2003 were found with substandard/spurious/falsely-l=
abeled/falsified/counterfeit drugs. The economic burden on the population d=
rug expenditures and on governments is high. The Philippine Food and Drug A=
dministration (FDA) encourages the public to check the certificates of prod=
uct registration and report any instances of counterfeiting. The National P=
olice of Philippines responds to such reports through a special task force.=
However, no literature on its impact on the distribution of such drugs wer=
e found. Blockchain technology is a cryptographic ledger that is allegedly =
immutable through repeated sequential hashing and fault-tolerant through a =
consensus algorithm. This project will develop and test a pharmacosurveilla=
nce blockchain system that will support information sharing along the offic=
ial drug distribution network. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a phar=
macosurveillance blockchain system and test its functions in a simulated ne=
twork. METHODS: We are developing a Distributed Application (DApp) that wil=
l run on smart contracts, employing Swarm as the Distributed File System (D=
FS). Two instances will be developed: one for Ethereum and another for Hype=
rledger Fabric. The proof-of-work (PoW) consensus algorithm of Ethereum wil=
l be modified into a delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) or practical Byzantine=
fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm as it is scalable and fits the =
drug supply chain environment. The system will adopt the GS1 pedigree stand=
ard and will satisfy the data points in the data standardization guidelines=
from the US FDA. Simulations will use the following 5 nodes: for FDA, manu=
facturer, wholesaler, retailer, and the consumer portal. RESULTS: Developme=
nt is underway. The design of the system will place FDA in a supervisory da=
ta verification role, with each pedigree type-specific data source serving =
a primary data verification role. The supply chain process will be initiate=
d by the manufacturer, with recursive verification for every transaction. I=
t will allow consumers to scan a code printed on the receipt of their purch=
ases to review the drug distribution history. CONCLUSIONS: Development and =
testing will be conducted in a simulated network, and thus, results may dif=
fer from actual practice. The project being proposed is disruptive; once te=
sted, the team intends to engage the Philippine FDA to discuss implementati=
on plans and formulate policies to facilitate adoption and sustainability. =
REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER: RR1-10.2196/10163.
______________________________________________________
Takemiya M, Vanieiev B. Sora identity: secure, digital identity on the bloc=
kchain. In: Reisman S, IEEE Computer Society, editors. 2018 IEEE 42nd Annua=
l Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC); 2018 Jul 23-27; =
Tokyo, Japan. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society; 2018. p. 582-7.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8377927 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Digital identity is the cornerstone of a digital economy. However=
, proving identity remotely is difficult to do. To complicate things furthe=
r, identity is usually not a global, absolute construct, but the informatio=
n shared with different parties differs, based on the relationship to the u=
ser. Therefore, a viable solution for digital identity should enable users =
to have full control over their personal information and share only the inf=
ormation that they wish to share with each service. Blockchain technology c=
an help to realize a self-sovereign identity that puts the user in control =
of her information, by enabling a decentralized way to handle public key in=
frastructure. In the current contribution, we present the Sora identity sys=
tem, which is a mobile app that utilizes blockchain technology to create a =
secure protocol for storing encrypted personal information, as well as shar=
ing verifiable claims about personal information.
______________________________________________________
Tang C, Li C, Yu X, Zheng Z, Chen Z. Cooperative mining in blockchain netwo=
rks with zero-determinant strategies. IEEE Trans Cybern. 2019;In press. Epu=
b 2019 May 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document=
/8720232 Subscription requied to view.
Abstract: In proof-of-work (PoW)-based blockchain networks, the miners cont=
ribute their distributed computation in solving a crypto-puzzle competition=
to win the reward. To secure stable profits, some miners organize mining p=
ools and share the rewards from the pool in proportion to each miner's cont=
ribution. However, some miners may exhibit malicious behaviors which cause =
a waste of distributed computation resource, even posing a threat on the ef=
ficiency of blockchain networks. In this paper, we propose a new game-theor=
etic framework to incentivize miners mining honestly and help to bring abou=
t a higher total welfare of blockchain networks. We first formulate the min=
ing process as a noncooperative iterated game. We then propose a mechanism =
in terms of zero-determinant strategies (ZD strategies) to encourage the co=
operative mining and improve the efficiency of mining in PoW-based blockcha=
in networks. In addition, we theoretically analyze the maximum system welfa=
re of the target pool through the method of optimization. Numerical illustr=
ations are also presented to support our theoretical results.
______________________________________________________
Tang F, Ma S, Xiang Y, Lin C. An efficient authentication scheme for blockc=
hain-based electronic health records. IEEE Access. 2019;7:41678-89. Epub 20=
19 Mar 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8666709
Abstract: In traditional electronic health records (EHRs), medical-related =
information is generally separately controlled by different hospitals and t=
hus it leads to the inconvenience of information sharing. Cloud-based EHRs =
solve the problem of information sharing in the traditional EHRs. However, =
cloud-based EHRs suffer the centralized problem, i.e., cloud service center=
and key-generation center. This paper works on creating a new EHRs paradig=
m which can help in dealing with the centralized problem of cloud-based EHR=
s. Our solution is to make use of the emerging technology of blockchain to =
EHRs (denoted as blockchain-based EHRs for convenience). First, we formally=
define the system model of blockchain-based EHRs in the setting of consort=
ium blockchain. In addition, the authentication issue is very important for=
EHRs. However, existing authentication schemes for blockchain-based EHRs h=
ave their own weak points. Therefore, in this paper, we also propose an aut=
hentication scheme for blockchain-based EHRs. Our proposal is an identity-b=
ased signature scheme with multiple authorities which can resist collusion =
attack out of N from N=E2=88=921 authorities. Furthermore, our scheme is pr=
ovably secure in the random oracle model and has more efficient signing and=
verification algorithms than existing authentication schemes of blockchain=
-based EHRs.
______________________________________________________
Tang H, Tong N, Ouyang J. Medical images sharing system based on blockchain=
and smart contract of credit scores. 2018 1st IEEE International Conferenc=
e on Hot Information-Centric Networking (HotICN); 2018 Aug 15-17; Shenzhen,=
China. IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://hoticn.com/file=
s/hoticnPapers/043-paper%20113.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8605956 Subscrip=
tion required to view.
Abstract: At present, medical images account for nearly 70% of medical diag=
nostic data, which is an important basis for disease diagnosis. However, me=
dical data leakage incidents have occurred in more than 90% medical institu=
tions, the protection of patients' medical data is of great urgency. At pre=
sent, all types of medical institutions involved in the medical imaging bus=
iness use the PACS to archive, manage, and use the collected medical images=
, but only sharing the managed video resources within the organization. Thi=
s method applies only the traditional data protection strategy and cannot g=
uarantee a stronger protection for patients' private information. And patie=
nts have no control over medical information at the time of treatment. For =
this reason, this paper proposes a method of secure sharing of medical imag=
es based on smart contracts of block chain and credit scores. Through a blo=
ckchain based on distributed, reliable database of recording image sharing =
process, we realize a cross-organizational, cross-regional, trustworthy, an=
d supervisory medical image sharing system. And the establishment of smart =
contracts based on credit scores of patients and medical institutions guara=
ntee intelligent sharing by rules and conditions. Compared with traditional=
PACS, the method proposed in this paper extends its scope of application o=
n the basis of PACS, increases its robustness, and provides new ideas for m=
ore extensive, multi-level, safe and reliable medical images sharing.
______________________________________________________
Tariq N, Asim M, Al-Obeidat F, Zubair Farooqi M, Baker T, Hammoudeh M, et a=
l. The security of big data in fog-enabled IoT applications including block=
chain: a survey. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(8). Epub 2019 Apr 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/178=
8
Abstract: The proliferation of inter-connected devices in critical industri=
es, such as healthcare and power grid, is changing the perception of what c=
onstitutes critical infrastructure. The rising interconnectedness of new cr=
itical industries is driven by the growing demand for seamless access to in=
formation as the world becomes more mobile and connected and as the Interne=
t of Things (IoT) grows. Critical industries are essential to the foundatio=
n of today's society, and interruption of service in any of these sectors c=
an reverberate through other sectors and even around the globe. In today's =
hyper-connected world, the critical infrastructure is more vulnerable than =
ever to cyber threats, whether state sponsored, criminal groups or individu=
als. As the number of interconnected devices increases, the number of poten=
tial access points for hackers to disrupt critical infrastructure grows. Th=
is new attack surface emerges from fundamental changes in the critical infr=
astructure of organizations technology systems. This paper aims to improve =
understanding the challenges to secure future digital infrastructure while =
it is still evolving. After introducing the infrastructure generating big d=
ata, the functionality-based fog architecture is defined. In addition, a co=
mprehensive review of security requirements in fog-enabled IoT systems is p=
resented. Then, an in-depth analysis of the fog computing security challeng=
es and big data privacy and trust concerns in relation to fog-enabled IoT a=
re given. We also discuss blockchain as a key enabler to address many secur=
ity related issues in IoT and consider closely the complementary interrelat=
ionships between blockchain and fog computing. In this context, this work f=
ormalizes the task of securing big data and its scope, provides a taxonomy =
to categories threats to fog-based IoT systems, presents a comprehensive co=
mparison of state-of-the-art contributions in the field according to their =
security service and recommends promising research directions for future in=
vestigations.
______________________________________________________
Tasatanattakool P, Techapanupreeda C. Blockchain: challenges and applicatio=
ns. 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN); 2018 J=
an 10-12; Chiang Mai, Thailand. IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8343163 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The technology that has had the most impact on our lifestyles in =
the last decade is Blockchain. A word that often arises when talking about =
Blockchain is Bitcoin. Many people still confuse Blockchain with Bitcoin; h=
owever, they are not the same. Bitcoin is just one of many applications tha=
t use Blockchain technology. In this paper, the authors conduct a survey of=
Blockchain applications using Blockchain technology and the challenges the=
se face.
______________________________________________________
Ter-Akopov GN, Kosinova NN, Knyazev SA. Digital technologies in healthcare:=
achievements and prospects. 1st International Scientific Conference "Moder=
n Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to G=
lobal Economic Growth" (MTDE 2019); 2019 Apr 14-15; Yekaterinburg, Russia. =
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Atlantis Press; 2019.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://www.atlantis=
-press.com/proceedings/mtde-19/125908841
Abstract: Digital technologies is one of the priorities in the development =
of the healthcare sector worldwide, this market is increasing by a quarter =
every year.The process can provide a breakthrough in the availability and q=
uality of services without increasing health care costs. Therefore the deve=
lopment of digital medicine is carried out with the active participation of=
the state.Russia is not an exception.In Russia, several information-analyt=
ical projects of noticeable global scale are already being introduced. In t=
he near future, fundamentally new ways of development may emerge in the hea=
lthcare sector: digitalization of medical data, use of mobile devices to mo=
nitor and transmit medical indicators online, developing cloud services pro=
viding their storage and processing, introducing artificial intelligence to=
help doctors quickly take the right decisions. The article considers digit=
al technologies in healthcare as a complex of financial, economic, technica=
l, social, organizational, production business processes that can affect th=
e quality of medical services, the performance of the state guarantees prog=
ram of medical care, and ultimately, the quality of life of citizens and th=
e implementation of the state strategic plans as a whole. The authors provi=
de analysis of the implementation of digital technologies in health care an=
d assert that digital health technologies are successfully implemented in t=
he Russian Federation, and make appropriate generalizations and conclusions=
.
______________________________________________________
Theodouli A, Arakliotis S, Moschou K, Votis K, Tzovaras D. On the design of=
a blockchain-based system to facilitate healthcare data sharing. In: IEEE =
Computer Society, editor. 2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust,=
Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications ; the 12th IEEE Inter=
national Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering; 2018 Jul 31-Aug 3;=
New York, NY. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society; 2018. p. 1374-9.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://konfido=
-project.eu/system/files/private/konfido/on_the_design_of_a_blockchain-base=
d_system_to_facilitate_healthcare_data_sharing.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/845=
6059/ Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain technology though originally designed for keeping fina=
ncial ledgers, recently has found applications in many different fields inc=
luding healthcare. Sharing healthcare data for research purposes will boost=
research innovation in this area. That being said, healthcare data sharing=
raises many privacy and security issues for the Patients who share their d=
ata. In this work, we present the potential of Blockchain technology to fac=
ilitate (i) private and auditable healthcare data sharing and (ii) healthca=
re data access permission handling by proposing a blockchain-based system a=
rchitecture design.
______________________________________________________
Thomason J. Blockchain: an accelerator for women and children=E2=80=99s hea=
lth? Glob Health J. 2017;1(1):3-10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.abtassociates.com/sites/default/files/=
migrated_files/42940e74-d80f-465e-8c39-ca684b55208a.pdf
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] The world is changing exponentially=E2=80=93nev=
er before in the history of human kind have we experienced such change. The=
re is an unprecedented opportunity to connect creatively disruptive innovat=
ions to transform the world for the better. One such creative disruption is=
blockchain technology. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger, w=
hich is immutable and unhackable. In August 2016, the World Economic Forum =
released a report calling blockchain technology a =E2=80=9Cmega-trend=E2=80=
=9D that will shape society in the next decade, predicting that blockchains=
could store as much as 10% of global GDP by 2027.
______________________________________________________
Tian H, He J, Ding Y. Medical data management on blockchain with privacy. J=
Med Syst. 2019;43(2):26. Epub 2019 Jan 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.spring=
er.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10916-018-1144-x Subscription required to vie=
w.
Abstract: Medical data are important in diagnosis, treatment, recovery, and=
medical accident investigation. The integrity and availability of medical =
data are the basic guarantee for the smooth operation of these activities. =
The privacy of medical data is a natural demand from the sensitivity of med=
ical data. At present, there are mainly two ways to protect the privacy of =
medical data. One way is to store medical data in a local database and set =
up an access control strategy of the database. The other way is to encrypt =
medical data with the patient's key and to share the key when needed. The p=
roblem with the first method is that the data in the local database may be =
modified or deleted. The problem with the second method is that the key can=
not be shared when the patient dies during the diagnosis and treatment. The=
se two problems will damage the availability of data. This paper proposes t=
o establish a shared key that could be reconstructed by the legitimate part=
ies before the process of diagnosis and treatment begins. The data in the d=
iagnosis and treatment process is encrypted and stored in a blockchain usin=
g the shared key. The proposal meets the integrity, availability and privac=
y requirements of medical data. It uses the sibling intractable function fa=
milies (SIFF) to establish a shared key, and uses the Hyperledger Fabric to=
store encrypted data. The simulation shows that the system has good effici=
ency. Additionally, it is the first time to introduce SIFF to a blockchain =
application.
______________________________________________________
Till BM, Peters AW, Afshar S, Meara JG. From blockchain technology to globa=
l health equity: can cryptocurrencies finance universal health coverage? BM=
J Glob Health. 2017;2(4):e000570. Epub 2017 Dec 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://gh.bmj.com/content/2/4/e0=
00570.abstract
Abstract: Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies could remake global he=
alth financing and usher in an era global health equity and universal healt=
h coverage. We outline and provide examples for at least four important way=
s in which this potential disruption of traditional global health funding m=
echanisms could occur: universal access to financing through direct transac=
tions without third parties; novel new multilateral financing mechanisms; i=
ncreased security and reduced fraud and corruption; and the opportunity for=
open markets for healthcare data that drive discovery and innovation. We s=
ee these issues as a paramount to the delivery of healthcare worldwide and =
relevant for payers and providers of healthcare at state, national and glob=
al levels; for government and non-governmental organisations; and for globa=
l aid organisations, including the WHO, International Monetary Fund and Wor=
ld Bank Group.
______________________________________________________
Tosh DK, Shetty S, Liang X, Kamhoua C, Njilla L. Consensus protocols for bl=
ockchain-based data provenance: challenges and opportunities. In: Chakrabar=
ti S, editor. 2017 IEEE 8th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics and Mo=
bile Communication Conference (UEMCON); 2017 Oct 19-21; New York, NY. Pisca=
taway, NJ: IEEE; 2017. p. 469-74.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.researchgate=
.net/profile/Sachin_Shetty11/publication/323203891_Consensus_protocols_for_=
blockchain-based_data_provenance_Challenges_and_opportunities/links/5b4e54f=
6a6fdcc8dae27a46e/Consensus-protocols-for-blockchain-based-data-provenance-=
Challenges-and-opportunities.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8249088 Subscripti=
on required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain has recently attracted tremendous interest due to its =
ability to enhance security and privacy through an immutable shared distrib=
uted ledger. Blockchain's ability to detect integrity violations are partic=
ularly key in providing assured data provenance in cloud platform. The prac=
tical adoption of blockchain will largely hinge on consensus protocols meet=
ing performance and security guarantees. In this paper, we present the desi=
gn issues for consensus protocols for blockchain based cloud provenance. We=
present the blockchain based data provenance framework for cloud. We find =
that there are performance and security challenges in adopting proof-of-wor=
k consensus protocol within this framework. We present unique design challe=
nges and opportunities in developing proof-of-stake for data provenance in =
cloud platform.
______________________________________________________
Treiblmaier H. Combining blockchain technology and the physical internet to=
achieve triple bottom line sustainability: a comprehensive research agenda=
for modern logistics and supply chain management. Logistics. 2019;3(1):10.=
Epub 2019 Feb 27.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6290/3/1/10
Abstract: Integrating triple bottom line (TBL) goals into supply chains (SC=
s) is a challenging task which necessitates the careful coordination of num=
erous stakeholders’ individual interests. Recent technological ad=
vancements can impact TBL sustainability by changing the design, structure,=
and management of modern SCs. Blockchain technology enables immutable data=
records and facilitates a shared data view along the supply chain. The Phy=
sical Internet (PI) is an overarching framework that can be applied to crea=
te a layered and comprehensive view of the SC. In this conceptual paper, I =
define and combine these technologies and derive several high-level researc=
h areas and research questions (RQ) to investigate adoption and management =
as well as structural SC issues. I suggest a theory-based research agenda f=
or the years to come that exploits the strengths of rigorous academic resea=
rch, while remaining relevant for industry. Furthermore, I suggest various =
well-established theories to tackle the respective research questions and p=
rovide specific directions for future research.
______________________________________________________
Treiblmaier H. The impact of the blockchain on the supply chain: a theory-b=
ased research framework and a call for action. Supply Chain Manag. 2018;23(=
6):545-59. Epub Aug 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.emer=
aldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/SCM-01-2018-0029 Subscription required =
to view
Abstract: Purpose: This paper aims to strive to close the current =
research gap pertaining to potential implications of the blockchain for sup=
ply chain management (SCM) by presenting a framework built on four establis=
hed economic theories, namely, principal agent theory (PAT), transaction co=
st analysis (TCA), resource-based view (RBV) and network theory (NT). These=
theories can be used to derive research questions that are theory-based as=
well as relevant for the industry. This paper is intended to initiate and =
stimulate an academic discussion on the potential impact of the blockchain =
and introduces a framework for middle-range theorizing together with severa=
l research questions.
Design/methodology/approach: This paper b=
uilds on previous theories that are frequently used in SCM research and sho=
ws how they can be adapted to blockchain-related questions.
Finding=
s: This paper introduces a framework for middle-range theorizing toget=
her with several research questions.
Research limitations/implicati=
ons: The paper presents blockchain-related research questions derived =
from four frequently used theories, namely, PAT, TCA, RBV and (NT). These q=
uestions will guide future research pertaining to structural (PAT, TCA) and=
managerial issues (RBV, NT) and will foster middle-range theory developmen=
t in SCM research.
Practical implications: Blockchain technolo=
gy has the potential to significantly change SCM. Given the huge investment=
s by industry, academic research is needed which investigates potential imp=
lications and supports companies. In this paper, various research questions=
are introduced that illustrate how the implications of blockchain on SCM c=
an be investigated from different perspectives.
Originality/value: =
To the best of the author's knowledge, no academic papers are publishe=
d in leading academic journals that investigate the relationship between SC=
M and blockchain from a theory-based perspective.
______________________________________________________
Treiblmaier H. Toward more rigorous blockchain research: recommendations fo=
r writing blockchain case studies. Front Blockchain. 2019;2:3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.frontier=
sin.org/article/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00003
Abstract: About a decade ago the fundamental operating principle of the Blo=
ckchain was introduced. It took several years before the technology gained =
widespread recognition in industry and academic communities outside of the =
computer science sphere. Since then many academic communities have taken up=
the topic, but so far no well-defined research agenda has emerged: researc=
h topics are scattered and rigorous approaches are scarce. More often than =
not, use cases implemented by industry apply a trial and error approach and=
there exists a dearth of theory-based academic papers on the topic followi=
ng robust methodologies. Being a nascent research topic, case studies on Bl=
ockchain applications are a suitable approach to systematically transfer in=
dustry experience into research agendas which benefit both theory developme=
nt and testing as well as design science research. In this paper I offer gu=
idelines and suggestions on how to design and structure Blockchain case stu=
dies to create value for academia and the industry. More specifically, I de=
scribe Blockchain characteristics and challenges, present existing Blockcha=
in case studies, and discuss various types of case study research and how t=
hey can be useful for industry and academic research. I conclude with a fra=
mework and a checklist for Blockchain case study research.
______________________________________________________
Tse D, Zhang B, Yang Y, Cheng C, Mu H. Blockchain application in food suppl=
y information security. In: IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Soci=
ety, IEEE Singapore Section, editors. 2017 IEEE International Conference on=
Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM); 2017 Dec 10-13; =
Singapore. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Socie=
ty; 2017. p. 1357-61.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8290114 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: With the increasingly serious problem of food safety in China, it=
directly or indirectly endangers people's health, quality of life and safe=
ty of life. The global economy, politics and society as a whole have a grea=
ter impact. As an effective means of product quality and safety management =
and control, many countries and regions have been researched, developed and=
operated of the traceability system. On the one hand, these technologies h=
ave not been able to achieve more accurate traceability, these results cann=
ot be directly used in Chinese market. Therefore, the article introduces th=
e concept of Blockchain technology, putting forward the application of Bloc=
kchain technology in information security of the food supply chain and comp=
aring it with the traditional supply chain system.
______________________________________________________
Tseng JH, Liao YC, Chong B, Liao SW. Governance on the drug supply chain vi=
a Gcoin blockchain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(6):1055. Epub =
2018 May 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/6/105=
5
Abstract: As a trust machine, blockchain was recently introduced to the pub=
lic to provide an immutable, consensus based and transparent system in the =
Fintech field. However, there are ongoing efforts to apply blockchain to ot=
her fields where trust and value are essential. In this paper, we suggest G=
coin blockchain as the base of the data flow of drugs to create transparent=
drug transaction data. Additionally, the regulation model of the drug supp=
ly chain could be altered from the inspection and examination only model to=
the surveillance net model, and every unit that is involved in the drug su=
pply chain would be able to participate simultaneously to prevent counterfe=
it drugs and to protect public health, including patients.
______________________________________________________
Tung JK, Nambudiri VE. Beyond bitcoin: potential applications of blockchain=
technology in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(4):1013-4. Epub 2018 Ju=
n 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.w=
iley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bjd.16922 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Since its initial popularization in 2008 as the underpinnings of =
the digital currency Bitcoin, blockchain has seen its implications spread b=
eyond the financial industry. The field of dermatology presents promising p=
otential applications for this burgeoning technology. Blockchain facilitate=
s communication on a peer-to-peer platform with users sharing data directly=
with each other. Computational algorithms ensure that the database is perm=
anent, chronologically ordered and universally available on a network while=
remaining cryptographically secure. These attributes allow blockchain to r=
emove intermediary costs, reduce manual errors and decrease risks of single=
points of failure.
______________________________________________________
Tyndall T, Tyndall A. FHIR healthcare directories: adopting shared interfac=
es to achieve interoperable medical device data integration. In: Blobel B, =
Yang B, editors. pHealth 2018; Gj=C3=B8vik, Norway. Clifton, VA: IOS Press,=
Inc.; 2018. p. 181-4.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication=
/49193 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Healthcare directories are vital for interoperability among healt=
hcare providers, researchers and patients. Past efforts at directory servic=
es have not provided the tools to allow integration of the diverse data sou=
rces. Many are overly strict, incompatible with legacy databases, and do no=
t provide Data Provenance. A more architecture-independent system is needed=
to enable secure, GDPR-compatible (8) service discovery across organizatio=
nal boundaries. We review our development of a portable Data Provenance Too=
lkit supporting provenance within Health Information Exchange (HIE) systems=
. The Toolkit has been integrated with client software and successfully lev=
eraged in clinical data integration. The Toolkit validates provenance store=
d in a Blockchain or Directory record and creates provenance signatures, pr=
oviding standardized provenance that moves with the data. This healthcare d=
irectory suite implements discovery of healthcare data by HIE and EHR syste=
ms via FHIR. Shortcomings of past directory efforts include the ability to =
map complex datasets and enabling interoperability via exchange endpoint di=
scovery. By delivering data without dictating how it is stored we improve e=
xchange and facilitate discovery on a multi-national level through open sou=
rce, fully interoperable tools. With the development of Data Provenance res=
ources we enhance exchange and improve security and usability throughout th=
e health data continuum.
______________________________________________________
U. S. Government Accountability Office. Urgent actions are needed to addres=
s cybersecurity challenges facing the nation. Washington, D.C.: 2018. Repor=
t No.: GAO-18-622.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: http://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/EHP07?_s=3Dh7D1qexAHJOqnGYfNjX=
KiA75J8k%3D
Abstract: Federal agencies and the nation=E2=80=99s critical infrastructure=
s=E2=80=94such as energy, transportation systems, communications, and finan=
cial services=E2=80=94are dependent on information technology systems to ca=
rry out operations. The security of these systems and the data they use is =
vital to public confidence and national security, prosperity, and well-bein=
g.
The risks to these systems are increasing as security threats evolve and be=
come more sophisticated. GAO first designated information security as a gov=
ernment-wide high-risk area in 1997. This was expanded to include protectin=
g cyber critical infrastructure in 2003 and protecting the privacy of perso=
nally identifiable information in 2015.
This report provides an update to the information security high-risk area. =
To do so, GAO identified the actions the federal government and other entit=
ies need to take to address cybersecurity challenges. GAO primarily reviewe=
d prior work issued since the start of fiscal year 2016 related to privacy,=
critical federal functions, and cybersecurity incidents, among other areas=
. GAO also reviewed recent cybersecurity policy and strategy documents, as =
well as information security industry reports of recent cyberattacks and se=
curity breaches.
______________________________________________________
Uddin MA, Stranieri A, Gondal I, Balasubramanian V. Continuous patient moni=
toring with a patient centric agent: a block architecture. IEEE Access. 201=
8;6:32700-26. Epub 2018 Jun 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8383967
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has facilitated services without hum=
an intervention for a wide range of applications, including continuous remo=
te patient monitoring (RPM). However, the complexity of RPM architectures, =
the size of data sets generated and limited power capacity of devices make =
RPM challenging. In this paper, we propose a tier-based End to End architec=
ture for continuous patient monitoring that has a patient centric agent (PC=
A) as its center piece. The PCA manages a blockchain component to preserve =
privacy when data streaming from body area sensors needs to be stored secur=
ely. The PCA based architecture includes a lightweight communication protoc=
ol to enforce security of data through different segments of a continuous, =
real time patient monitoring architecture. The architecture includes the in=
sertion of data into a personal blockchain to facilitate data sharing among=
st healthcare professionals and integration into electronic health records =
while ensuring privacy is maintained. The blockchain is customized for RPM =
with modifications that include having the PCA select a Miner to reduce com=
putational effort, enabling the PCA to manage multiple blockchains for the =
same patient, and the modification of each block with a prefix tree to mini=
mize energy consumption and incorporate secure transaction payments. Simula=
tion results demonstrate that security and privacy can be enhanced in RPM w=
ith the PCA based End to End architecture.
______________________________________________________
Uddin MA, Stranieri A, Gondal I, Balasubramanian V. A patient agent to mana=
ge blockchains for remote patient monitoring. In: Ginige JAM, A. J., editor=
. 7th International Conference on Global Telehealth (GT2018); 2018 Oct 10-1=
1; Colombo, Sri Lanka. Clifton VA: IOS Press, Inc; 2018. p. 105-15.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publicat=
ion/326009977_A_Patient_Agent_to_Manage_Blockchains_for_Remote_Patient_Moni=
toring Open access; http://ebooks.iospress.nl/pub=
lication/50451 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Continuous monitoring of patient's physiological signs has the po=
tential to augment traditional medical practice, particularly in developing=
countries that have a shortage of healthcare professionals. However, conti=
nuously streamed data presents additional security, storage and retrieval c=
hallenges and further inhibits initiatives to integrate data to form electr=
onic health record systems. Blockchain technologies enable data to be store=
d securely and inexpensively without recourse to a trusted authority. Block=
chain technologies also promise to provide architectures for electronic hea=
lth records that do not require huge government expenditure that challenge =
developing nations. However, Blockchain deployment, particularly with strea=
med data challenges existing Blockchain algorithms that take too long to pl=
ace data in a block, and have no mechanism to determine whether every data =
point in every stream should be stored in such a secure way. This article p=
resents an architecture that involves a Patient Agent, coordinating the ins=
ertion of continuous data streams into Blockchains to form an electronic he=
alth record.
______________________________________________________
Vaughn Bailey E. Enterprise, history, and change. In: Metcalf D, Bass J, Ho=
oper M, Cahana A, Dhillon V, editors. Blockchain in healthcare: innovations=
that empower patients, connect professionals and improve care. 1st ed. Orl=
ando, FL: Merging Traffic; 2019. p. 151-66.
Reference Type: Book Section
Available from: https://www.crcpress.com/Blockchain-in-Healthcare-Innovations-that-Em=
power-Patients-Connect-Professionals/Dhillon-Bass-Hooper-Metcalf-Cahana/p/b=
ook/9780367031084 Purchase required.
Abstract: Emily Vaughn was one of the early leaders in the blockchain space=
. In this chapter she reflects on the origins of blockchain and how it arri=
ved in healthcare. This perspective serves to inform her transition in to t=
he healthcare blockchain space first at Gem, then at Change Healthcare. In =
the latter parts of this chapter, she provides insights in to the earliest =
proofs of concept by companies like Philips and Tieto. And she goes on to d=
escribe how, in her current role at Change Healthcare, she views the variou=
s stages of incorporating blockchain in to Change's enterprise strategy.
______________________________________________________
Vazirani AA, O'Donoghue O, Brindley D, Meinert E. Implementing blockchains =
for efficient health care: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(2=
):e12439. Epub 2018 Oct 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/2/e12439/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The decentralized nature of sensitive health informat=
ion can bring about situations where timely information is unavailable, wor=
sening health outcomes. Furthermore, as patient involvement in health care =
increases, there is a growing need for patients to access and control their=
data. Blockchain is a secure, decentralized online ledger that could be us=
ed to manage electronic health records (EHRs) efficiently, therefore with t=
he potential to improve health outcomes by creating a conduit for interoper=
ability. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to perform a systematic review to asse=
ss the feasibility of blockchain as a method of managing health care record=
s efficiently. METHODS: Reviewers identified studies via systematic searche=
s of databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest, and Coc=
hrane Library. Suitability for inclusion of each was assessed independently=
. RESULTS: Of the 71 included studies, the majority discuss potential benef=
its and limitations without evaluation of their effectiveness, although som=
e systems were tested on live data. CONCLUSIONS: Blockchain could create a =
mechanism to manage access to EHRs stored on the cloud. Using a blockchain =
can increase interoperability while maintaining privacy and security of dat=
a. It contains inherent integrity and conforms to strict legal regulations.=
Increased interoperability would be beneficial for health outcomes. Althou=
gh this technology is currently unfamiliar to most, investments into creati=
ng a sufficiently user-friendly interface and educating users on how best t=
o take advantage of it would lead to improved health outcomes.
______________________________________________________
Verde F, Stanzione A, Romeo V, Cuocolo R, Maurea S, Brunetti A. Could block=
chain technology empower patients, improve education, and boost research in=
radiology departments? An open question for future applications. J Digit I=
maging. 2019. Epub 2019 Jun 13.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.sprin=
ger.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10278-019-00246-8 Subscription required to v=
iew.
Abstract: Blockchain can be considered as a digital database of cryptograph=
ically validated transactions stored as blocks of data. Copies of the datab=
ase are distributed on a peer-to-peer network adhering to a consensus proto=
col for authentication of new blocks into the chain. While confined to fina=
ncial applications in the past, this technology is quickly becoming a hot t=
opic in healthcare and scientific research. Potential applications in radio=
logy range from upgraded monitoring of training milestones achievement for =
residents to improved control of clinical imaging data and easier creation =
of secure shared databases.
______________________________________________________
Verhoeven P, Sinn F, Herden TT. Examples from blockchain implementations in=
logistics and supply chain management: exploring the mindful use of a new =
technology. Logistics. 2018;2(3):20. Epub 2018 Sep 11.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6290/2/3/20
Abstract: In the context of logistics, blockchain can help to increase end-=
to-end visibility along global supply chains. Thus, it can lead to improved=
tracking of goods and offer tamper-proof data to build trust among parties=
. Although a variety of blockchain use cases already exists, not all of the=
m seem to rely on blockchain-specific features, but could rather be solved =
with traditional technologies. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to =
identify characteristic use cases described for blockchain in the field of =
LSCM and to analyze them regarding their mindful technology use based on fi=
ve mindful technology adoption principles: engagement with the technology; =
Technological novelty seeking; awareness of local context; cognizance of al=
ternative technologies; and anticipation of technology alteration. The auth=
ors identified five blockchain case clusters and chose one case for each ca=
tegory to be analyzed in detail. Most cases demonstrate high engagement wit=
h the technology, but there are significant differences when it comes to th=
e other mindful use principles. This paper highlights the need to understan=
d the problem and to apply the right technology in order to solve it. When =
solving a problem, care should be taken to address a technology’s=
unique features to ensure effectiveness and cost-efficiency.
______________________________________________________
Vigna P, Osipovich A. Bots are manipulating price of bitcoin in =E2=80=98Wi=
ld West of Crypto=E2=80=99: abusive software runs largely unchecked on cryp=
to exchanges, prompting regulatory concern. Wall Street Journal. 2018 Oct 1=
8.
Reference Type: Newspaper Article
Available from: http=
s://www.wsj.com/articles/the-bots-manipulating-bitcoins-price-1538481600 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Investors know bitcoin=E2=80=99s violent mood swings well. What t=
hey often don=E2=80=99t know is that unscrupulous traders, wielding purpose=
-built software, can be behind them.
Manipulation in cryptocurrencies is a growing concern for regulators=E2=80=
=94and even for some proponents of the digital coins. The Securities and Ex=
change Commission cited that risk in August when rejecting several bitcoin-=
based exchange-traded funds. The office of New York Attorney General Barbar=
a D. Underwood highlighted the issue last month in a report warning that cr=
ypto exchanges were vulnerable to manipulation.
=E2=80=9CWhen any venue tolerates manipulative or abusive conduct, the inte=
grity of the entire market is at risk,=E2=80=9D the report said, citing aut=
omated trading programs, or =E2=80=9Cbots,=E2=80=9D as a source of price ma=
nipulation. Trading programs exist in other markets, like stocks, and they =
can be used for both legitimate and manipulative strategies. Crypto traders=
can create bots themselves or buy them online.
______________________________________________________
Vruddhula S. Application of on-dose identification and blockchain to preven=
t drug counterfeiting. Pathog Glob Health. 2018;112(4):161. Epub 2018 Sep 1=
3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ta=
ndfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20477724.2018.1503268 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] Drug manufacturing is expensive, and it takes a=
pproximately two billion dollars to manufacture a single type of drug. Repl=
acement of these drugs with counterfeit drugs is a prevailing problem and c=
auses about 150 billiondollar [1] loss to the pharmaceutical industry annua=
lly. In addition to loss of money, counterfeit drugs also pose a threat to =
lives, and sabotages reputed brand names. The counterfeit drug problem is e=
ncouraged because of lack of coordination and traceability of the drug itse=
lf within the pharmaceutical supply chain. The pharmaceutical supply chain =
is a highly complex and branched chain where many players are involved in m=
oving the drug from one point to the other. Since there is no system in pla=
ce to accurately trace the drug movement, counterfeiters enter the supply c=
hain, and replace the authentic drugs with fake ones.
______________________________________________________
Wang H, Song Y. Secure cloud-based EHR system using attribute-based cryptos=
ystem and blockchain. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):152. Epub 2018 Jul 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0994-6 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: To achieve confidentiality, authentication, integrity of medical =
data, and support fine-grained access control, we propose a secure electron=
ic health record (EHR) system based on attribute-based cryptosystem and blo=
ckchain technology. In our system, we use attribute-based encryption (ABE) =
and identity-based encryption (IBE) to encrypt medical data, and use identi=
ty-based signature (IBS) to implement digital signatures. To achieve differ=
ent functions of ABE, IBE and IBS in one cryptosystem, we introduce a new c=
ryptographic primitive, called combined attribute-based/identity-based encr=
yption and signature (C-AB/IB-ES). This greatly facilitates the management =
of the system, and does not need to introduce different cryptographic syste=
ms for different security requirements. In addition, we use blockchain tech=
niques to ensure the integrity and traceability of medical data. Finally, w=
e give a demonstrating application for medical insurance scene.
______________________________________________________
Wang J, Wang S, Guo J, Du Y, Cheng S, Li X. A summary of research on blockc=
hain in the field of intellectual property. In. 2018 International Conferen=
ce on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things; =
2018 Oct 19-21; Beijing, China. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier; 2019. p. 191-7.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187705091930239X
Abstract: With the continuous development and application of blockchain tec=
hnology, the academic and commercial circles are constantly exploring the r=
esearch directions and practical applications of blockchains. Today, in the=
financial, sales, medical and other fields, the blockchain has already pla=
yed its advantages. In this paper, we focus on the related research and app=
lications of blockchain technology in the field of intellectual property, a=
nalyze the academic research and commercial application in this direction, =
and try to provide a new feasible direction for the research and developmen=
t of the blockchain in the next stage.
______________________________________________________
Wang S, Wang J, Wang X, Qiu T, Yuan Y, Ouyang L, et al. Blockchain-powered =
parallel healthcare systems based on the ACP approach. IEEE Trans Comput So=
c Sys. 2018;5(4):942-50. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8449329 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: To improve the accuracy of diagnosis and the effectiveness of tre=
atment, a framework of parallel healthcare systems (PHSs) based on the arti=
ficial systems + computational experiments + parallel execution (ACP) appro=
ach is proposed in this paper. PHS uses artificial healthcare systems to mo=
del and represent patients' conditions, diagnosis, and treatment process, t=
hen applies computational experiments to analyze and evaluate various thera=
peutic regimens, and implements parallel execution for decision-making supp=
ort and real-time optimization in both actual and artificial healthcare pro=
cesses. In addition, we combine the emerging blockchain technology with PHS=
, via constructing a consortium blockchain linking patients, hospitals, hea=
lth bureaus, and healthcare communities for comprehensive healthcare data s=
haring, medical records review, and care auditability. Finally, a prototype=
named parallel gout diagnosis and treatment system is built and deployed t=
o verify and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the blockchain=
-powered PHS framework.
______________________________________________________
Wang Y, Han JH, Beynon-Davies P. Understanding blockchain technology for fu=
ture supply chains: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Sup=
ply Chain Manag. 2019;24(1):62-84. Epub 2018 Oct 4.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.emer=
aldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0148 Subscription required =
to view.
Abstract: Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the way in which=
blockchain technology is likely to influence future supply chain practices=
and policies.
Design/methodology/approach: A systematic revie=
w of both academic and practitioner literature was conducted. Multiple acco=
unts of blockchain adoption within industry were also consulted to gain fur=
ther insight.
Findings: While blockchain technologies remain i=
n their infancy, they are gaining momentum within supply chains, trust bein=
g the predominant factor driving their adoption. The value of such technolo=
gies for supply chain management lies in four areas: extended visibility an=
d traceability, supply chain digitalisation and disintermediation, improved=
data security and smart contracts. Several challenges and gaps in understa=
nding and opportunities for further research are identified by this researc=
h. How a blockchain-enabled supply chain should be configured has also been=
explored from a design perspective.
Research limitations/implicati=
ons: This systematic review focuses on the diffusion of blockchain tec=
hnology within supply chains, and great care was taken in selecting search =
terms. However, the authors acknowledge that their choice of terms may have=
excluded certain blockchain articles from this review.
Practical i=
mplications: This paper offers valuable insight for supply chain pract=
itioners into how blockchain technology has the potential to disrupt existi=
ng supply chain provisions as well as a number of challenges to its success=
ful diffusion.
Social implications: The paper debates the pote=
ntial social and economic impact brought by blockchain.
Originality/=
value: This paper is one of the first studies to examine the current s=
tate of blockchain diffusion within supply chains. It lays a firm foundatio=
n for future research.
______________________________________________________
Wang Y, Singgih M, Wang J, Rit M. Making sense of blockchain technology: Ho=
w will it transform supply chains? Int J Prod Econ. 2019;211:221-36. Epub 2=
019 Feb 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527319300507 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: This research uses sensemaking theory to explore how emerging blo=
ckchain technology may transform supply chains. We investigate three resear=
ch questions (RQs): What are blockchain technology's perceived benefits to =
supply chains, where are disruptions mostly likely to occur and what are th=
e potential challenges to further blockchain diffusion? We conducted in-dep=
th interviews with 14 supply chain experts. Cognitive mapping and narrative=
analysis were deployed as the two main data analysis techniques to aid our=
understanding and evaluation of people's cognitive complexity in making se=
nse of blockchain technology. We found that individual experts developed di=
fferent cognitive structures within their own sensemaking processes. After =
merging individual cognitive maps into a strategic map, we identified sever=
al themes and central concepts that then allowed us to explore potential an=
swers to the three RQs. Our study is among the very few to date to explicit=
ly explore how blockchains may transform supply chain practices. Using the =
sensemaking approach afforded a deeper understanding of how senior executiv=
es diagnose the symptoms evident from blockchains and develop assumptions, =
expectations and knowledge of the technology, which will then shape their f=
uture actions regarding its utilisation. We demonstrate the usefulness of s=
ensemaking theory as an alternative lens in investigating contemporary supp=
ly chain phenomena such as blockchains. Bringing sensemaking theory to this=
discipline in particular enriches emerging behavioural operations research=
. Our contributions also lie in extending the theories of prospective sense=
making and adding further insights to the stream of technology adoption stu=
dies.
______________________________________________________
Warren S, Deshmukh S, Whitehouse S, Treat D, Worley A, Herzig J, et al. Bui=
lding value with blockchain technology: how to evaluate blockchain's benefi=
ts. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2019 Jul 16.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.weforum.org/reports/building-valu=
e-with-blockchain-technology-how-to-evaluate-blockchains-benefits
Abstract: This practical framework helps organizations identify the value o=
f blockchain technology and build a corresponding business case. Co-designe=
d with Accenture, the Blockchain Value Framework is the second in a series =
of white papers for organizations to better understand that blockchain tech=
nology is a tool deployed to achieve a specific purpose, not a goal in itse=
lf. This new framework provides organizations with the tools to begin measu=
ring blockchain=E2=80=99s value, including key questions to consider. It is=
the first visual roadmap of its kind and is based on a global survey of 55=
0 individuals across 13 industries including automotive, banking and retail=
, public-sector leaders, CEOs and an analysis of 79 blockchain projects.
=E2=80=9CIn our last paper, we stressed that blockchain deployment is not t=
he end goal,=E2=80=9D said Sheila Warren, Head of Blockchain at the World E=
conomic Forum. =E2=80=9CWe wanted to get beyond the hype. This new framewor=
k is for those business leaders that have figured out blockchain is the rig=
ht solution for a specific problem, but don=E2=80=99t know what to do next.=
=E2=80=9D
______________________________________________________
Weber I, Gramoli V, Ponomarev A, Staples M, Holz R, Tran AB, et al. On avai=
lability for blockchain-based systems. In: IEEE Computer Society, Hong Kong=
Polytechnic University, editors. 2017 IEEE 36th Symposium on Reliable Dist=
ributed Systems (SRDS); 2017 Sep 26-29; Hong Kong. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE C=
omputer Society; 2017. p. 64-73.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://research.csi=
ro.au/data61/wp-content/uploads/sites/85/2016/08/OnAvailabilityForBlockchai=
n-BasedSystems-SRDS2017-authors-copy.pdf Open access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8069069 Su=
bscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain has recently gained momentum. Startups, enterprises, b=
anks, and government agencies around the world are exploring the use of blo=
ckchain for broad applications including public registries, supply chains, =
health records, and voting. Dependability properties, like availability, ar=
e critical for many of these applications, but the guarantees offered by th=
e blockchain technology remain unclear, especially from an application pers=
pective. In this paper, we identify the availability limitations of two mai=
nstream blockchains, Ethereum and Bitcoin. We demonstrate that while read a=
vailability of blockchains is typically high, write availability - for tran=
saction management - is actually low. For Ethereum, we collected 6 million =
transactions over a period of 97 days. First, we measured the time for tran=
sactions to commit as required by the applications. Second, we observed tha=
t some transactions never commit, due to the inherent blockchain design. Th=
ird and perhaps even more dramatically, we identify the consequences of the=
lack of built-in options for explicit abort or retry that can maintain the=
application in an uncertain state, where transactions remain pending (neit=
her aborted nor committed) for an unknown duration. Finally we propose tech=
niques to mitigate the availability limitations of existing blockchains, an=
d experimentally test the efficacy of these techniques.
______________________________________________________
Weidert S, Wang L, Landes J, Sandner P, Suero EM, Navab N, et al. Video-aug=
mented fluoroscopy for distal interlocking of intramedullary nails decrease=
d radiation exposure and surgical time in a bovine cadaveric setting. Int J=
Med Robot. 2019:e1995. Epub 2019 Mar 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.w=
iley.com/doi/full/10.1002/rcs.1995
Abstract: (NOTE: This article doesn=E2=80=99t seem to address blockchain bu=
t was found in the PubMed blockchain search results. In my effort to includ=
e all PubMed results, this article was then included in this listing.)
BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the feasibility of a video-augmented fluoros=
copy (VAF) technique using a camera-augmented mobile C-arm (CamC) for dista=
l interlocking of intramedullary nails. METHODS: Three surgeons performed d=
istal interlocking on seven pairs of cadaveric bovine carpal bones using th=
e VAF system and conventional fluoroscopy. We compared radiation exposure, =
procedure time and drilling quality between the VAF system and conventional=
fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: Distal interlocking using VAF significantl=
y reduced the number of fluoroscopic images compared to conventional fluoro=
scopy (P<0.05). No significant difference in overall procedure time (P=
=3D0.96) or drilling quality (P=3D0.12) was detected. VAF demonstrated impr=
ovement in radiation exposure when used by a less experienced surgeon (P<=
;0.05). CONCLUSION: VAF is a feasible technique for distal interlocking. Ov=
erlaid visualization of the osseous anatomy in relation to the surgical fie=
ld of view appears to improve surgeons' perception of relevant structures a=
nd their spatial orientation for the use of surgical instruments.
______________________________________________________
Wong DR, Bhattacharya S, Butte AJ. Prototype of running clinical trials in =
an untrustworthy environment using blockchain. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):917. =
Epub 2019 Feb 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/article=
s/s41467-019-08874-y
Abstract: Monitoring and ensuring the integrity of data within the clinical=
trial process is currently not always feasible with the current research s=
ystem. We propose a blockchain-based system to make data collected in the c=
linical trial process immutable, traceable, and potentially more trustworth=
y. We use raw data from a real completed clinical trial, simulate the trial=
onto a proof of concept web portal service, and test its resilience to dat=
a tampering. We also assess its prospects to provide a traceable and useful=
audit trail of trial data for regulators, and a flexible service for all m=
embers within the clinical trials network. We also improve the way adverse =
events are currently reported. In conclusion, we advocate that this service=
could offer an improvement in clinical trial data management, and could bo=
lster trust in the clinical research process and the ease at which regulato=
rs can oversee trials.
______________________________________________________
Wong MC, Yee KC, Nohr C. Socio-technical considerations for the use of bloc=
kchain technology in healthcare. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2018;247:636-4=
0. Epub 2018 Apr 22.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/27633/
Abstract: Blockchain technology is often considered as the fourth industria=
l revolution that will change the world. The enthusiasm of the transformati=
ve nature of blockchain technology has infiltrated healthcare. Blockchain i=
s often seen as the much needed and perfect technology for healthcare, addr=
essing the difficult and complex issues of security and inter-operability. =
More importantly, the "value" and trust-based system can deliver automated =
action and response via its smart contract mechanism. Healthcare, however, =
is a complex system. Health information technology (HIT) so far, has not de=
livered its promise of transforming healthcare due to its complex socio-tec=
hnical and context sensitive interaction. The introduction of blockchain te=
chnology will need to consider a whole range of socio-technical issues in o=
rder to improve the quality and safety of patient care. This paper presents=
a discussion on these socio-technical issues. More importantly, this paper=
argues that in order to achieve the best outcome from blockchain technolog=
y, there is a need to consider a clinical transformation from "information"=
to "value" and trust. This paper argues that urgent research is needed to =
address these socio-technical issues in order to facilitate best outcomes f=
or blockchain in healthcare. These socio-technical issues must then be furt=
her evaluated by means of working prototypes in the medical domain in comin=
g years.
______________________________________________________
World Economic Forum. AI governance: a holistic approach to implement ethic=
s into AI. Geneva, Switzerland: 2019 May 3.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/ai-governance-a-holist=
ic-approach-to-implement-ethics-into-ai
Abstract: There are many potential benefits to the application of Artificia=
l Intelligence (AI) technologies, including the reduction of economic ineff=
iciencies and increase in high-skilled jobs. There are also significant ris=
ks that must be managed =E2=80=94 through both technical design and policy-=
making instruments=E2=80=94 to maximize these benefits for any given societ=
y while protecting its important ethical values.
Technical solutions alone are insufficient to ensure ethics permeate AI sys=
tems design, absent legal mandate and economic incentives. While legislatio=
n can incentivize competition, it is also limited by territorial and time-b=
ased constraints. This raises the importance of using alternative policy-ma=
king instruments that demonstrate =E2=80=9Cagile governance.
Human-centric AI governance is a complex enterprise that requires leveragin=
g mixed policy tools to address the multi-layered ethical concerns at play.=
______________________________________________________
World Economic Forum. Empowering 8 billion minds: enabling better mental he=
alth for all via the ethical adoption of technologies. Geneva, Switzerland:=
2019 Jul 1.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.we=
forum.org/whitepapers/empowering-8-billion-minds-enabling-better-mental-hea=
lth-for-all-via-the-ethical-adoption-of-technologies
Abstract: The Forum=E2=80=99s Global Future Council on Neurotechnologies hi=
ghlights the role technology is now playing in helping to address mental he=
alth concerns, mapping the areas for special focus and highlighting the eth=
ical considerations for governments, policy makers and health leaders.The C=
ouncil urges governments, policy-makers, business leaders and practitioners=
to address the barriers keeping effective treatments from those who need t=
hem, which include ethical considerations and a lack of evidence-based rese=
arch. The report outlines eight actions that will enable technology to ethi=
cally address mental ill-health at scale.
______________________________________________________
World Economic Forum. Leading through the fourth industrial revolution: put=
ting people at the centre. Geneva, Switzerland: 2019 Jan 11.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/leadin=
g-through-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-putting-people-at-the-centre=
Abstract: Fourth Industrial Revolution trends are disrupting long-establish=
ed business models. Growing demand for customized products. Shifts and skil=
l mismatches in production value chains. Digitization across every dimensio=
n of manufacturing. A volatile socioeconomic climate marked by protectionis=
m and populism. These trends are transforming the production landscape, and=
leadership is no exception.
The scale, complexity and urgency of today=E2=80=99s challenges are signifi=
cant. How do leaders balance delivering short-term results while being stew=
ards to their people? What takes primacy: shareholder and market priorities=
or long-term impacts on people, families and communities? How do leaders n=
avigate their own personal transformations while simultaneously guiding the=
ir people in uncharted territory? The common denominator across all these q=
uestions: How do we put people at the centre? This question guided our proj=
ect work in 2018. Taking a field-based approach, we explored the authentic =
experiences of production constituents who are managing this complexity on =
the ground, along with the advice of external leadership experts, to examin=
e a new leadership paradigm. Starting with the six dimensions of the World =
Economic Forum=E2=80=99s Leadership Transformation Map, a refreshed set of =
supporting behaviours emerged that help leaders navigate today=E2=80=99s di=
sruption to influence tomorrow=E2=80=99s success =E2=80=93 by putting peopl=
e at the centre.
______________________________________________________
Wright A, De Filippi P. Decentralized blockchain technology and the rise of=
lex cryptographia. SSRN. 2015;10.2139/ssrn.2580664. Epub 2015 Mar 20.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_I=
D2580664_code2373233.pdf?abstractid=3D2580664&mirid=3D1
Abstract: Just as decentralization communication systems lead to the creati=
on of the Internet, today a new technology =E2=80=94 the blockchain =E2=80=
=94 has the potential to decentralize the way we store data and manage info=
rmation, potentially leading to a reduced role for one of the most importan=
t regulatory actors in our society: the middleman.
Blockchain technology enables the creation of decentralized currencies, sel=
f-executing digital contracts (smart contracts) and intelligent assets that=
can be controlled over the Internet (smart property). The blockchain also =
enables the development of new governance systems with more democratic or p=
articipatory decision-making, and decentralized (autonomous) organizations =
that can operate over a network of computers without any human intervention=
. These applications have led many to compare the blockchain to the Interne=
t, with accompanying predictions that this technology will shift the balanc=
e of power away from centralized authorities in the field of communications=
, business, and even politics or law.
In this Article, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of this emerging dec=
entralized technology and argue that its widespread deployment will lead to=
expansion of a new subset of law, which we term Lex Cryptographia: rules a=
dministered through self-executing smart contracts and decentralized (auton=
omous) organizations. As blockchain technology becomes widely adopted, cent=
ralized authorities, such as governmental agencies and large multinational =
corporations, could lose the ability to control and shape the activities of=
disparate people through existing means. As a result, there will be an inc=
reasing need to focus on how to regulate blockchain technology and how to s=
hape the creation and deployment of these emerging decentralized organizati=
ons in ways that have yet to be explored under current legal theory.
______________________________________________________
Wu HT, Tsai CW. Toward blockchains for health-care systems: applying the bi=
linear pairing technology to ensure privacy protection and accuracy in data=
sharing. IEEE Trans Consum Electron. 2018 July:65-71.
Reference Type: Magazine Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8386918 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: A health-care system gathers comprehensive physiological informat=
ion and medical records, making its data more important than ever. For exam=
ple, for years now, the National Health Insurance Administration (https://www.nhi.gov.tw/English/) of Taiwan has requested eve=
ry doctor, whether in a medical center or private clinic, to upload the dia=
gnosis result, treatment, and prescription. These anamneses have also been =
stored in the National Health Insurance Research Database (http://nhird.nhri.org.tw/en/index.html) since 1 March 1995, an=
d 99.9% of the Taiwanese population have been enrolled since 2014. With thi=
s comprehensive database, analytics tools can be run to uncover useful info=
rmation to further understand the etiological factors for rare disorders. T=
his database is successful primarily because Taiwan is a small but densely =
populated island, making it relatively easy for the government to collect m=
ost, if not all, the anamneses.
______________________________________________________
Wu Y, Chen X, Shi J, Ni K, Qian L, Huang L, et al. Optimal computational po=
wer allocation in multi-access mobile edge computing for blockchain. Sensor=
s (Basel). 2018;18(10). Epub 2018 Oct 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/10/34=
72
Abstract: Blockchain has emerged as a decentralized and trustable ledger fo=
r recording and storing digital transactions. The mining process of Blockch=
ain, however, incurs a heavy computational workload for miners to solve the=
proof-of-work puzzle (i.e., a series of the hashing computation), which is=
prohibitive from the perspective of the mobile terminals (MTs). The advanc=
ed multi-access mobile edge computing (MEC), which enables the MTs to offlo=
ad part of the computational workloads (for solving the proof-of-work) to t=
he nearby edge-servers (ESs), provides a promising approach to address this=
issue. By offloading the computational workloads via multi-access MEC, the=
MTs can effectively increase their successful probabilities when participa=
ting in the mining game and gain the consequent reward (i.e., winning the b=
itcoin). However, as a compensation to the ESs which provide the computatio=
nal resources to the MTs, the MTs need to pay the ESs for the corresponding=
resource-acquisition costs. Thus, to investigate the trade-off between obt=
aining the computational resources from the ESs (for solving the proof-of-w=
ork) and paying for the consequent cost, we formulate an optimization probl=
em in which the MTs determine their acquired computational resources from d=
ifferent ESs, with the objective of maximizing the MTs' social net-reward i=
n the mining process while keeping the fairness among the MTs. In spite of =
the non-convexity of the formulated problem, we exploit its layered structu=
re and propose efficient distributed algorithms for the MTs to individually=
determine their optimal computational resources acquired from different ES=
s. Numerical results are provided to validate the effectiveness of our prop=
osed algorithms and the performance of our proposed multi-access MEC for Bl=
ockchain.
______________________________________________________
Xia Q, Sifah EB, Asamoah KO, Gao J, Du X, Guizani M. MeDShare: trust-less m=
edical data sharing among cloud service providers via blockchain. IEEE Acce=
ss. 2017;5:14757-67. Epub 2017 Jul 24.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/7990130
Abstract: The dissemination of patients' medical records results in diverse=
risks to patients' privacy as malicious activities on these records cause =
severe damage to the reputation, finances, and so on of all parties related=
directly or indirectly to the data. Current methods to effectively manage =
and protect medical records have been proved to be insufficient. In this pa=
per, we propose MeDShare, a system that addresses the issue of medical data=
sharing among medical big data custodians in a trust-less environment. The=
system is blockchain-based and provides data provenance, auditing, and con=
trol for shared medical data in cloud repositories among big data entities.=
MeDShare monitors entities that access data for malicious use from a data =
custodian system. In MeDShare, data transitions and sharing from one entity=
to the other, along with all actions performed on the MeDShare system, are=
recorded in a tamper-proof manner. The design employs smart contracts and =
an access control mechanism to effectively track the behavior of the data a=
nd revoke access to offending entities on detection of violation of permiss=
ions on data. The performance of MeDShare is comparable to current cutting =
edge solutions to data sharing among cloud service providers. By implementi=
ng MeDShare, cloud service providers and other data guardians will be able =
to achieve data provenance and auditing while sharing medical data with ent=
ities such as research and medical institutions with minimal risk to data p=
rivacy.
______________________________________________________
Xu JJ. Are blockchains immune to all malicious attacks? Financ Innov. 2016;=
2(25):1-9. Epub 2016 Dec 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1186/s40854-016-0046-5
Abstract: In recent years, blockchain technology has attracted considerable=
attention. It records cryptographic transactions in a public ledger that i=
s difficult to alter and compromise because of the distributed consensus. A=
s a result, blockchain is believed to resist fraud and hacking.
______________________________________________________
Xu R, Chen S, Yang L, Chen Y, Chen G. Decentralized autonomous imaging data=
processing using blockchain. In: Azar FS, Intes X, Fang Q, editors. SPIE B=
IOS: Multimodal Biomedical Imaging XIV; 2019 Feb 27; San Francisco, CA. Bel=
lingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE); 201=
9. p. 108710U.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of=
-spie/10871/108710U/Decentralized-autonomous-imaging-data-processing-using-=
blockchain/10.1117/12.2513243.short Subscription required for view.
=
Abstract: Imaging studies are one of the leading drivers of modern medical =
decision making, and thus, their accessibility to healthcare providers and =
patients is of critical importance. However, current techniques for storage=
and transferring medical imaging data are inconvenient and sometimes wholl=
y inadequate. In this paper, we propose a decentralized autonomous medical =
image processing approach using blockchain technology. Blockchain will enab=
le the sharing of key relevant data using a distributed, decentralized, sha=
red ledger that is available to participants. We outline a framework that u=
tilizes blockchain to enable users to access imaging data in a secure and a=
utonomous manner. A user case is experimentally investigated to validate ou=
r proposed approach.
______________________________________________________
Xue X, Wang C, Liu W, Lv H, Wang M, Zeng X. An RISC-V processor with area-e=
fficient memristor-based in-memory computing for hash algorithm in blockcha=
in applications. Micromachines. 2019;10(8). Epub 2019 Aug 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/10/8/541=
Abstract: Blockchain technology is increasingly being used in Internet of t=
hings (IoT) devices for information security and data integrity. However, i=
t is challenging to implement complex hash algorithms with limited resource=
s in IoT devices owing to large energy consumption and a long processing ti=
me. This paper proposes an RISC-V processor with memristor-based in-memory =
computing (IMC) for blockchain technology in IoT applications. The IMC-adap=
ted instructions were designed for the Keccak hash algorithm by virtue of t=
he extendibility of the RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA). Then, an=
RISC-V processor with area-efficient memristor-based IMC was developed bas=
ed on an open-source core for IoT applications, Hummingbird E200. The gener=
al compiling policy with the data allocation method is also disclosed for t=
he IMC implementation of the Keccak hash algorithm. An evaluation shows tha=
t >70% improvements in both performance and energy saving were achieved =
with limited area overhead after introducing IMC in the RISC-V processor.
______________________________________________________
Yaeger K, Martini M, Rasouli J, Costa A. Emerging blockchain technology sol=
utions for modern healthcare infrastructure. J Sci Innov Med [Internet]. 20=
19 Jan 24 [cited 2019 Feb 28]; 2(1):[7 p.]. Available from: https://journalofscientificinnovat=
ioninmedicine.org/articles/10.29024/jsim.7/#
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: With a growing trend in medicine towards individualized, patient-=
centric care, traditional health information technology limits progress. Wi=
th high administrative costs and the lack of universal data access, contemp=
orary electronic medical records serve more the institution rather than the=
patient. Blockchain technology, as presently described, was initially deve=
loped for use in financial markets, serving as a decentralized, distributed=
ledger of transactions. However, certain inherent characteristics of this =
technology suit it for use in the healthcare sector. Potential applications=
of the blockchain in medicine include interoperable health data access, da=
ta storage and security, value-based payment mechanisms, medical supply cha=
in efficiency, amongst others. While the technology remains in nascent stag=
es, it is essential that members of the healthcare community understand the=
fundamental concepts behind blockchain, and recognize its potential impact=
on the future of medical care.
______________________________________________________
Yaga D, Mell P, Roby N, Scarfone K. Blockchain technology overview. Gaither=
sburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018 Oct 3. Repo=
rt No.: NISTIR 8202.
Reference Type: Report
Available from: https://www.nist=
.gov/publications/blockchain-technology-overview
Abstract: Blockchains are tamper evident and tamper resistant digital ledge=
rs implemented in a distributed fashion (i.e., without a central repository=
) and usually without a central authority (i.e., a bank, company, or govern=
ment). At their basic level, they enable a community of users to record tra=
nsactions in a shared ledger within that community, such that under normal =
operation of the blockchain network no transaction can be changed once publ=
ished. This document provides a high-level technical overview of blockchain=
technology. The purpose is to help readers understand how blockchain techn=
ology works.
______________________________________________________
Yang C, Chen X, Xiang Y. Blockchain-based publicly verifiable data deletion=
scheme for cloud storage. J Netw Comput Appl. 2018;103:185-93. Epub 2017 D=
ec 7.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://www.sci=
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804517303910 Subscription requi=
red to view.
Abstract: With the rapid development of cloud storage, more and more data o=
wners store their data on the remote cloud, that can reduce data owners=E2=
=80=99 overhead because the cloud server maintaining the data for them, e.g=
., storing, updating and deletion. However, that leads to data deletion bec=
omes a security challenge because the cloud server may not delete the data =
honestly for financial incentives. Recently, plenty of research works have =
been done on secure data deletion. However, most of the existing methods ca=
n be summarized with the same protocol essentially, which called =E2=80=9Co=
ne-bit-return=E2=80=9D protocol: the storage server deletes the data and re=
turns a one-bit result. The data owner has to believe the returned result b=
ecause he cannot verify it. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain-ba=
sed data deletion scheme, which can make the deletion operation more transp=
arent. In our scheme, the data owner can verify the deletion result no matt=
er how malevolently the cloud server behaves. Besides, with the application=
of blockchain, the proposed scheme can achieve public verification without=
any trusted third party.
______________________________________________________
Yang J, He S, Xu Y, Chen L, Ren J. A trusted routing scheme using blockchai=
n and reinforcement learning for wireless sensor networks. Sensors (Basel).=
2019;19(4). Epub 2019 Feb 25.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/970=
Abstract: A trusted routing scheme is very important to ensure the routing =
security and efficiency of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are a lot=
of studies on improving the trustworthiness between routing nodes, using c=
ryptographic systems, trust management, or centralized routing decisions, e=
tc. However, most of the routing schemes are difficult to achieve in actual=
situations as it is difficult to dynamically identify the untrusted behavi=
ors of routing nodes. Meanwhile, there is still no effective way to prevent=
malicious node attacks. In view of these problems, this paper proposes a t=
rusted routing scheme using blockchain and reinforcement learning to improv=
e the routing security and efficiency for WSNs. The feasible routing scheme=
is given for obtaining routing information of routing nodes on the blockch=
ain, which makes the routing information traceable and impossible to tamper=
with. The reinforcement learning model is used to help routing nodes dynam=
ically select more trusted and efficient routing links. From the experiment=
al results, we can find that even in the routing environment with 50% malic=
ious nodes, our routing scheme still has a good delay performance compared =
with other routing algorithms. The performance indicators such as energy co=
nsumption and throughput also show that our scheme is feasible and effectiv=
e.
______________________________________________________
Yaqoob S, Khan MM, Talib R, Butt AD, Saleem S, Arif F, et al. Use of blockc=
hain in healthcare: a systematic literature review. Int J Adv Comput Sci Ap=
pl. 2019;10(5):644-53.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://thesai.org/Publications/ViewPaper?Volume=3D1=
0&Issue=3D5&Code=3DIJACSA&SerialNo=3D81
Abstract: Blockchain is an emerging field which works on the concept of a d=
igitally distributed ledger and consensus algorithm removing all the threat=
s of intermediaries. Its early applications were related to the finance sec=
tor but now this concept has been extended to almost all the major areas of=
research includ-ing education, IoT, banking, supplychain, defense, governa=
nce, healthcare, etc. In the field of healthcare, stakeholders (provider, p=
atient, payer, research organizations, and supply chain bearers) demand int=
eroperability, security, authenticity, transparency, and streamlined transa=
ctions. Blockchain technology, built over the internet, has the potential t=
o use the current healthcare data into peer to peer and interoperable manne=
r by using a patient-centric approach eliminating the third party. Using th=
is technology, applications can be built to manage and share secure, transp=
arent and immutable audit trails with reduced systematic fraud. This study =
reviews existing literature in order to identify the major issues of variou=
s healthcare stakeholders and to explore the features of blockchain technol=
ogy that could resolve identified issues. However, there are some challenge=
s and limitations of this technology which are needed to be focused on futu=
re research.
______________________________________________________
Yeoh P. Regulatory issues in blockchain technology. J Financ Regul Complian=
ce. 2017;25(2):196-208. Epub 2017 May 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.emer=
aldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JFRC-08-2016-0068 Subscription required =
to view.
Abstract: A discussion on the smart regulatory hands-off approach adopted i=
n the European Union and the USA shows that this approach bodes well for fu=
ture innovative contributions of blockchains in the financial services and =
related sectors and toward enhanced financial inclusiveness.
______________________________________________________
Yli-Huumo J, Ko D, Choi S, Park S, Smolander K. Where is current research o=
n blockchain technology? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e016347=
7. Epub 2016 Oct 3.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https=
://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=3D10.1371/journal.pone.0163477<=
br>
Abstract: Blockchain is a decentralized transaction and data management tec=
hnology developed first for Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The interest in Blockch=
ain technology has been increasing since the idea was coined in 2008. The r=
eason for the interest in Blockchain is its central attributes that provide=
security, anonymity and data integrity without any third party organizatio=
n in control of the transactions, and therefore it creates interesting rese=
arch areas, especially from the perspective of technical challenges and lim=
itations. In this research, we have conducted a systematic mapping study wi=
th the goal of collecting all relevant research on Blockchain technology. O=
ur objective is to understand the current research topics, challenges and f=
uture directions regarding Blockchain technology from the technical perspec=
tive. We have extracted 41 primary papers from scientific databases. The re=
sults show that focus in over 80% of the papers is on Bitcoin system and le=
ss than 20% deals with other Blockchain applications including e.g. smart c=
ontracts and licensing. The majority of research is focusing on revealing a=
nd improving limitations of Blockchain from privacy and security perspectiv=
es, but many of the proposed solutions lack concrete evaluation on their ef=
fectiveness. Many other Blockchain scalability related challenges including=
throughput and latency have been left unstudied. On the basis of this stud=
y, recommendations on future research directions are provided for researche=
rs.
______________________________________________________
Yoon HJ. Blockchain technology and healthcare. Healthc Inform Res. 2019;25(=
2):59-60. Epub 2019 Apr 30.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.e-hir.or=
g/DOIx.php?id=3D10.4258/hir.2019.25.2.59
Abstract: [FIRST PARAGRAPH] A blockchain is a distributed, public ledger, r=
ecording transaction and tracking assets, and of which immutability is guar=
anteed by a peer-to-peer network of computers, not by any centralized autho=
rity. Assets can be tangible, such as homes or cash, or they can be intangi=
ble, such as patents or copyrights. A blockchain consists of ordered record=
s arranged in a block structure. Each data block contains a hash (digital f=
ingerprint or unique identifier), timestamped batches of recent transaction=
s, and a hash of the previous block. With this design, each block is connec=
ted in chronological order and the connected blocks are called a blockchain=
. It is practically impossible to modify one of the blocks in the middle of=
the chain because all of the blocks after the modified block must be modif=
ied at the same time. With this mechanism, the data on the blockchain netwo=
rk are immutable.
______________________________________________________
Yu B, Wright J, Nepal S, Zhu L, Liu J, Ranjan R. IoTChain: establishing tru=
st in the internet of things ecosystem using blockchain. IEEE Cloud Comput.=
2018;5(4):12-23. Epub 2018 Aug 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8436081 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has already reshaped and transformed=
our lives in many ways, ranging from how we communicate with people or man=
age our health to how we drive our cars and manage our homes. With the rapi=
d development of the IoT ecosystem in a wide range of applications, IoT dev=
ices and data are going to be traded as commodities in the marketplace in t=
he near future, similar to cloud services or physical objects. Developing s=
uch a trading platform has previously been identified as one of the key gra=
nd challenges in the integration of IoT and data science. Deployment of suc=
h a platform raises concerns about the security and privacy of data and dev=
ices since their ownership is hard to trace and manage without a central tr=
usted authority. A central trusted authority is not a viable solution for a=
fully decentralized and distributed IoT ecosystem with a large number of d=
istributed device vendors and consumers. Blockchain, as a decentralized sys=
tem, removes the requirement for a trusted third party by allowing particip=
ants to verify data correctness and ensure its immutability. IoT devices ca=
n use blockchain to register themselves and organize, store, and share stre=
ams of data effectively and reliably. We demonstrate the applicability of b=
lockchain to IoT devices and data management with an aim of providing end-t=
o-end trust for trading. We also give a brief introduction to the topics an=
d challenges for future research toward developing a trustworthy trading pl=
atform for IoT ecosystems.
______________________________________________________
Yue X, Wang H, Jin D, Li M, Jiang W. Healthcare data gateways: found health=
care intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control. J Med Syst=
. 2016;40(10):218. Epub 2016 Aug 26.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http://download.xuebalib.com/3drsLU=
t9gNl2.pdf Open access; https://l=
ink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10916-016-0574-6 Subscription require=
d to view.
Abstract: Healthcare data are a valuable source of healthcare intelligence.=
Sharing of healthcare data is one essential step to make healthcare system=
smarter and improve the quality of healthcare service. Healthcare data, on=
e personal asset of patient, should be owned and controlled by patient, ins=
tead of being scattered in different healthcare systems, which prevents dat=
a sharing and puts patient privacy at risks. Blockchain is demonstrated in =
the financial field that trusted, auditable computing is possible using a d=
ecentralized network of peers accompanied by a public ledger. In this paper=
, we proposed an App (called Healthcare Data Gateway (HGD)) architecture ba=
sed on blockchain to enable patient to own, control and share their own dat=
a easily and securely without violating privacy, which provides a new poten=
tial way to improve the intelligence of healthcare systems while keeping pa=
tient data private. Our proposed purpose-centric access model ensures patie=
nt own and control their healthcare data; simple unified Indicator-Centric =
Schema (ICS) makes it possible to organize all kinds of personal healthcare=
data practically and easily. We also point out that MPC (Secure Multi-Part=
y Computing) is one promising solution to enable untrusted third-party to c=
onduct computation over patient data without violating privacy.
______________________________________________________
Zamani E, He Y, Phillips M. On the security risks of the blockchain. J Comp=
ut Inform Syst. 2018;DOI: 10.1080/08874417.2018.1538709. Epub 2018 Dec 11.<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.tan=
dfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08874417.2018.1538709 Subscription require=
d to view.
Abstract: The adoption of blockchain technology is taking place at a fast p=
ace. Security features inherent in blockchain make it resistant to attack, =
but they do not make it immune, and blockchain security risks do exists. Th=
is paper details the associated risks and concerns of the blockchain. We ex=
plore relevant standards and regulations related to blockchain and survey a=
nd analyze 38 blockchain incidents to determine the root cause to provide a=
view of the most frequent vulnerabilities exploited. The paper reviews six=
of these 38 incidents in greater detail. The selection is made by choosing=
incidents with the most frequent root cause. In the review of the incident=
s, the paper details what happened and why and aims to address what could h=
ave been done to mitigate the attack. The paper concludes with a recommenda=
tion on a framework to reduce cyber security risks when using blockchain te=
chnologies.
______________________________________________________
Zhang A, Lin X. Towards secure and privacy-preserving data sharing in e-hea=
lth systems via consortium blockchain. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):140. Epub 201=
8 Jun 28.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0995-5 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Electronic health record sharing can help to improve the accuracy=
of diagnosis, where security and privacy preservation are critical issues =
in the systems. In recent years, blockchain has been proposed to be a promi=
sing solution to achieve personal health information (PHI) sharing with sec=
urity and privacy preservation due to its advantages of immutability. This =
work proposes a blockchain-based secure and privacy-preserving PHI sharing =
(BSPP) scheme for diagnosis improvements in e-Health systems. Firstly, two =
kinds of blockchains, private blockchain and consortium blockchain, are con=
structed by devising their data structures, and consensus mechanisms. The p=
rivate blockchain is responsible for storing the PHI while the consortium b=
lockchain keeps records of the secure indexes of the PHI. In order to achie=
ve data security, access control, privacy preservation and secure search, a=
ll the data including the PHI, keywords and the patients' identity are publ=
ic key encrypted with keyword search. Furthermore, the block generators are=
required to provide proof of conformance for adding new blocks to the bloc=
kchains, which guarantees the system availability. Security analysis demons=
trates that the proposed protocol can meet with the security goals. Further=
more, we implement the proposed scheme on JUICE to evaluate the performance=
.
______________________________________________________
Zhang J, Xue N, Huang X. A secure system for pervasive social network-based=
healthcare. IEEE Access. 2016;4:9239-50. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/7801940
Abstract: Modern technologies of mobile computing and wireless sensing prom=
pt the concept of pervasive social network (PSN)-based healthcare. To reali=
ze the concept, the core problem is how a PSN node can securely share healt=
h data with other nodes in the network. In this paper, we propose a secure =
system for PSN-based healthcare. Two protocols are designed for the system.=
The first one is an improved version of the IEEE 802.15.6 display authenti=
cated association. It establishes secure links with unbalanced computationa=
l requirements for mobile devices and resource-limited sensor nodes. The se=
cond protocol uses blockchain technique to share health data among PSN node=
s. We realize a protocol suite to study protocol runtime and other factors.=
In addition, human body channels are proposed for PSN nodes in some use ca=
ses. The proposed system illustrates a potential method of using blockchain=
for PSN-based applications.
______________________________________________________
Zhang M, Ji Y. Blockchain for healthcare records: a data perspective. Peer =
J PrePrints. 2018;6:e26942v1. Epub 2018 May 17.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://peerj.com/preprints/26942/
Abstract: A problem facing healthcare record systems throughout the world i=
s how to share the medical data with more stakeholders for various purposes=
without sacrificing data privacy and integrity. Blockchain, operating in a=
state of consensus, is the underpinning technology that maintains the Bitc=
oin transaction ledger. Blockchain as a promising technology to manage the =
transactions has been gaining popularity in the domain of healthcare. Block=
chain technology has the potential of securely, privately, and comprehensiv=
ely manage patient health records. In this work, we discuss the latest stat=
us of blockchain technology and how it could solve the current issues in he=
althcare systems. We evaluate the blockchain technology from the multiple p=
erspectives around healthcare data, including privacy, security, control, a=
nd storage. We review the current projects and researches of blockchain in =
the domain of healthcare records and provide the insight into the design an=
d construction of next generations of blockchain-based healthcare systems.<=
br>
______________________________________________________
Zhang P, Walker MA, White J, Schmidt DC, Lenz G. Metrics for assessing bloc=
kchain-based healthcare decentralized apps. 2017 IEEE 19th International Co=
nference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom); 201=
7 Oct 12-15; Dalian, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8210842 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain is a decentralized, trustless protocol that combines t=
ransparency, immutability, and consensus properties to enable secure, pseud=
o-anonymous transactions. Smart contracts are built atop a blockchain to su=
pport on-chain storage and enable Decentralized Apps (DApps) to interact wi=
th the blockchain programatically. Programmable blockchains have generated =
interest in the healthcare domain as a potential solution to resolve key ch=
allenges, such as gapped communications, inefficient clinical report delive=
ry, and fragmented health records. This paper provides evaluation metrics t=
o assess blockchain-based DApps in terms of their feasibility, intended cap=
ability, and compliance in the healthcare domain.
______________________________________________________
Zhang P, White J, Schmidt DC, Lenz G, Rosenbloom ST. FHIRChain: applying bl=
ockchain to securely and scalably share clinical data. Comput Struct Biotec=
hnol J. 2018;16:267-78. Epub 2018 Aug 16.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.s=
ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037018300370
Abstract: Secure and scalable data sharing is essential for collaborative c=
linical decision making. Conventional clinical data efforts are often siloe=
d, however, which creates barriers to efficient information exchange and im=
pedes effective treatment decision made for patients. This paper provides f=
our contributions to the study of applying blockchain technology to clinica=
l data sharing in the context of technical requirements defined in the "Sha=
red Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap" from the Office of the National Co=
ordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). First, we analyze the ON=
C requirements and their implications for blockchain-based systems. Second,=
we present FHIRChain, which is a blockchain-based architecture designed to=
meet ONC requirements by encapsulating the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperab=
ility Resources (FHIR) standard for shared clinical data. Third, we demonst=
rate a FHIRChain-based decentralized app using digital health identities to=
authenticate participants in a case study of collaborative decision making=
for remote cancer care. Fourth, we highlight key lessons learned from our =
case study.
______________________________________________________
Zhang R, Xue R, Liu L. Security and privacy on blockchain. ACM Comput Surv.=
2019;1. Epub 2019 Mar 18.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.07602
Abstract: Blockchain offers an innovative approach to storing information, =
executing transactions, performing functions, and establishing trust in an =
open environment. Many consider blockchain as a technology breakthrough for=
cryptography and cybersecurity, with use cases ranging from globally deplo=
yed cryptocurrency systems like Bitcoin, to smart contracts, smart grids ov=
er the Internet of Things, and so forth. Although blockchain has received g=
rowing interests in both academia and industry in the recent years, the sec=
urity and privacy of blockchains continue to be at the center of the debate=
when deploying blockchain in different applications. This paper presents a=
comprehensive overview of the security and privacy of blockchain. To facil=
itate the discussion, we first introduce the notion of blockchains and its =
utility in the context of Bitcoin like online transactions. Then we describ=
e the basic security properties that are supported as the essential require=
ments and building blocks for Bitcoin like cryptocurrency systems, followed=
by presenting the additional security and privacy properties that are desi=
red in many blockchain applications. Finally, we review the security and pr=
ivacy techniques for achieving these security properties in blockchain-base=
d systems, including representative consensus algorithms, hash chained stor=
age, mixing protocols, anonymous signatures, non-interactive zero-knowledge=
proof, and so forth. We conjecture that this survey can help readers to ga=
in an in-depth understanding of the security and privacy of blockchain with=
respect to concept, attributes, techniques and systems.
______________________________________________________
Zhang X, Poslad S. Blockchain support for flexible queries with granular ac=
cess control to electronic medical records (EMR). 2018 IEEE International C=
onference on Communications (ICC); 2018 May 20-24; Kansas City, MO. Piscata=
way, NJ: IEEE.
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8422883 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose an architecture for Blockchain-based El=
ectronic Medical Records (EMRs) called GAA-FQ (Granular Access Authorisatio=
n supporting Flexible Queries) that comprises an access model and an access=
authorisation scheme. Unlike existing Blockchain schemes, our access model=
can authorise different levels of granularity of authorisation, whilst mai=
ntaining compatibility with the underlying Blockchain data structure. Furth=
ermore, the authorisation, encryption, and decryption algorithms proposed i=
n the GAA-FQ scheme dispense with the need to use a public key infrastructu=
re (PKI) and hence improve the computation performance needed to support mo=
re granular and distributed, yet authorised, EMR data queries. We validated=
the computation performance and transmission efficiency for GAA-FQ using a=
simulation of GAA-FQ against an access control scheme for EMRs called ESPA=
C as our baseline that was not designed using a Blockchain. To the best of =
our knowledge, GAA-FQ is the first Blockchain-oriented access authorisation=
scheme with granular access control, supporting flexible data queries, tha=
t has been proposed for secure EMR information management.
______________________________________________________
Zhao B, Fang L, Zhang H, Ge C, Meng W, Liu L, et al. Y-DWMS: a digital wate=
rmark management system based on smart contracts. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(=
14). Epub 2019 Jul 12.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/30=
91
Abstract: With the development of information technology, films, music, and=
other publications are inclined to be distributed in digitalized form. How=
ever, the low cost of data replication and dissemination leads to digital r=
ights problems and brings huge economic losses. Up to now, existing digital=
rights management (DRM) schemes have been powerless to deter attempts of i=
nfringing digital rights and recover losses of copyright holders. This pape=
r presents a YODA-based digital watermark management system (Y-DWMS), adopt=
ing non-repudiation of smart contract and blockchain, to implement a DRM me=
chanism to infinitely amplify the cost of infringement and recover losses c=
opyright holders suffered once the infringement is reported. We adopt game =
analysis to prove that in Y-DWMS, the decision of non-infringement always d=
ominates rational users, so as to fundamentally eradicate the infringement =
of digital rights, which current mainstream DRM schemes cannot reach.
______________________________________________________
Zhao H, Bai P, Peng Y, Xu R. Efficient key management scheme for health blo=
ckchain. CAAI Trans Intell Technol. 2018;3(2):114-8. Epub 2018 Jun 28.
<=
br>
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8396896
Abstract: Healthcare is a big application scenario of blockchain, and block=
chains used in healthcare are called health blockchain. In general, blockch=
ain blocks are open and the transactions in them are public. If some privac=
y data are involved in these transactions, they will be leaked. Owing to he=
althcare system involving a great deal of privacy data, certain security me=
chanisms must be built to protect these privacy data in health blockchain. =
Furthermore, because the core of security mechanisms is the key management =
schemes, the appropriate key management schemes should be designed before b=
lockchains can be used in healthcare system. Here, according to the feature=
s of health blockchain, the authors use a body sensor network to design a l=
ightweight backup and efficient recovery scheme for keys of health blockcha=
in. The authors’ analyses show that the scheme has high security=
and performance, and it can be used to protect privacy messages on health =
blockchain effectively and to promote the application of health blockchain.=
______________________________________________________
Zhao H, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Xu R. Lightweight backup and efficient recovery sc=
heme for health blockchain keys. In: IEEE Computer Society, editor. 2017 IE=
EE 13th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized System (ISADS);=
2017 Mar 22-24; Bangkok, Thailand. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society; =
2017. p. 229-34.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https:/=
/www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/isads/2017/4042/00/07940245.pdf Open=
access; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstra=
ct/document/7940245 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Blockchain is a technology of recording ledgers in a distributed =
manner. It uses a consensus mechanism, digital signature and hash chains to=
realize the reliable storage of ledgers, and provide services such as trac=
eability, integrity and no-repudiation for transactions in ledgers in a dec=
entralized way. These services make blockchain have great application poten=
tiality in the fields of healthcare, Fintech, computational law and so on. =
Before wide spreading its applications, blockchain must solve problems such=
as efficiency and privacy. Among these problems the privacy is an importan=
t one. Because blocks on blockchain are open, when transactions in blocks i=
nvolve privacy data, these data can be leaked. Thus, certain security mecha=
nisms must be built to protect privacy data. The core of these mechanisms i=
s the appropriate key management schemes. However, blockchain is a developi=
ng technology, and few studies have been done on key management schemes for=
it. Because healthcare is a big application scenario of blockchain, in thi=
s paper, according to the features of health blockchain, we use body sensor=
network to design a lightweight backup and efficient recovery scheme for k=
eys of health blockchain. Analyses show that the scheme has high security a=
nd performance, and it can be used to protect privacy messages on health bl=
ockchain effectively and to promote the application of health blockchain.
______________________________________________________
Zhavoronkov A, Church G. The advent of human life data economics. Trends Mo=
l Med. 2019. Epub 2019 Jun 10.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: htt=
ps://www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine/fulltext/S1471-4914(19)30104-2<=
/a>
Abstract: The recent bust of the Blockchain bubble was detrimental to many =
projects intended to return control and ownership of human life data to the=
hands of individuals. As the industry struggles to recover and rebrand, ne=
w applications of digital ledger technologies in traditional healthcare app=
lications have started to emerge.
______________________________________________________
Zheng X, Sun S, Mukkamala RR, Vatrapu R, Ordieres-Mer=C3=A9 J. Accelerating=
health data sharing: a solution based on the Internet of Things and distri=
buted ledger technologies. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(6):e13583-e. Epub 20=
19 Jun 6.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/6/e13583/
Abstract: Background: Huge amounts of health-related data are generated eve=
ry moment with the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) and wearab=
le technologies. These big health data contain great value and can bring be=
nefit to all stakeholders in the health care ecosystem. Currently, most of =
these data are siloed and fragmented in different health care systems or pu=
blic and private databases. It prevents the fulfillment of intelligent heal=
th care inspired by these big data. Security and privacy concerns and the l=
ack of ensured authenticity trails of data bring even more obstacles to hea=
lth data sharing. With a decentralized and consensus-driven nature, distrib=
uted ledger technologies (DLTs) provide reliable solutions such as blockcha=
in, Ethereum, and IOTA Tangle to facilitate the health care data sharing. O=
bjective: This study aimed to develop a health-related data sharing system =
by integrating IoT and DLT to enable secure, fee-less, tamper-resistant, hi=
ghly-scalable, and granularly-controllable health data exchange, as well as=
build a prototype and conduct experiments to verify the feasibility of the=
proposed solution. Methods: The health-related data are generated by 2 typ=
es of IoT devices: wearable devices and stationary air quality sensors. The=
data sharing mechanism is enabled by IOTA=E2=80=99s distributed ledger, th=
e Tangle, which is a directed acyclic graph. Masked Authenticated Messaging=
(MAM) is adopted to facilitate data communications among different parties=
. Merkle Hash Tree is used for data encryption and verification. Results: A=
prototype system was built according to the proposed solution. It uses a s=
martwatch and multiple air sensors as the sensing layer; a smartphone and a=
single-board computer (Raspberry Pi) as the gateway; and a local server fo=
r data publishing. The prototype was applied to the remote diagnosis of tre=
mor disease. The results proved that the solution could enable costless dat=
a integrity and flexible access management during data sharing. Conclusions=
: DLT integrated with IoT technologies could greatly improve the health-rel=
ated data sharing. The proposed solution based on IOTA Tangle and MAM could=
overcome many challenges faced by other traditional blockchain-based solut=
ions in terms of cost, efficiency, scalability, and flexibility in data acc=
ess management. This study also showed the possibility of fully decentraliz=
ed health data sharing by replacing the local server with edge computing de=
vices.
______________________________________________________
Zheng X, Vieira A, Marcos SL, Aladro Y, Ordieres-Mere J. Activity-aware ess=
ential tremor evaluation using deep learning method based on acceleration d=
ata. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;58:17-22. Epub 2018 Aug 8.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.pr=
d-journal.com/article/S1353-8020(18)30331-6/fulltext
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Essential tremor (ET), one of the most common neurolo=
gical disorders is typically evaluated with validated rating scales which o=
nly provide a subjective assessment during a clinical visit, underestimatin=
g the fluctuations tremor during different daily activities. Motion sensors=
have shown favorable performances in both quantifying tremor and voluntary=
human activity recognition (HAR). OBJECTIVE: To create an automated system=
of a reference scale using motion sensors supported by deep learning algor=
ithms to accurately rate ET severity during voluntary activities, and to pr=
opose an IOTA based blockchain application to share anonymously tremor data=
. METHOD: A smartwatch-based tremor monitoring system was used to collect m=
otion data from 20 subjects while they were doing standard tasks. Two neuro=
logists rated ET by Fahn-Tolosa Marin Tremor Rating Scale (FTMTRS). Support=
ed by deep learning techniques, activity classification models (ACMs) and t=
remor evaluation models (TEMs) were created and algorithms were implemented=
, to distinguish voluntary human activities and evaluate tremor severity re=
spectively. RESULT: A practical application example showed that the propose=
d ACMs can classify six typical activities with high accuracy (89.73%-98.84=
%) and the results produced by the TEMs are significantly correlated with t=
he FTMTRS ratings of two neurologists (r1=3D0.92, p1=3D0.008; r2=3D0.93, p2=
=3D0.007). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that motion sensor data, sup=
ported by deep learning algorithms, can be used to classify human activitie=
s and evaluate essential tremor severity during different activities.
______________________________________________________
Zhou L, Wang L, Ai T, Sun Y. BeeKeeper 2.0: confidential blockchain-enabled=
IoT system with fully homomorphic computation. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(11=
):3785. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/37=
85
Abstract: Blockchain-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) systems have received=
extensive attention from academia and industry. Most previous construction=
s face the risk of leaking sensitive information since the servers can obta=
in plaintext data from the devices. To address this issue, in this paper, w=
e propose a decentralized outsourcing computation (DOC) scheme, where the s=
ervers can perform fully homomorphic computations on encrypted data from th=
e data owner according to the request of the data owner. In this process, t=
he servers cannot obtain any plaintext data, and dishonest servers can be d=
etected by the data owner. Then, we apply the DOC scheme in the IoT scenari=
o to achieve a confidential blockchain-enabled IoT system, called BeeKeeper=
2.0. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which servers=
of a blockchain-enabled IoT system can perform any-degree homomorphic mult=
iplications and any number of additions on encrypted data from devices acco=
rding to the requests of the devices without obtaining any plaintext data o=
f the devices. Finally, we provide a detailed performance evaluation for th=
e BeeKeeper 2.0 system by deploying it on Hyperledger Fabric and using Hype=
rledger Caliper for performance testing. According to our tests, the time c=
onsumed between the request stage and recover stage is no more than 3.3 s, =
which theoretically satisfies the production needs.
______________________________________________________
Zhou L, Wang L, Sun Y. MIStore: a blockchain-based medical insurance storag=
e system. J Med Syst. 2018;42(8):149. Epub 2018 Jul 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.springer=
.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-0996-4
Abstract: Currently, blockchain technology, which is decentralized and may =
provide tamper-resistance to recorded data, is experiencing exponential gro=
wth in industry and research. In this paper, we propose the MIStore, a bloc=
kchain-based medical insurance storage system. Due to blockchain=E2=80=99s =
the property of tamper-resistance, MIStore may provide a high-credibility t=
o users. In a basic instance of the system, there are a hospital, patient, =
insurance company and n servers. Specifically, the hospital performs a (t, =
n)-threshold MIStore protocol among the n servers. For the protocol, any no=
de of the blockchain may join the protocol to be a server if the node and t=
he hospital wish. Patient=E2=80=99s spending data is stored by the hospital=
in the blockchain and is protected by the n servers. Any t servers may hel=
p the insurance company to obtain a sum of a part of the patient=E2=80=99s =
spending data, which servers can perform homomorphic computations on. Howev=
er, the n servers cannot learn anything from the patient=E2=80=99s spending=
data, which recorded in the blockchain, forever as long as more than n =E2=
=88=92 t servers are honest. Besides, because most of verifications are per=
formed by record-nodes and all related data is stored at the blockchain, th=
us the insurance company, servers and the hospital only need small memory a=
nd CPU. Finally, we deploy the MIStore on the Ethereum blockchain and give =
the corresponding performance evaluation.
______________________________________________________
Zhou T, Li X, Zhao H. Med-PPPHIS: blockchain-based personal healthcare info=
rmation system for national physique monitoring and scientific exercise gui=
ding. J Med Syst. 2019;43(9):305. Epub 2019 Aug 14.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://link.spring=
er.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1430-2 Subscription required to vie=
w.
Abstract: The dissemination of electronic medical data among professional p=
ersonnel has been perceived to be an important breakthrough for the discove=
ry of new technologies and therapies for curing diseases. However, in the c=
urrent medical data management, it is difficult to share medical data due t=
o the fragmentation of medical data and the lack of effective sharing metho=
ds. On the other hand, the security of medical data is difficult to protect=
because the centralized data storage is vulnerable to attack and tampering=
. Therefore, we propose a model called Med-PPPHIS, which consists of a perm=
ission-less blockchain and a permissioned blockchain, named Med-DLattice, t=
o serve the management of user's personal health information and form a cha=
ined protection mechanism for medical data. Med-DLattice features Directed =
Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure, where each account updates its Account-DAG a=
synchronously to other unrelated accounts. The Med-DLattice nodes can reach=
an efficient consensus with proposed DPoS-Quorum algorithm. Based on this =
model, by converting the medical data into on-chain tokens, a safe and effi=
cient channel for data circulation is established, while the privacy of dat=
a is secured. We implement a prototype of Med-PPPHIS and introduce a blockc=
hain-based closed-loop method for chronic disease management, which initial=
ly applies the model to national physique monitoring in Anhui Province, Chi=
na. The performance of the model is evaluated by simulating 500 nodes on 25=
AliCloud ECS virtual machines. Experimental result shows that Med-PPPHIS h=
as low latency and high throughput, and the security analysis shows that th=
e model is able to prevent Sybil attacks, DDoS attacks, etc.
______________________________________________________
Zhu L, Zheng B, Shen M, Yu S, Gao F, Li H, et al. Research on the security =
of blockchain data: a survey. arXiv [Internet]. 2018 Dec 7 [cited 2019 Feb =
1]; 1812.02009:[48 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/18=
12.02009
Reference Type: Electronic Article
Abstract: With the more and more extensive application of blockchain, block=
chain security has been widely concerned by the society and deeply studied =
by scholars. Moreover, the security of blockchain data directly affects the=
security of various applications of blockchain. In this survey, we perform=
a comprehensive classification and summary of the security of blockchain d=
ata. First, we present classification of blockchain data attacks. Subsequen=
tly, we present the attacks and defenses of blockchain data in terms of pri=
vacy, availability, integrity and controllability. Data privacy attacks pre=
sent data leakage or data obtained by attackers through analysis. Data avai=
lability attacks present abnormal or incorrect access to blockchain data. D=
ata integrity attacks present blockchain data being tampered. Data controll=
ability attacks present blockchain data accidentally manipulated by smart c=
ontract vulnerability. Finally, we present several important open research =
directions to identify follow-up studies in this area.
______________________________________________________
Zhu X, Badr Y. Identity management systems for the internet of things: a su=
rvey towards blockchain solutions. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(12):4215. Epub =
2018 Dec 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/12/42=
15
Abstract: The Internet of Things aims at connecting everything, ranging fro=
m individuals, organizations, and companies to things in the physical and v=
irtual world. The digital identity has always been considered as the keysto=
ne for all online services and the foundation for building security mechani=
sms such as authentication and authorization. However, the current literatu=
re still lacks a comprehensive study on the digital identity management for=
the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we firstly identify the requi=
rements of building identity management systems for IoT, which comprises sc=
alability, interoperability, mobility, security and privacy. Then, we trace=
the identity problem back to the origin in philosophy, analyze the Interne=
t digital identity management solutions in the context of IoT and investiga=
te recent surging blockchain sovereign identity solutions. Finally, we poin=
t out the promising future research trends in building IoT identity managem=
ent systems and elaborate challenges of building a complete identity manage=
ment system for the IoT, including access control, privacy preserving, trus=
t and performance respectively.
______________________________________________________
Zhu X, Badr Y, Pacheco J, Hariri S. Autonomic identity framework for the in=
ternet of things. In: University of Arizona, IEEE Computer Society, editors=
. 2017 International Conference on Cloud and Autonomic Computing (ICCAC); 2=
017 Sep 18-22; Tucson, AZ. IEEE Computer Society; 2017. p. 69-79.
Reference Type: Conference Paper
Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org=
/abstract/document/8064055 Subscription required to view.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) will connect not only computers and =
mobile devices, but it will also interconnect smart buildings, houses, and =
cities, as well as electrical grids, gas plants, and water networks, automo=
biles, airplanes, etc. IoT will lead to the development of a wide range of =
advanced information services that are pervasive, cost-effective, and can b=
e accessed from anywhere and at any time. However, due to the exponential n=
umber of interconnected devices, cyber-security in the IoT is a major chall=
enge. It heavily relies on the digital identity concept to build security m=
echanisms such as authentication and authorization. Current centralized ide=
ntity management systems are built around third party identity providers, w=
hich raise privacy concerns and present a single point of failure. In addit=
ion, IoT unconventional characteristics such as scalability, heterogeneity =
and mobility require new identity management systems to operate in distribu=
ted and trustless environments, and uniquely identify a particular device b=
ased on its intrinsic digital properties and its relation to its human owne=
r. In order to deal with these challenges, we present a Blockchain-based Id=
entity Framework for IoT (BIFIT). We show how to apply our BIFIT to IoT sma=
rt homes to achieve identity self-management by end users. In the context o=
f smart home, the framework autonomously extracts appliances signatures and=
creates blockchain-based identifies for their appliance owners. It also co=
rrelates appliances signatures (low level identities) and owners identifies=
in order to use them in authentication credentials and to make sure that a=
ny IoT entity is behaving normally.
______________________________________________________
Zhu X, Shi J, Lu C. Cloud health resource sharing based on consensus-orient=
ed blockchain technology: case study on a breast tumor diagnosis service. J=
Med Internet Res. 2019;21(7):e13767. Epub 2019 Jul 23.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2019/7/e13767/
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, researchers have made significant ef=
forts in advancing blockchain technology. This technology, with distinct fe=
atures of decentralization and security, can be applied to many fields. In =
areas of health data and resource sharing, applications of blockchain techn=
ology are also emerging. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we propose a cloud healt=
h resource-sharing model based on consensus-oriented blockchain technology =
and have developed a simulation study on breast tumor diagnosis. METHODS: T=
he proposed platform is built on a consortium or federated blockchain that =
possesses features of both centralization and decentralization. The consens=
us mechanisms generate operating standards for the proposed model. Open sou=
rce Ethereum code is employed to provide the blockchain environment. Proof =
of Authority is selected as the consensus algorithm of block generation. RE=
SULTS: Based on the proposed model, a simulation case study for breast tumo=
r classification is constructed. The simulation includes 9893 service reque=
sts from 100 users; 22 service providers are equipped with 22 different cla=
ssification methods. Each request is fulfilled by a service provider recomm=
ended by the weighted k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm. The majority of =
service requests are handled by 9 providers, and provider service evaluatio=
n scores tend to stabilize. Also, user priority on KNN weights significantl=
y affects the system operation outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model is =
feasible based on the simulation case study for the cloud service of breast=
tumor diagnosis and has the potential to be applied to other applications.=
______________________________________________________
Zhuang Y, Sheets L, Shae Z, Tsai JJP, Shyu CR. Applying blockchain technolo=
gy for health information exchange and persistent monitoring for clinical t=
rials. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2018:1167-75. Epub 2018 Dec 5.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go=
v/pmc/articles/PMC6371378/
Abstract: "Blockchain" is a distributed ledger technology originally applie=
d in the financial sector. This technology ensures the integrity of transac=
tions without third-party validation. Its functions of decentralized transa=
ction validation, data provenance, data sharing, and data integration are a=
good fit for the needs of health information exchange and clinical trials.=
We investigated the current workflow of Health Information Exchange and cl=
inical trials; conducted design thinking processes with clinicians, trial m=
anagers, informaticians, and blockchain professionals; and implemented a pr=
ivate blockchain model to tackle known issues. We used coded Smart Contract=
regulations to simulate several scenarios in healthcare processes. This pr=
oof-of-concept work provides a feasible simulation for potential solutions =
to monitor clinical trials across different census regions persistently. Va=
rious levels of data access privileges have been designed to utilize a suit=
e of customized Smart Contract settings. These settings emulate the workflo=
w protocols for the monitoring entities, trial sponsors, clinical sponsors =
and participating subjects. Keywords: Blockchain, Smart Contract, Health In=
formation Exchange, Clinical Trial, Persistent Monitoring.
______________________________________________________
Zubaydi DH, Chong Y-W, Ko K, Hanshi MS, Karuppayah S. A review on the role =
of blockchain technology in the healthcare domain. Electron. 2019;8(6). Epu=
b 2019 Jun 15.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/6/679=
Abstract: Recently, there have been increasing calls for healthcare provide=
rs to provide controls for patients over their personal health records. Nev=
ertheless, security issues concerning how different healthcare providers ex=
change healthcare information have caused a flop in the deployment of such =
systems. The ability to exchange data securely is important so that new bor=
derless integrated healthcare services can be provided to patients. Due to =
its decentralized nature, blockchain technology is a suitable driver for th=
e much-needed shift towards integrated healthcare, providing new insights a=
nd addressing some of the main challenges of many healthcare areas. Blockch=
ain allows healthcare providers to record and manage peer-to-peer transacti=
ons through a network without central authority. In this paper, we discuss =
the concept of blockchain technology and hurdles in their adoption in the h=
ealthcare domain. Furthermore, a review is conducted on the latest implemen=
tations of blockchain technology in healthcare. Finally, a new case study o=
f a blockchain-based healthcare platform is presented addressing the drawba=
cks of current designs, followed by recommendations for future blockchain r=
esearchers and developers.
______________________________________________________
Serono to pilot Nebula's blockchain for genomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37=
(7):706. Epub 2019 Jul 2.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles=
/s41587-019-0187-y Subscription required to view.
Abstract: Nebula Genomics announced in June its first partnership with phar=
ma to use its blockchain-based platform. EMD Serono will use Nebula=E2=80=
=99s network of anonymized genomic data in a lung cancer project. Founded i=
n 2016 by George Church and two Harvard students, Kamal Obbad and Dennis Gr=
ishin, Nebula is one of a small cadre of companies that have set up blockch=
ain-based platforms to enable people to maintain control of their genome an=
d manage access to it in a secure, yet transparent, environment. For Serono=
, a subsidiary of Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany, the collaboration has t=
he potential to provide scientific insights that will help researchers unde=
rstand the causes of disease and accelerate discovery and drug development.=
______________________________________________________
This healthcare technology is off the blockchain. J AHIMA. 2017;88(1):64=
. Epub 2017 Jan 1.
Reference Type: Journal Article
Available from: http:/=
/www.ahimajournal-digital.com/ahimajournal/january_2017?pg=3D67#pg67
Abstract: Predicting the future--particularly when it comes to technology--=
can be a fool's errand. But it's a pretty safe bet that one innovation thos=
e in the health IT world can expect to hear more about is "blockchain." If =
you've heard of blockchain before, it's likely because it is most frequentl=
y associated with Bitcoin, a form of currency used on the internet--and a m=
ethod of payment favored by ransomware developers. Last summer, the Office =
of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) announced its Blockchain Ch=
allenge, which encouraged competitors to submit white papers detailing the =
best ways to use blockchain in healthcare--for the good of the industry.
______________________________________________________
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